Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Evaluación del clima ético en servicios de salud: revisión sistemática

Resumen

El clima ético se refiere a la percepción de los profesionales de la salud sobre el tratamiento ético de las cuestiones laborales. Este estudio buscó identificar evidencias científicas de producciones que utilizaron el instrumento Hospital Ethical Climate Survey en la evaluación del clima ético. Se trata de una revisión sistemática realizada en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed y Medline, con 33 artículos seleccionados. Se demostró que el clima ético estaba asociado a problemas de salud en el trabajo. En la evaluación por factores, el clima ético se clasificó como positivo para los factores “pares”, “pacientes” y “gestión”, y como negativo para los factores “médicos” y “hospital”. Se concluyó que es importante evaluar el clima ético para garantizar la sostenibilidad y mejorar el clima laboral. En este caso, la aplicación del Hospital Ethical Climate Survey en los servicios de salud resultó válida y confiable.

Palabras clave:
Ética; Servicios de salud; Enfermería

Resumo

O clima ético refere-se à perceptibilidade dos profissionais de saúde quanto ao tratamento ético das questões do trabalho. Este estudo buscou identificar as evidências científicas das produções que utilizaram o instrumento Hospital Ethical Climate Survey na avaliação do clima ético. Trata-se de revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e Medline, sendo selecionados 33 artigos. Evidenciou-se que o clima ético foi associado às questões de saúde do trabalhador e avaliado como de moderado a positivo pelos profissionais de saúde. O clima ético foi classificado como positivo para os fatores “pares”, “pacientes” e “gestão”, e como negativo para os fatores “médicos” e “hospital”. Compreende-se a importância da avaliação do clima ético para a sustentabilidade e melhorias do ambiente de trabalho. Neste caso, o Hospital Ethical Climate Survey se apresentou válido e fidedigno ao ser aplicado em serviços de saúde.

Palavras-chave:
Ética; Serviços de saúde; Enfermagem

Abstract

Ethical climate refers to the perceptions shared by health professionals of how ethical issues should be handled in their organization. This study aimed to identify scientific evidence of studies that used the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey in ethical climate assessment. This is a systematic review of 33 articles selected from Scopus, PubMed and Medline databases. Ethical climate was associated with workers’ health issues and it was evaluated as moderate to positive by health professionals. The topic was classified as positive for the “peers,” “patients” and “managers” factors, and negative for “physicians” and “hospital” factors. The review concluded that assessing the ethical climate is important for improving the work environment and that the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey is a valid and reliable instrument for such evaluation.

Keywords:
Ethics; Health services; Nursing

El clima ético puede ser definido como la percepción de profesionales de la salud sobre el tratamiento ético de cuestiones asistenciales y de las relaciones en el lugar de trabajo 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,22. Victor B, Cullen JB. The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Adm Sci Q [Internet]. 1988 [acesso 17 abr 2018];33(1):101-25. DOI: 10.2307/2392857
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392857...
. Estas preguntas se refieren a problemas en el cuidado, diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes, institucionalmente y entre equipos de salud 33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
. El clima ético es influenciado por el comportamiento organizacional, y suele ser positivo cuando el entorno favorece el ejercicio de la autonomía y la inclusión de todos los involucrados en el cuidado, permitiéndoles discutir y participar de la toma de decisiones 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
.

Este indicador ha sido evaluado en servicios hospitalarios y no hospitalarios 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,22. Victor B, Cullen JB. The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Adm Sci Q [Internet]. 1988 [acesso 17 abr 2018];33(1):101-25. DOI: 10.2307/2392857
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392857...
. Entre los instrumentos utilizados están el Ethical Climate Questionnaire, para servicios, Industria y comercio 22. Victor B, Cullen JB. The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Adm Sci Q [Internet]. 1988 [acesso 17 abr 2018];33(1):101-25. DOI: 10.2307/2392857
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392857...
; el Ethical Decision-Making Climate Questionnaire, para unidades de terapia intensiva 44. Benoit DD, Jensen HI, Malmgren J, Metaxa V, Reyners AK, Darmon M et al. Outcome in patients perceived as receiving excessive care across different ethical climates: a prospective study in 68 intensive care units in Europe and the USA. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 12 maio 2018];44:1039-49. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5231-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5231-...
; y el Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (Hecs), para áreas hospitalarias 55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
77. Charalambous A, Cloconi C, Papastavrou E, Theodoula A. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in Greek and Cypriot cancer care settings. J Nurs Meas [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 20 maio 2018];26(2):237-48. DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.237
https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.2...
.

