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RESEARCH ARTICLES • Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum. 19 (2) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2178-2547-BGOELDI-2023-0019   copy

Archeology in Roraima during the past 40 years

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article compiles published materials, activities conducted, and archaeological sites discovered in the Brazilian state of Roraima, presenting the sites known in the state at this time and their status regarding georeferencing and registration in the Integrated Knowledge and Management System (SICG) database of the Brazilian National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN). It also reports on the progress of environmental licensing in the state of Roraima and archaeology in general; the objective is to break the silence which for the past four decades has applied to this Amazonian territory which is simultaneously so rich and yet so poorly studied in terms of archaeology. The chosen methodology was bibliographical research involving internal documents and files from IPHAN’s central office in Roraima, its systems (electronic data system - SEI, SICG, Brazilian National Register of Archaeological Sites - CNSA), and scientific publications. We determined that 81.5% of the sites have some kind of georeferencing and 71.7% are registered in the SICG. As for environmental licensing, actions by IPHAN and interventions by the Federal Public Prosecutor resulted in a record number of Activity Characterization Files in 2022. We can see that there has indeed been some progress in archaeology in the state of Roraima in recent years, despite the slow pace and lack of publicity.

Keywords
Archaeology; Roraima; Sites; Registration; Georeferencing; Licensing

Resumo

O presente artigo traz um compilado de materiais publicados, atividades realizadas e sítios arqueológicos descobertos em Roraima. Apresenta os sítios conhecidos no estado até o momento e sua situação em relação ao georreferenciamento e ao cadastro junto à base de dados (Sistema Integrado de Conhecimento e Gestão - SICG) do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). Também esclarece o andamento do licenciamento ambiental no estado e da arqueologia em geral. O artigo busca romper com a mudez que assola, nos últimos 40 anos, este território amazônico tão rico e, ao mesmo tempo, tão pouco estudado do ponto de vista da arqueologia. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica em documentos/arquivos internos da Superintendência do IPHAN em Roraima, em seus sistemas (Sistema Eletrônico de Informações - SEI, SICG e Cadastro Nacional de Sítios Arqueológicos - CNSA) e em publicações científicas. Resulta que 81,5% dos sítios contam com algum tipo de georreferenciamento, e 71,7% estão cadastrados no SICG. No licenciamento ambiental, ações da Superintendência e intervenção do Ministério Público Federal refletiram num recorde de fichas de caracterização de atividades em 2022. É possível perceber que, apesar de pouco divulgado, nos últimos anos houve certo avanço na arqueologia do estado, ainda que esteja caminhando a passos lentos.

Palavras-chave
Arqueologia; Roraima; Sítios; Cadastro; Georreferenciamento; Licenciamento

INTRODUCTION

This paper does not intend to exhaust all the issues that need to be addressed in the Amazon region that have been truly little worked on from an archaeological point of view. It aims to compile published material, activities carried out and sites discovered in Roraima in recent years, given the scarcity of papers related to archaeological issues in Roraima, which creates a major gap, not only in the Amazonian archaeological scene but also in the national archaeological scene.

The methodology employed was bibliographical research in internal documents/files of the Superintendence of the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in Roraima, in its systems (Electronic Information System - SEI, Information and Management Integrated System - SICG, National Register of Archaeological Sites - CNSA) and scientific papers.

THE FIRST PAPERS AND SITE REGISTERS IN RORAIMA

The first archaeological site (Appendix 1) identified in Roraima was in the project “Research and Registration of Archaeological Sites in the Brazilian Amazon - 1978-1982”, by researcher Mário F. Simões, published by the Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará in 1983 (Simões, 1983Simões, M. F. (1983). Pesquisa e cadastro de sítios arqueológicos. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, (38), 5-100. http://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/handle/mgoeldi/277
http://repositorio.museu-goeldi.br/handl... , p. 85).

The following 48 sites (Appendix 2) to be known in the state are the result of the work carried out at the end of the 1980s as part of a project funded by the Government of the Federal Territory of Roraima, under the coordination of Prof Pedro Augusto Mentz Ribeiro, and with the participation of the Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará, which included three field stages and had its results published in the journals of the Centre for Archaeological Teaching and Research (CEPA) of the University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC) (Ribeiro et al., 1986Ribeiro, P. A. M., Ribeiro, C. T., Guapindaia, V. L. C., Pinto, F. C. B., & Félix, L. A. (1986). Projeto arqueológico de salvamento na região de Boa Vista, Território Federal de Roraima, Brasil – Segunda etapa de campo (1985 – nota prévia). Revista do CEPA, 13(16), 33-88. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/16756
http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/16756... , pp. 33-83, 1987, pp. 1-82, 1989, pp. 5-48). The materials collected in this project were sent to the Roraima Integrated Museum, currently managed by the State Department of Culture (MIRR/SECULT) (Boa Vista-RR).