El Hecs fue desarrollado en 1998 en Chicago, Estados Unidos, para evaluar la percepción de enfermeros sobre el clima ético, y fue validado en un estudio con 360 profesionales de dos hospitales de cuidados agudos en una ciudad del Oeste americano 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
. El instrumento consta de cinco factores: “pacientes”, “médicos”, “pares” (colegas), “hospital” (gestión hospitalaria) y “gestión” (gestión de la unidad) 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
. Cada factor evalúa si las relaciones interpersonales pueden auxiliar o dificultar la toma ética de decisiones, considerando a todos los involucrados en la situación-problema 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
.

Para cada factor, el clima ético se puede clasificar en negativo, moderado o positivo, a depender de la calidad de las relaciones y de cuán ética será la deliberación entre las partes involucradas 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
. La evaluación del clima ético puede indicar intención de rotación, insatisfacción con el trabajo 1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
, sufrimiento del trabajador 1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
y estrés moral 1212. Lützén K, Blom T, Ewalds-Kvist B, Winch S. Moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity among psychiatric professionals. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2010 [acesso 6 maio 2018];17(2):213-24. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009351951
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009351951...
, además de mayor tendencia a cometer errores médicos 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
. Estos indicadores pueden avergonzar moralmente al trabajador, por lo que es necesario identificarlos.

Evaluando el clima ético, es posible reconocer elementos que fortalecen o debilitan el desempeño ético y moral del trabajador, lo cual se refleja en la calidad y seguridad de la atención brindada al paciente. Además, a partir de tal evaluación es posible planificar acciones para mejorar el ambiente de trabajo y facilitar la toma compartida de decisión con base en los preceptos de las instituciones y en la deontología. Considerando esos beneficios, el objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar las evidencias científicas de investigaciones que utilizaron el instrumento Hecs en la evaluación del clima ético.

Método

Se trata de una revisión sistemática dividida en seis etapas: 1) formulación de la pregunta de revisión; 2) establecimiento de los criterios de selección y definición de las bases de datos; 3) construcción y llenado del formulario para registro y extracción de los datos recolectados; 4) evaluación crítica de los estudios primarios; 5) análisis y síntesis descriptiva de los resultados de la revisión; y 6) síntesis del conocimiento 1414. Paula CC, Padoin SMM, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa como ferramenta para tomada de decisão na prática em saúde. In: Lacerda MR, Costenaro RGS, organizadores. Metodologias da pesquisa para a enfermagem e saúde: da teoria à prática. Porto Alegre: Moriá; 2016. p. 51-76..

En la primera etapa, de acuerdo a la estrategia Picot –población (P), intervención (I), comparación (C), resultado (o) y tiempo (T) 1414. Paula CC, Padoin SMM, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa como ferramenta para tomada de decisão na prática em saúde. In: Lacerda MR, Costenaro RGS, organizadores. Metodologias da pesquisa para a enfermagem e saúde: da teoria à prática. Porto Alegre: Moriá; 2016. p. 51-76.–, se delimitó la siguiente pregunta orientadora: “¿cuáles son las evidencias científicas sobre la evaluación del clima ético publicadas en la literatura a partir de la utilización del instrumento Hecs?” En la segunda etapa, se establecieron los criterios de selección y las bases de datos buscadas: Scopus, PubMed y Medline Complete. Se incluyeron artículos originales, completos, publicados en inglés, portugués o español y que utilizaron Hecs para abordar el clima ético con los profesionales de los servicios de salud.

En la base Scopus, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda “ethical climate and nursing and questionnaire or instrument or scale or validation”, con 54 estudios encontrados; en PubMed, “ethical climate and nursing or nurse”, con 90 publicaciones; y en Medline, ethical climate and hospital ethical climate and nursing or nurse”, con 87 estudios encontrados.

La búsqueda en las bases de datos y el análisis de los estudios se llevaron a cabo en mayo de 2019, de forma doble-independiente por la autora de la investigación y por una becaria de iniciación científica previamente capacitada. Se eliminaron cinco estudios porque no estaban en inglés, portugués o español, quedando 226 publicaciones, que fueron sometidas al proceso de selección (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Diagrama de flujo del proceso de selección doble-independiente de los artículos incluidos en la revisión

En la tercera etapa, los 33 artículos seleccionados se evaluaron en cuanto a la calidad de los datos y su relación con el problema de investigación. Para el análisis se elaboró una tabla de extracción de datos, la cual contenía la siguiente información: autoría, base de datos, área de estudio, país y año de publicación, revista, idioma, objetivos, método, resumen, temática (si el artículo contempla el objeto de este estudio) y principales resultados y conclusiones.

La cuarta etapa comprendió la evaluación crítica de los estudios primarios por medio de un sistema de clasificación de evidencias. Se podrían utilizar diferentes clasificaciones, dependiendo del tipo de pregunta de investigación de los estudios primarios seleccionados. El método elegido fue el de clasificación en siete niveles: 1) revisión sistemática o metanálisis; 2) ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado; 3) ensayos clínicos sin aleatorización; 4) estudios de cohorte y de casos-controles; 5) revisión sistemática de estudios descriptivos y cualitativos; 6) estudio descriptivo o cualitativo; y 7) opinión de autoridades y/o informe de comités de expertos 1515. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: a guide to best practice. 2ª ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2011..

La quinta etapa incluyó el análisis y la síntesis descriptiva de los resultados de la revisión. Estas informaciones permiten analizar individualmente los estudios y comparar los datos. La extracción tiene como objetivo encontrar resultados que respondan a la pregunta de revisión, enfatizando las diferencias y semejanzas entre los estudios seleccionados, sin inferencias del revisor.

En la sexta etapa, síntesis del conocimiento, son presentados los resultados, las conclusiones y limitaciones de los estudios, juntamente con impresiones y reflexiones de los autores. Cabe mencionar que la presente investigación mantuvo la autoría y la confiabilidad de los artículos incluidos en esta revisión.

Resultados

Predominaron los estudios realizados en América del Norte (30,3%; n=10), específicamente en los Estados Unidos (27,3%; n=9) 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
, entre 2014 y 2015 (36,4%; n=12) 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
2828. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Newly graduated nurses’ competence and individual and organizational factors: a multivariate analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 4 maio 2018];47(5):446-57. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12153
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12153...
, publicados en el periódico Nursing Ethics (33,3%; n=11) 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
,1212. Lützén K, Blom T, Ewalds-Kvist B, Winch S. Moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity among psychiatric professionals. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2010 [acesso 6 maio 2018];17(2):213-24. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009351951
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009351951...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
, evaluado por Qualis Periódicos como A1 y con factor de impacto 2,597. Como campo de estudio, predominó el escenario hospitalario (84,8%; n=28) 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
, en unidades de cuidado agudo/crítico (24,2%; n=8) 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
. Los enfermeros participaron de todos los estudios 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
, pero algunas investigaciones abarcaron también médicos 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
, auxiliares de enfermería 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,2222. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Gustafsson ML, Katajisto J, Charalambous A. The associations among the ethical climate, the professional practice environment and individualized care in care settings for older people. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 14 maio 2018];70(6):1356-68. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12297
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12297...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
, trabajadores sociales 1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
y farmacéuticos 1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
.