Subsequently, as part of the environmental licensing process, there was the ‘Archaeological Salvage Project for the Venezuela/Brazil Interconnection Line - Boa Vista to Pacaraima Section’, known as Linhão de Guri (IPHAN case 01490.000023/2000-11), coordinated by Eurico Theofilo Miller (Miller, 2000Miller, E. T. (2000). Projeto de salvamento arqueológico na linha de interligação Venezuela/Brasil - trecho Boa Vista a Pacaraima. SALTROVEN. Processo de licenciamento ambiental submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 01490.000023/2000-11).). This is a very controversial case with conflicting information. Initially, this was an archaeological survey carried out without IPHAN’s authorisation on part of the Transmission Line (TL), in which 230 sites were identified, 14 of which were dated by C14, and 10 of which were selected for salvage. Only then is IPHAN consulted, and a monitoring report and salvage project are presented. However, in the monitoring report, the information on the number and location of the sites is imprecise and conflicting. Various tables are presented containing divergent information, leaving it unclear, in effect, as to how many sites were identified and whether these sites (Appendix 3) still exist or whether they were destroyed when the TL towers were installed. The files relating to the sites or the salvage report for the sites, which actually appear to be 11 rather than 10, were also not identified in the process. The materials collected in this project were sent to MIRR/SECULT.

In the following, IPHAN, through the 1st Regional Office, now the IPHAN Amazonas Superintendence, promoted the project ‘Identification and Inventory of Archaeological Sites in the Northeast Region of the State of Roraima’ (IPHAN Case 01490.000633/2008-71), coordinated by Fábio Origuela de Lira, Márcio Walter de Moura Castro and Raoni Valle (Lira et al., 2009Lira, O. L., Castro, M. W. M., & Valle, R. (2009). Reconhecimento arqueológico preliminar nos municípios de Caracaraí e São Luís do Anauá/RR – Projeto de identificação e inventário dos sítios arqueológicos na região nordeste do estado de Roraima. MC Consultoria (processo nº 01490.000633/2008-71).). Between new sites and known sites, 21 were visited in the state of Roraima (Appendix 4), as well as one archaeological occurrence. No materials were collected in this project.

In 2012, in the context of environmental licensing at the federal level, the National Archaeology Centre (CNA) began processing the “500 kV Manaus - Boa Vista Transmission Line and Associated Substation” case (IPHAN Case 01450.013202/2012-28) (Fernandes, 2012Fernandes, T. C. (2012). Linha de transmissão 500 kV Manaus - Boa Vista e subestação Associados. Preservar Arqueologia e Patrimônio. Processo de licenciamento ambiental submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 01450.013202/2012-28).). At least 26 sites were identified (in a CNSA spreadsheet more were identified, however, there is no registration form in the case file) (Appendix 5), and the materials collected in this project were sent to the Amazon Museum of the Federal University of Amazonas (Manaus-AM), but the case is still pending. It is noteworthy that although the descriptions of some of the sites in the Waimiri Atroari territory reflect locations that are significant to the indigenous people and which may not necessarily appear to be archaeological sites, they are accounted for in this report since site registration forms have been filled in. However, as the case is still pending, there may be some changes.

Along the same lines, in 2015, the “Evaluation of the Impact on the Archaeological Heritage of the Bem Querer Hydroelectric Power Plant” case was initiated (IPHAN Process 02001.006974/2015-15), which is still pending (Consórcio WALM-BIOTA, 2015Consórcio WALM-BIOTA. (2015). Avaliação de impacto ao patrimônio arqueológico da Usina Hidroelétrica Bem Querer. Processo de licenciamento ambiental submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 02001.006974/2015-15).). In addition to one known site, another 22 sites (Appendix 6) and one occurrence have been identified so far, and the materials collected in this project have been sent to the Amapá State Scientific and Technological Research Institute - Archaeological Research Centre (IEPA/NuPArq) (Macapá-AP).

The Superintendence in Roraima was established in 2009, originating from the 1st Regional Office, and in 2013, within the scope of environmental licensing, it signed the first Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC, Conduct Adjustment Agreement) which led to the “Roraima Garden Shopping Archaeological Prospecting Programme” (Juliani & Lima, 2014Juliani, L. J. C. O., & Lima, L. F. E. (2014). Programa de prospecção arqueológica do Roraima Garden Shopping. A Lasca Arqueologia. Processo de licenciamento ambiental submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 01419.000239/2013-63).) (IPHAN Case 01419.000239/2013-63). Two sites (Appendix 7) were identified in this case, and the materials collected sent to the Jahu Municipal Museum (Jaú-SP).

In the academic sphere, in 2014, the project “Pedra do Sol: relative dating and archaeological contextualisation of rock engravings in the Brazilian Amazon – Roraima” (IPHAN Case 01419.000186/2014-61), by Prof. Dr. Raoni B. M. Valle (Valle, 2017Valle, R. B. M. (2017). Projeto Pedra do Sol: datação relativa e contextualização arqueológica de gravuras rupestres na Amazônia brasileira – Roraima. Relatório Técnico Preliminar e Cadernos de Imagens. Relatório submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 01419.000186/2014-61).), was initiated. The materials collected in this project were sent to the Museu da Amazônia - Archaeology and Ethnology Centre (MUSA/NAE) (Manaus-AM).

Also in 2014, the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) published the book Geodiversity of the State of Roraima (Holanda et al., 2014Holanda, J. L. R., Marmos, J. L., & Maia, M. A. M. (2014). Geodiversidade do estado de Roraima. CPRM. https://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/jspui/handle/doc/16775?locale=en
https://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/jspui/handle/d... , pp. 89-96), which listed the state’s archaeological sites, including the well-known Pedra Pintada, as well as 7 other sites, which today, after a re-registration process, account for 6 (Appendix 8), due to the union of 2 of them due to their proximity.