El Cuadro 1 presenta la identificación, el diseño, los niveles de evidencia, las variables asociadas al clima ético y los principales resultados de los estudios que componen la muestra. Predominó el diseño transversal de estudio (90,9%; n=30), con nivel 6 de evidencia.

Cuadro 1
Cuadro sinóptico de los artículos seleccionados

Se evidenciaron asociaciones del clima ético con otras variables (84,8%; n=28) 33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
,66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
2222. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Gustafsson ML, Katajisto J, Charalambous A. The associations among the ethical climate, the professional practice environment and individualized care in care settings for older people. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 14 maio 2018];70(6):1356-68. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12297
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12297...
,2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
,2828. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Newly graduated nurses’ competence and individual and organizational factors: a multivariate analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 4 maio 2018];47(5):446-57. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12153
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12153...
3434. Joolaee S, Jalili HR, Rafii F, Hajibabaee F, Haghani H. The relationship between ethical climate at work and job satisfaction among nurses in Tehran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];10(4):238-42. DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2013.072
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2013.072...
,3636. Jahantigh M, Zare S, Shahrakipour M. The survey of the relationship between ethical climate and ethical behavior in nurses. Pharm Chem [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];8(3):189-93. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3lELjB2
https://bit.ly/3lELjB2...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
. En la mayoría de los estudios, el clima ético se asoció con sufrimiento moral, evaluado por Moral Distress Scale (24,2%; n=8) 1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3333. Silén M, Svantesson M, Kjellström S, Sidenvall B, Christensson L. Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: perceptions and instrument usability. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [acesso 20 abr 2018];20(23-24):3483-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03753.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
; satisfacción laboral, de acuerdo con los instrumentos Job Satisfaction Scale1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
, Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire3434. Joolaee S, Jalili HR, Rafii F, Hajibabaee F, Haghani H. The relationship between ethical climate at work and job satisfaction among nurses in Tehran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];10(4):238-42. DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2013.072
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2013.072...
, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
, Minnesota Satisfaction Scale99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
y Brayfield and Rothe Job Satisfaction Index3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
(15,2%; n=5); e intención de rotación, evaluados por Anticipated Turnover Scale33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
y Turnover Intention2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
(6,1%; n=2). Además, se utilizaron preguntas sobre satisfacción en el trabajo 2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
e intención de rotación 1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2828. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Newly graduated nurses’ competence and individual and organizational factors: a multivariate analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 4 maio 2018];47(5):446-57. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12153
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12153...
elaboradas por los propios autores de los estudios (15,2%; n=5). La Tabla 1 muestra los valores de la media y de la desviación estándar utilizados en la clasificación general y por factores del Hecs.

Tabla 1
Clasificación general y por factores del Hospital Ethical Climate Survey

Como muestra la Tabla 1, entre los estudios que evaluaron el clima ético por factores, 84,6% (n=11) presentaron puntajes más altos para los factores “pacientes”, “pares” y “gestión” 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
, clasificados como positivos, y puntajes más bajos para “hospital” y “médicos”88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
, clasificados como negativos. El clima ético evaluado a partir del Hecs fue de moderado a positivo. Solo en un estudio la clasificación fue negativa 2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
.

Se observó que los estudios evaluaron el Hecs de dos maneras: por la suma y por el promedio de los valores del instrumento. Ocho (24,2%) 99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
,1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
,3333. Silén M, Svantesson M, Kjellström S, Sidenvall B, Christensson L. Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: perceptions and instrument usability. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [acesso 20 abr 2018];20(23-24):3483-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03753.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
,3636. Jahantigh M, Zare S, Shahrakipour M. The survey of the relationship between ethical climate and ethical behavior in nurses. Pharm Chem [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];8(3):189-93. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3lELjB2
https://bit.ly/3lELjB2...
lo evaluaron a partir de la suma de los ítems; 16 (48,5%) 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
,3434. Joolaee S, Jalili HR, Rafii F, Hajibabaee F, Haghani H. The relationship between ethical climate at work and job satisfaction among nurses in Tehran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];10(4):238-42. DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2013.072
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2013.072...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
por el promedio general del instrumento; 12 (36,4%) 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
por el promedio por factores; y 5 (15,2%) 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
por el promedio por ítems referente a los valores señalados en escala Likert.

Algunos estudios 2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
describieron, a partir del análisis del promedio, el valor para clasificar el clima ético como positivo (por encima de 3,5) o negativo (por debajo de 3,5). Otros 99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
clasificaron el clima ético por la suma de puntos del instrumento, siendo 130 considerado el valor máximo y 26 el mínimo. El clima ético se evaluó como positivo cuando estaba por encima de 78 puntos y negativo cuando estaba por debajo de este valor 2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
,3636. Jahantigh M, Zare S, Shahrakipour M. The survey of the relationship between ethical climate and ethical behavior in nurses. Pharm Chem [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];8(3):189-93. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3lELjB2
https://bit.ly/3lELjB2...
.

Los artículos no descritos en la Tabla 1 realizaron solamente investigaciones de asociación/correlación entre clima ético y otras variables 33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,1212. Lützén K, Blom T, Ewalds-Kvist B, Winch S. Moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity among psychiatric professionals. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2010 [acesso 6 maio 2018];17(2):213-24. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009351951
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009351951...
,2828. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Newly graduated nurses’ competence and individual and organizational factors: a multivariate analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 4 maio 2018];47(5):446-57. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12153
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12153...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
, eran estudios de validación 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,77. Charalambous A, Cloconi C, Papastavrou E, Theodoula A. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in Greek and Cypriot cancer care settings. J Nurs Meas [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 20 maio 2018];26(2):237-48. DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.237
https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.2...
o utilizaron porcentajes para evaluar el clima ético de forma general o ítems del instrumento Hecs 55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
. El Hecs también se utilizó en forma reducida, de 26 para 14 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
y 17 3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
ítems en unidades hemato-oncológicas; para 15 1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
y 25 3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
ítems en unidades de cuidado agudo/crítico; y para 16 1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
ítems en sectores hospitalarios.

La confiabilidad general del instrumento osciló entre 0,85 a 0,95 y se evaluó por medio del alfa de Cronbach (63,6%; n=21) 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
,77. Charalambous A, Cloconi C, Papastavrou E, Theodoula A. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in Greek and Cypriot cancer care settings. J Nurs Meas [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 20 maio 2018];26(2):237-48. DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.237
https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.2...
1212. Lützén K, Blom T, Ewalds-Kvist B, Winch S. Moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity among psychiatric professionals. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2010 [acesso 6 maio 2018];17(2):213-24. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009351951
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009351951...
,1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
,2222. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Gustafsson ML, Katajisto J, Charalambous A. The associations among the ethical climate, the professional practice environment and individualized care in care settings for older people. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 14 maio 2018];70(6):1356-68. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12297
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12297...
2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
3333. Silén M, Svantesson M, Kjellström S, Sidenvall B, Christensson L. Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: perceptions and instrument usability. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [acesso 20 abr 2018];20(23-24):3483-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03753.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
. Ya la confiabilidad por factores se calculó en 21,2% (n=7) de los artículos, con el factor “pares” en un rango de de 0,70 a 0,88; “pacientes”, de 0,58 a 0,85; “gestión”, de 0,73 a 0,93; “hospital”, de 0,58 a 0,83; y “médicos”, de 0,71 a 0,89 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,77. Charalambous A, Cloconi C, Papastavrou E, Theodoula A. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in Greek and Cypriot cancer care settings. J Nurs Meas [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 20 maio 2018];26(2):237-48. DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.237
https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.2...
,88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
.