In 2016, the archaeologists from IPHAN-RR at the time, Pedro Gaspar and Jaime Oliveira, set up a procedure under number 01419.000290/2016-18 to register 27 archaeological sites (Appendix 9) based on information contained in some cases and published papers, however not all the forms were validated by the CNA as certain information was missing/inconsistent.

From 2015 to 2019, several archaeological sites have been inspected (IPHAN Cases 01419.000167/2015-16, 01419.000163/2016-19, 01419.000246/2016-16, 01419.000072/2017-64, 01419.900054/2017-84, 01419.000031/2018-59, 01419.000103/2018-68, 01419.000040/2019-21), many of which were identified in the aforementioned cases, others eventually identified during inspections, and others indicated by the community in question, which is a common practice in the state, especially on the part of indigenous communities. In these processes, 17 new sites (Appendix 10) were identified.

It should be emphasised that:

The state of Roraima has a high archaeological potential, especially due to the extensive and millennia-old presence of various indigenous ethnic groups, such as Macuxi, Wapichana, Taurepang, Yanomami, Ingarikó, Wai-Wai, Patamona, Sapará, Yekuana, Waimiri Atroari and Warao (Venezuelan), among others, which is reflected in various demarcated territories, contributing greatly to the preservation of the heritage and the people who own it

(Leal, 2022Leal, R. R. P. (2022). O patrimônio arqueológico na educação. In A. Ferreira Júnior, L. M. A. Guimarães & M. L. Silva (Orgs.), Memórias do meu lugar: patrimônio cultural e território em Roraima (pp. 34-52). IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/publicacao/memorias_do_meu_lugar_digital_01.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/publi... , p. 45).

Since 2018, the superintendence has been dealing with a complaint case from the Association of Indigenous Peoples of the Land of São Marcos concerning threats to archaeological sites from the construction works of the National Department of Transport Infrastructure (DNIT) on BR 174 (IPHAN Case 01419.000020/2018-79), which led to the identification of several sites, one of which was unfortunately destroyed by the operation, while others were partially impacted, and the signing of a TAC is underway. This case culminated in another one (IPHAN Case 01450.000614/2020-16), now linked to environmental licencing, where more sites were indicated by the community - some of which had already been pointed out in previous cases - so inspections were carried out to determine the impacts and carry out the registrations. A total of 12 sites were identified, which, after a re-registration process, are now 13 (Appendix 11), as a result of the dismemberment of some of them.

Linked to environmental licencing, since 2018, IPHAN-RR has been processing the “‘Archaeological Heritage Impact Assessment in the Area of Mineral Extraction of Clay and Laterite ‘Area 01’” (IPHAN Case 01419.000090/2018-27) (Lopes, 2021Lopes, J. L. O. (2021). Avaliação de impacto ao patrimônio arqueológico na área de extração mineral de argila e laterita ‘Área 01’. Registro Pesquisas Arqueológicas e Ambientais. Processo de licenciamento ambiental submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 01419.000090/2018-27)) and an archaeological site has been identified (Appendix 12).

Also linked to environmental licencing, since 2019 IPHAN-RR has been conducting the ‘Archaeological Heritage Impact Assessment in the Expansion Area of the Urban Solid Waste Landfill (Class II)’ case (IPHAN Case 01419.000071/2019-81) (Juliani & Lôbo, 2019Juliani, L. J. C. O., & Lôbo, J. (2019). Avaliação de impacto ao patrimônio arqueológico na área de expansão do aterro sanitário para resíduos sólidos urbanos (classe II). A Lasca Arqueologia. Processo de licenciamento ambiental submetido ao IPHAN. (processo nº 01419.000071/2019-81).) where 2 archaeological sites were identified (Appendix 13), and the materials collected in the initial phase of the project were sent to the Elisabeth Aytai Municipal Museum (Monte Mor-SP).

Another academic project that has been underway since 2019 is “The Pedra do Sol site: contextualisation of the making of petroglyphs in the process of occupation of a shelter in the transition between Pleistocene and Holocene, in the North-Amazon” (IPHAN Case 01419.000026/2019-27), by the researcher Ma. Marta Sara Cavallini (Cavallini, 2019Cavallini, M. S. (2019). O sítio Pedra do Sol: contextualização da confecção de petróglifos no processo de ocupação de um abrigo na transição entre Pleistoceno e Holoceno, no Norte amazônico. Projeto submetido ao IPHAN (processo nº 01419.000026/2019-27).). The materials collected in this project were sent to MUSA/NAE (Manaus-AM). It is also worth noting the publication of a book chapter addressing the site in question: “The Arara Vermelha Rock Shelter, Roraima, Brazil: perspectives Concerning Amazonian Sheltered Petroglyphs”. (Cavallini et al., 2022Cavallini, M. S., Valle, R. B. M., Bassi, F. S., Moraes, C. P., Amaral, M., Barbosa, C. A. P., . . . Villarreal, M. E. (2022). The Arara Vermelha Rock Shelter, Roraima, Brazil: perspectives concerning amazonian sheltered petroglyphs. In M. Carrero-Pazos, R. Döhl, J. J. Rensburg, P. Medici & A. Vázquez-Martínez (Eds.), Archaeology of Prehistoric art, rock art research in the digital era. Case studies from the 20th International Rock Art Congress IFRAO 2018, Valcamonica (Italy) (Vol. 5, pp. 7-24). BAR Publishing. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407360119
https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407360119... ).