Discusión

En cuanto a la caracterización de los estudios, prevalecieron producciones científicas realizadas en los Estados Unidos, en escenario hospitalario, principalmente en unidades críticas, lo que se justifica por el hecho de que el Hecs haya sido desarrollado en Chicago y en áreas hospitalarias. La elección de los estudios para evaluar el clima ético en unidades críticas tal vez se deba al modo operante de trabajo, dirigido a cuidados más específicos y complejos, lo que puede generar más dilemas y conflictos éticos a resolverse, demandando tomas de decisión y deliberación moral 1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
.

Además, en algunos estudios, el clima ético evaluado por el Hecs presentó asociación/correlación con sufrimiento moral, intención de rotación y satisfacción en el trabajo. Evidencias científicas demuestran que el clima ético positivo está, por un lado, vinculado a la reducción de factores que generan sufrimiento moral y estrés en el ambiente laboral, intención de rotación y abandono de la profesión y, por otro, al fortalecimiento del equipo y a la satisfacción con el trabajo 1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1212. Lützén K, Blom T, Ewalds-Kvist B, Winch S. Moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity among psychiatric professionals. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2010 [acesso 6 maio 2018];17(2):213-24. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009351951
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009351951...
,1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
3434. Joolaee S, Jalili HR, Rafii F, Hajibabaee F, Haghani H. The relationship between ethical climate at work and job satisfaction among nurses in Tehran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];10(4):238-42. DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2013.072
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2013.072...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
.

El sufrimiento moral fue la variable que más presentó asociaciones significativas con el clima ético 1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
. Esto ocurre, en especial, por la dificultad de los profesionales para tomar decisiones de manera compartida 1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
. Además, la inseguridad de los compañeros en relación al cuidado de los pacientes y a la escasez de profesionales para demandas de alta intensidad causa sufrimiento y resulta en un ambiente poco colaborativo, aumentando la percepción negativa del clima ético 1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
.

En unidades pediátricas y neonatales, por ejemplo, donde profesionales brindan asistencia a niños que necesitan cuidados de alta complejidad, se observan situaciones que favorecen el desarrollo de sufrimiento moral, asociadas a la experiencia de presenciar el sufrimiento de pacientes y familiares 1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
. En este contexto, una relación equilibrada del equipo puede hacer que el trabajo sea más ligero, aliviando las tensiones durante la asistencia 2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
.

En general, la evaluación del clima ético fue de moderada a positiva 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3232. Asgari S, Shafipour V, Taraghi Z, Yazdani-Charati J. Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 20 abr 2019];26(2):346-56. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712083
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
,3636. Jahantigh M, Zare S, Shahrakipour M. The survey of the relationship between ethical climate and ethical behavior in nurses. Pharm Chem [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];8(3):189-93. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3lELjB2
https://bit.ly/3lELjB2...
. Sin embargo, cuestiones que analizaron la relación entre enfermeros y médicos presentaron los menores promedios 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
. Los estudios identificaron dificultades en la interacción entre esas categorías profesionales, posiblemente por la falta de comunicación y de discusión sobre asuntos relacionados a diagnóstico y tratamiento 3838. Pimentel D. Relações e conflitos éticos na prática de médicos e enfermeiros. Brasília: CFM; 2017.. La enfermería, por estar más próxima de los pacientes, podría ofrecer observaciones y elementos importantes para definir el tratamiento, sin embargo muchas veces se alejan a los enfermeros de la toma de decisión 3838. Pimentel D. Relações e conflitos éticos na prática de médicos e enfermeiros. Brasília: CFM; 2017..

Las dificultades en las relaciones pueden asociarse con diferentes percepciones sobre cuál sería el entorno de trabajo ideal. Es lo que sugieren estudios en unidades oncológicas y de cuidados críticos, que, al comparar percepciones de diferentes categorías profesionales, detectaron una evaluación más positiva del clima ético entre médicos 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
. Esto puede estar relacionado con las diferentes responsabilidades y competencias de cada profesión dentro de las unidades de trabajo 3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
. En este contexto, el enfermero tendría una mirada más crítica al proceso laboral porque está insertado en los servicios de salud por un período más largo, buscando comprender cuál es la situación conflictiva y deliberar sobre ella con el equipo del que es responsable 3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
.