Also, within the academic field, the project “Roraima’s Rock Art - History, inventory and memory of archaeological heritage”, coordinated by Dr Edithe da Silva Pereira, has been running since 2021. Its scope is to gather information regarding the project conducted by Pedro Augusto Mentz Ribeiro, especially the decals made of the rock records, aiming to systematically classify the figures, and conduct stylistic comparisons between the sites and with other rock ensembles in the region.

There are also sites (Appendix 14) that came to IPHAN’s attention by other means than those mentioned above, some of which are still unknown.

IPHAN-RR is currently processing two cases involving the re-registration/georeferencing of archaeological sites, one from an Action Plan (AP) (IPHAN Case 01419.000045/2019-53), which covers 70 sites, and the other from a TAC (IPHAN Case 01419.000119/2019-51), which covers 47 sites. The TAC procedure also includes the marking of 113 archaeological sites, and there is also a case coming from another AP for the marking of a further 8 sites (01419.000046/2019-06). Other TACs are being drawn up and should include the re-registration/georeferencing of the other sites known to IPHAN in the state. Also, within the scope of IPHAN, a conservation treatment process has been developed for the Pedra do Perdiz archaeological site, through an AP. (01419.000029/2020-02).

It is important to highlight that IPHAN Normative Ruling No. 1/2015, in its Art. 52, states that archaeological assets derived from environmental licencing surveys must remain under the definitive custody of the Instituição de Guarda e Pesquisa (IGP, Guardianship and Research Institution) located in the federative state where the survey has been carried out. (Instrução Normativa IPHAN nº 1, de 25 de março de 2015). However, the only IGP in Roraima is the MIRR, and it has been deemed unfit by IPHAN since 2015, which is why, unfortunately, the materials have been sent to IGPs in other states, and since 2020, the materials have been sent only to IGPs in the northern region of the country.

Below are the tables detailing the sites separated by typology (Appendices 15 to 27), along with maps illustrating the sites that have already been georeferenced, also sorted by typology (Appendices 28 to 35), as well as images of some of them (Appendices 36 to 53). Of the sites known to IPHAN-RR so far, 81.5 per cent (335) have undergone some model of georeferencing, and 71.7 per cent (295) have been registered in SICG so far. It should be pointed out that the CNSA was now replaced by the SICG and is no longer being updated, so the sites are in the process of being migrated. However, the SICG only accepts the registration of sites that have at least the central coordinate, which is why it has not been possible to successfully transfer all the sites yet, although this should happen in the course of the archaeological site re-registration/georeferencing processes. It is worth noting that, due to the ongoing re-registration processes, some registers are duplicated in SICG, which will be rectified once the new registers have been approved.

ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LICENCE IN THE STATE

IPHAN is not the competent authority for environmental licensing; it is only an agency that participates in environmental licencing in order to preserve cultural assets protected at the federal level, under the terms of Decree-Law No. 25/1937, Law No. 3,924/1961, Decree No. 3,551/2000 and Law No. 11,483/2007, according to Article 2 of Normative Ruling No. 01/2015. Therefore, it is evident that whether at the federal, state, or municipal level, if there is an asset protected by IPHAN, its participation in licencing is legitimate.

At the federal level, the licencing organ is the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), at the state level it is the State Foundation for the Environment and Water Resources (FEMARH). At the municipal level, in the state capital, it is the Municipal Secretariat for Public Services and the Environment (SPMA), and in the other 14 municipalities, it is their respective Secretariats for the Environment - according to FEMARH, in accordance with Supplementary Law 140/2011, all municipalities in the state carry out licencing autonomously.

Negotiations between these authorities have been in progress for several years (IPHAN Cases 01419.000180/2016-56, 01419.900051/2017-41, 01419.000102/2018-13 e 01419.000029/2019-61, among others that are not available for online consultation.). In 2016, the I Environmental Licensing Seminar took place in the auditorium of the State Prosecutor’s Office (MPE), with the presence of representatives from IPHAN/RR, the National Licensing Coordination/IPHAN, FEMARH, SPMA and the Federal Prosecution Office (MPF). In 2018, the II Environmental Licensing Seminar was held in the auditorium of the Federal Institute of Roraima (IFRR), with representatives from IPHAN/RR, CNL/IPHAN, FEMARH, SPMA, IBAMA and the MPF. In 2019, a Technical Cooperation Agreement was signed between IPHAN and FEMARH, however, FEMARH requested to withdraw from the agreement the following day. The negotiations have already been the subject of Civil Investigation (CI) No. 1.32.000.000042/2012-23 at the MPF and a meeting between IPHAN-RR and the MPF (IPHAN Case 01419.000002/2018-97), subsequently, the IC was shelved and converted into the Monitoring Process (PC) 1.32.000.000841/2019-76.

Given that the environmental authorities had not been consulting IPHAN in the licencing processes, in 2018, through case 01419.000048/2018-14, a survey of projects licensed in 2016 and 2017 without IPHAN’s consent was carried out, and letters were sent to the entrepreneurs requesting the protocol of the Activity Characterisation Form (FCA). However, without the support of the environmental authorities and the MPF, there was not much feedback. Still in 2018, at the request of the state agency, IPHAN-RR issued Technical Note No. 7/2018/DIVTEC IPHAN-RR/IPHAN-RR (IPHAN, 2018Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). (2018, maio 28). Nota Técnica nº 7/2018/DIVTEC IPHAN-RR/IPHAN-RR (processo nº 01419.000102/2018-13).) comparing the classifications presented in Annex I of CEMACT Resolution No. 02/2017 and Annex II of IPHAN Normative Ruling No. 1/2015, in order to harmonise the terms and information with the environmental agency, resulting in a list of activities and developments whose environmental licencing processes would require IPHAN’s authorisation, which was sent to the environmental agency, but no feedback was received, and the licencing scenario in the state remained unchanged. Following the survey initiative, case 01419.000036/2022-68 was opened in 2022, compiling the environmental licences (at the Federal, State and Municipal level) issued without IPHAN-RR’s authorisation between January 2019 and December 2022 (at least the ones we were able to access through the agencies’ digital transparency channels) and the developers should be notified of such.

The federal agency’s licence search was carried out on the National Environmental Licencing Portal. As for the state agency, it should be noted that the agency’s public transparency is absolutely inefficient, as the system is constantly inoperable for queries dating to 2019 and previous years, and out of date for queries dating from 2020 to 2023. The agency has also failed to update its data on the National Environmental Licencing Portal for more than four years. The data on the environmental licences of the Municipality of Boa Vista was obtained by searching the Diário Oficial do Município (DOM, Municipal Gazette). As for the other municipalities in the state, we were unsuccessful in our search for licences published in individual official gazettes; in fact, few municipalities have such gazettes. However, we were able to identify the Official Gazette of the Municipalities of Roraima of the Association of Municipalities of Roraima (AMR), to which all the municipalities in the state are affiliated.

In 2020, new negotiations began between IPHAN and the state agency, assisted by the MPF (IPHAN Case 01419.000011/2020-01 and 01419.000003/2019-12). In 2022, the MPF sent IPHAN a copy of Recommendation No. 21 of 16 December 2021, issued to FEMARH under AP No 1.32.000.000841/2019-76, the subject being the “effective inclusion of IPHAN in the checklist of environmental licences that are pending before FEMARH, in accordance with the provisions of NORMATIVE RULING No. 01/2015/IPHAN” (MPF, 2021Ministério Público Federal (MPF). (2021, dez. 16). Recomendação nº 21. Diário do Ministério Público Federal DMPF, (8/2022), 109-110. http://www.transparencia.mpf.mp.br/conteudo/diarios-e-boletins/diario-eletronico-dmpf-e/2022/DMPF-EXTRAJUDICIAL-2022-01-13.pdf?noCache=20240529012433561923
http://www.transparencia.mpf.mp.br/conte... , p. 109). No. 01/2015/IPHAN” (MPF, 2021Ministério Público Federal (MPF). (2021, dez. 16). Recomendação nº 21. Diário do Ministério Público Federal DMPF, (8/2022), 109-110. http://www.transparencia.mpf.mp.br/conteudo/diarios-e-boletins/diario-eletronico-dmpf-e/2022/DMPF-EXTRAJUDICIAL-2022-01-13.pdf?noCache=20240529012433561923
http://www.transparencia.mpf.mp.br/conte... , p. 109), as well as a copy of Official Letter No. 144/2022/FEMARH/PRES of 3 February 2022 (FEMARH, 2022Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (FEMARH). (2022, fev. 03). Ofício nº 144/2022/FEMARH/PRES (processo nº 01419.000011/2020-01).), which informs of FEMARH’s compliance with the MPF’s recommendation.

LEGISLATION ON THE PROTECTION OF ARCHOLOGICAL HERITAGE

Brazil’s Archaeological Heritage, to which current and future generations are entitled, is made up of finite, irrecoverable and irreplaceable assets that belong to all of society and are protected by Brazilian legislation, as stated in the 1988 Constitutional Charter (Brasil, 1988Brasil. (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil: 1988. Senado Federal. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm
https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/co... , Articles 20, 23, 24, 30, 215, 216), Decree-Law No. 25/1937, Federal Act No. 3.924/1961, Federal Act No. 12.343/2010, Federal Act No. 9. 605/1998 (Chapter 5, Section 4), IPHAN Ordinance No. 375/2018, CONAMA Resolution No. 001/1986 (Article 6, Subparagraph C) and also in International Conventions to which Brazil is a signatory, such as the New Delhi Recommendation (UNESCO, 1956Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, Ciência e Cultura (UNESCO). (1956). Declaração de Nova Delhi. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Recomendacao%20de%20Nova%20Dheli%201956.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... ), Paris Recommendations (UNESCO, 1962Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, Ciência e Cultura (UNESCO). (1962, dez. 12). Recomendação Paris paisagens e sítios. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Recomendacao%20de%20Paris%201962.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... , 1968Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). (1968, nov. 19). Recomendação Paris de obras públicas e privadas. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Recomendacao%20de%20Paris%201968.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... ), Nairobi Recommendation (UNESCO, 1976Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, Ciência e Cultura (UNESCO). (1976, nov.). Recomendação de Nairóbi. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Recomendacao%20de%20Nairobi%201976.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... ), Burra Charter (ICOMOS, 1980Conselho Internacional de Monumentos e Sítios (ICOMOS). (1980). Carta de Burra. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Carta%20de%20Burra%201980.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... ), Mexico Declaration (ICOMOS, 1985Conselho Internacional de Monumentos e Sítios (ICOMOS). (1985). Declaração do México. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Declaracao%20do%20Mexico%201985.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... ), Lausanne Charter (ICOMOS & ICAHM, 1990Conselho Internacional de Monumentos e Sítios (ICOMOS) & International Scientific Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM). (1990). Carta de Lausanne. Portal do IPHAN. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Carta%20de%20Lausanne%201990.pdf
http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfin... ), all approved by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), which is part of the United Nations (UN) (SAB, 2021). Also, when it comes to environmental licencing, there is Interministerial Ordinance No. 60/2015 and IPHAN Normative Ruling No. 1/2015 (which replaces IPHAN Ordinance No. 230/2002).

Some states and municipalities also have supplementary protection legislation. In the state of Roraima, there are: State: State Constitution of 31 December 1991 (Roraima, 1991Roraima. (1991). Constituição do estado de Roraima. Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Roraima. https://al.rr.leg.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Constituic%CC%A7a%CC%83o-Estadual-ate%CC%81-a-Emenda-Constitucional-n.-075-Redac%CC%A7a%CC%83o-Final-09.03.21.pdf
https://al.rr.leg.br/wp-content/uploads/... ) and Law No. 718 of 6 July 2009, which “provides for the Preservation and Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the State of Roraima” (Roraima, 2009Roraima. (1991). Constituição do estado de Roraima. Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Roraima. https://al.rr.leg.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Constituic%CC%A7a%CC%83o-Estadual-ate%CC%81-a-Emenda-Constitucional-n.-075-Redac%CC%A7a%CC%83o-Final-09.03.21.pdf
https://al.rr.leg.br/wp-content/uploads/... ); municipal: 1) Alto Alegre, which Alto Alegre Municipal Organic Law of 26 June 1992 (Alto Alegre, 1992Alto Alegre. (1992). Lei orgânica do município de Alto Alegre. Diário Oficial de Alto Alegre. https://www.altoalegre.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica-municipal/view
https://www.altoalegre.rr.leg.br/leis/le... ) and SEMATUR Normative Ruling No. 01, of 17 June 2019, which “provides for the instruction, organisation, referral and processing of processes for the purposes of environmental licences and authorisations” (SEMATUR, 2019Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente e Turismo (SEMATUR). (2019). Instrução Normativa nº 1 de 17 de junho de 2019. Diário Oficial dos Municípios do Estado de Roraima, 5(932), 1-5. http://www-storage.voxtecnologia.com.br/?m=sigpub.publicacao&f=17081&i=publicado_63007_2019-07-18_13cbca895bb5f9d65c8c0ef5341b309f.pdf
http://www-storage.voxtecnologia.com.br/... , p. 1); 2) Amajari, which Amajiri Municipal Organic Law of 20 November 1998 (Amajari, 1998Amajari. (1998). Lei Orgânica do Município de Amajari. Câmara Municipal de Amajari. https://www.amajari.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica-do-municipio-de-amajari/view
https://www.amajari.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-o... ); 3) Boa Vista, which Boa Vista Municipal Organic Law of 11 July 1992 (Boa Vista, 1992Boa Vista. (1992). Lei Orgânica do Município de Boa Vista. Câmara Municipal de Boa Vista.) and Law No. 1.427, 15 June 2012, which “institutes the listing and registration of assets and organises the protection of the cultural and museological heritage of the Municipality of Boa Vista and provides other measures” (Boa Vista, 2012aBoa Vista. (2012a). Lei n° 1.427 de 15 de junho de 2012. Institui o tombamento e registro de bens e organiza a proteção do patrimônio cultural e museológico do Município de Boa Vista e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial do Município de Boa Vista. https://www.normasbrasil.com.br/norma/lei-1427-2012-boa-vista_242165.html#google_vignette
https://www.normasbrasil.com.br/norma/le... ) and Law No. 1.428, of 15 June 2012, which “institutes the municipal council for cultural and museological heritage of the Municipality of Boa Vista and provides other measures” (Boa Vista, 2012bBoa Vista. (2012b). Lei n° 1.428 de 15 de junho de 2012. Câmara Municipal de Boa Vista. https://www.boavista.rr.leg.br/leis/legislacao-municipal
https://www.boavista.rr.leg.br/leis/legi... ); 4) Bonfim, which Bonfim Municipal Organic Law of 13 June 1992 (Bonfim, 1992Bonfim. (1992). Lei Orgânica do Município de Bonfim. Câmara Municipal de Bonfim. http://www.bonfim.rr.gov.br/uploads/legislacao/Lei-Organica-de-Bonfim-promulgada-todas-as-emendas.pdf
http://www.bonfim.rr.gov.br/uploads/legi... ); 5) Cantá, which Cantá Municipal Organic Law of 19 April 1998 (Cantá, 1998Cantá. (1998). Lei Orgânica do Município de Cantá. Câmara Municipal de Cantá. https://www.canta.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica-pdf/view
https://www.canta.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-org... ) and Law No. 324, of 28 November 2019, which “institutes Cantá’s participatory master plan and provides other measures” (Cantá, 2019Cantá. (2019). Lei nº 324 de 28 de novembro de 2019. Institui o plano diretor participativo de Cantá e dá outras providências. Câmara Municipal de Cantá. https://www.canta.rr.leg.br/leis/legislacao-municipal/leis-municipais/leis-municipais-2019/lei-no-324-19.pdf/view
https://www.canta.rr.leg.br/leis/legisla... ); 6) Caracaraí, which Caracaraí Municipal Organic Law, “enacted on 20 June 1982, Fully Amended and Adapted to the Legal Order in force under the terms of the Federal and State Constitutions, on 20 December 2007” (Caracaraí, 2007Caracaraí. (2007). Lei Orgânica do Município de Caracaraí. Câmara Municipal de Caracaraí. https://www.caracarai.rr.gov.br/download/legislacao/1/lei-organica-de-caracarai.pdf
https://www.caracarai.rr.gov.br/download... ); 7) Caroebe, the municipal organic law was not found, although it is believed to be similar to that of the other municipalities; 8) Iracema, which Iracema Municipal Organic Law of 18 April 1998 (Iracema, 1998Iracema. (1998). Lei Orgânica do Município de Iracema. Câmara Municipal de Iracema.); 9) Mucajaí, which Mucajaí Municipal Organic Law of 19 June 1992 (Mucajaí, 1992Mucajaí (1992). Lei Orgânica do Município de Mucajaí. Câmara Municipal de Mucajaí. https://www.mucajai.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica-do-municipio-de-mucajai
https://www.mucajai.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-o... ); 10) Normandia, which Normandia Municipal Organic Law of 27 June 1992 (Normandia, 1992Normandia. (1992). Lei Orgânica do Município de Normandia. Câmara Municipal de Normandia. https://transparencia.normandia.rr.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/LEI-ORGANICA-DO-MUNICIPIO-DE-NORMANDIA.pdf
https://transparencia.normandia.rr.gov.b... ); 11) Pacaraima, which Pacaraima Municipal Organic Law of 20 December 2007 (Pacaraima, 2007Pacaraima. (2007). Lei Orgânica do Município de Pacaraima. PGM. https://www.pacaraima.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica-municipal
https://www.pacaraima.rr.leg.br/leis/lei... ); 12) Rorainópolis, the municipal organic law was not found, although it is believed to be similar to that of the other municipalities; 13) São João Da Baliza, which São João da Baliza Municipal Organic Law, revised in February 2012 (São João da Baliza, 2012São João da Baliza. (2012). Lei Orgânica do Município de São João da Baliza. Câmara Municipal de São João da Baliza. https://www.saojoaodabaliza.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica/Lei%20Organica%20do%20Municipio%20de%20Sao%20Joao%20da%20Baliza%20-%20%20Atualizada.pdf
https://www.saojoaodabaliza.rr.leg.br/le... ); 14) São Luiz, which São Luiz Municipal Organic Law of 24 June 1992 (São Luiz, 1992São Luiz. (1992). Lei Orgânica do Município de São Luiz. Câmara Municipal de São Luiz. https://www.saoluiz.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-organica-municipal/lei-organica-municipal
https://www.saoluiz.rr.leg.br/leis/lei-o... ); and 15) Uiramutã, with the Organic Law of the Municipality of Uiramutã, of September 6, 1998 (Uiramutã, 1998Uiramutã. (1998). Lei orgânica do município de Uiramutã. Câmara Municipal de Uiramutã. https://transparencia.uiramuta.rr.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/LEI-ORGANICA.pdf
https://transparencia.uiramuta.rr.gov.br... ).

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Given the above, it can be concluded that the information on known archaeological sites in the state comes from 1) work requested by the state, either as the Federal Territory of Roraima or as IPHAN; 2) environmental licencing, although IPHAN does not participate effectively in all the licencing processes, as it should be; 3) indications from the community, especially from the indigenous communities, either through reports of threats to the sites, information on the location of new sites, or even informal communications during the routine inspections by IPHAN of known sites; 4) academic papers and scientific publications, whether directly related to archaeology or not.

It can be perceived that the first environmental licencing processes brought deficient registers of the sites, while the current ones already have more complete registers, in accordance with the new legislation, however, the gaps in the sites from the old processes, as well as those of the other sites identified by other means, are being filled through the re-registration processes promoted by IPHAN-RR through Action Plans and Terms of Conduct Adjustment.

As mentioned above, after the MPF’s Recommendation No. 21 of 16 December 2021 (MPF, 2021Ministério Público Federal (MPF). (2021, dez. 16). Recomendação nº 21. Diário do Ministério Público Federal DMPF, (8/2022), 109-110. http://www.transparencia.mpf.mp.br/conteudo/diarios-e-boletins/diario-eletronico-dmpf-e/2022/DMPF-EXTRAJUDICIAL-2022-01-13.pdf?noCache=20240529012433561923
http://www.transparencia.mpf.mp.br/conte... ) and FEMARH’s adherence to it, IPHAN-RR’s participation in Environmental Licensing has radically changed. Indeed, the situation had already been improving since the second half of 2019, as a result of the government agency’s rapprochement with the developers, however, after the MPF’s recommendation, in addition to a considerable increase in the number of projects that are brought to IPHAN’s attention, they have also diversified and started to cover many municipalities in the countryside of the state that IPHAN had never been able to access in terms of licencing, which represents a huge step forward. Quantitatively, this progress can be expressed by the record number of FCAs in 2022, reaching 42, a figure never reached in any previous year. However, it is still not considered safe to forego the surveys carried out autonomously by IPHAN, as many projects still fail to be submitted to the authority, whether they are small projects licenced by FEMARH itself, or projects licenced by the Municipalities, which do not seem to have received the proper instructions from the state agency.

It is also important to mention that there are no undergraduate or postgraduate programmes in archaeology in Roraima, the closest being in the states of Amazonas and Pará, which contributes to the deficiency of professionals in the state and also academic studies at the sites. Despite the shortage of professionals in the state (trained in accordance with Law nº 13.653/2018), there is a lot of interest in the subject, and many ‘feel a bit like archaeologists’. The worrisome aspect is that some end up intervening in the Sites without any academic or legislative backing, and in the absence of professionals to teach the subject, other people end up doing so, officially, or unofficially, but most of the time without any in-depth theoretical basis.

Finally, it is possible to notice that, although little publicised, in recent years there has been some advancement in the archaeology of the state, although it is moving at a slow pace, there is still a lot to be done!

Appendix 1

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Appendix 1
Archaeological site identified by Simões (1983).

Appendix 2

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Archaeological sites identified in the work coordinated by Pedro Augusto Mentz Ribeiro in the 1980s.

Appendix 3

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Archaeological sites identified in the case IPHAN 01490.000023/2000-11.

Appendix 4

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Archaeological sites identified in the case IPHAN 01490.000633/2008-71.

Appendix 5

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Archaeological sites identified in the case IPHAN 01450.013202/2012-28.

Appendix 6

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Archaeological sites identified in the case IPHAN 02001.006974/2015-15.

Appendix 7

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Archaeological sites identified in the case IPHAN 01419.000239/2013-63.

Appendix 8

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Archaeological sites identified in Holanda et al. (2014).

Appendix 9

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Archaeological sites registered by IPHAN technicians in the case 01419.000290/2016-18.

Appendix 10

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New archaeological sites identified during inspections conducted by IPHAN technicians.

Appendix 11

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Archaeological sites identified in the case IPHAN 01450.000614/2020-16.

Appendix 12

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Archaeological site identified in the case IPHAN 01419.000090/2018-27.

Appendix 13

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Archaeological site identified in the case IPHAN 01419.000071/2019-81.

Appendix 14

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Other archaeological sites known to IPHAN.

Appendix 15

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Sites of unidentified typology.

Appendix 16

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Sites classified as grinding and polishing tools.

Appendix 17

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Sites of other typologies.

Appendix 18

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Sites classified as ceramic.

Appendix 19

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Sites classified as funerary.

Appendix 20

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Sites classified as lithic.

Appendix 21

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Sites classified as litho-ceramic.

Appendix 22

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Sites classified as pre-ceramic.

Appendix 23

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Sites classified as pre-ceramic and ceramic.

Appendix 24

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Sites classified as Rock Art and Ceramic.

Appendix 25

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Sites classified as rupestrian and ceramic.

Appendix 26

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Site classified as rupestrian and lithic.

Appendix 27

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Historical sites.

Appendix 28


Georeferenced archaeological sites classified as grinding and polishing.

Appendix 29


Georeferenced archaeological sites classified as ceramic.

Appendix 30


Georeferenced archaeological sites classified as funerary.

Appendix 31


Georeferenced archaeological sites classified as litho-ceramic.

Appendix 32


Georeferenced archaeological sites classified as rupestrian engraving records.

Appendix 33


Georeferenced archaeological sites classified as rupestrian engraving and ceramic.

Appendix 34


Georeferenced archaeological site classified as a rupestrian engraving and lithic.

Appendix 35


Georeferenced archaeological site classified as historic.

Appendix 36


Archaeological site Pedra do Sapo.

Appendix 37


Archaeological site Barreiro do Moacir.

Appendix 38


Archaeological site Grinding Tools do Jauaperi.

Appendix 39


Archaeological site Ruins of the Forte São Joaquim do Rio Branco.

Appendix 40


Archaeological site Igarapé do Norte.

Appendix 41


Archaeological site Jerusalém.

Appendix 42


Archaeological site Pedra do Aruanã.

Appendix 43


Archaeological site Muriru.

Appendix 44


Archaeological site Igarapé Samã.

Appendix 45


Archaeological site Pedra da Diamantina.

Appendix 46


Archaeological site Pedra da Marreca.

Appendix 47


Archaeological site Pedra do Ó do Cojubim.

Appendix 48


Archaeological site Saracura.

Appendix 49


Archaeological site Pedra do Perdiz.

Appendix 50


Archaeological site Pedra do Pereira.

Appendix 51


Archaeological site Pedra Pintada.

Appendix 52


Archaeological site Pedra do Coroá.

Appendix 53


Archaeological site Pedra do Pacu.

REFERÊNCIAS

  • 1
    With inaccurate coordinates and/or no polygon.
  • Pascuti Leal, R. R. (2024). A arqueologia em Roraima nos últimos 40 anos. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, 19(2), e20230019. doi: 10.1590/2178-2547-BGOELDI-2023-0019.

Edited by

Editorial responsibility: Fernando Ozório de Almeida

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    29 July 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    23 Mar 2023
  • Accepted
    20 Sept 2023
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