Diferentemente de la relación entre enfermeros y médicos, estudios presentaron percepciones positivas entre los pares, indicando relación de apoyo y cooperación 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
. Estas relaciones están asociadas a la práctica del ejercicio del liderazgo y al uso de la herramienta de escucha entre compañeros, que contribuyen a la interacción necesaria para realizar las actividades asistenciales de forma homogénea 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
. Luego, relaciones saludables auxilian en la toma de decisiones y en el enfrentamiento de dilemas, además de posibilitar la prestación de cuidados con más seguridad a los pacientes 88. Constantina C, Papastavrou E, Charalambous A. Cancer nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate in Greece and Cyprus. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2018];26(6):1805-21. DOI: 10.1177/0969733018769358
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018769358...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
. En esa perspectiva, la mayor parte de los estudios presentó un clima ético positivo para el factor “pacientes”, lo que muestra una relación de respeto mutuo 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1919. Lemmenes D, Valentine P, Gwizdalski P, Vincent C, Liao C. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 9 maio 2018];25(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1177/0969733016664980
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664980...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
. Cuando el profesional respeta la autonomía del paciente en el tratamiento y su inserción en el cuidado, la interacción mejora y hay más confianza en las relaciones 3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
.

Sin embargo, la percepción de los profesionales fue negativa con relación al factor “hospital”. La falta de apoyo y apertura para cuestionamientos influyó negativamente en el clima ético 1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,2121. Han SJ. Nurse turnover intention and influencing factors. Int Inf Institute [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 10 maio 2019];17(10A):5037-42. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa
https://bit.ly/3nsWEFa...
,2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,2525. Numminen O, Leino-Kilpi H, Isoaho H, Meretoja R. Ethical climate and nurse competence: newly graduated nurses’ perceptions. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 5 maio 2018];22(8):845-59. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014557137
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014557137...
,2929. Pauly B, Varcoe C, Storch J, Newton L. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 19 abr 2018];16(5):561-73. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009106649
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106649...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
. La gestión tendría que ayudar al desarrollo y mantenimiento de un ambiente saludable, al fomentar espacios de discusión con los trabajadores 2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
. Así, sería importante que los gestores lideraran el enfrentamiento de los problemas que afectan a las instituciones, estableciendo normas éticas para orientar a los profesionales sobre cómo actuar delante de dilemas 2323. Khalesi N, Arabloo J, Khosravizadeh O, Taghizadeh S, Heyrani A, Ebrahimian A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. J Med Ethics Hist Med [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7:15. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ
https://bit.ly/3nyyvwJ...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
.

La gestión de la unidad, que en la mayoría de los estudios recibió evaluación positiva, debe esforzarse por mejorar el trabajo en equipo, invirtiendo en la mejora de la ubicación y transmitiendo a los trabajadores su deseo de beneficiar el clima organizacional y la asistencia 3939. Esmaelzadeh F, Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Peyrovi H. Ethical leadership and organizational climate: the experience of Iranian nurses. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2017 [acesso 15 maio 2018];19(4):e43554. DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.43554
https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.43554...
. La valorización de las categorías profesionales permite diversificar el trabajo y construir una relación de respeto, que estimula el desempeño del equipo 3434. Joolaee S, Jalili HR, Rafii F, Hajibabaee F, Haghani H. The relationship between ethical climate at work and job satisfaction among nurses in Tehran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];10(4):238-42. DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2013.072
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2013.072...
.

En cuanto al análisis del instrumento, el estudio de validación original Hecs 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
evaluó el clima ético a través del promedio de los puntajes, pero no hubo normalización del instrumento, ya que algunos estudios utilizaron la suma 99. Özden D, Arslan GG, Ertuğrul B, Karakaya S. The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 15 maio 2020];26(4):1211-25. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017736924
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924...
,1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
,2626. Jahantigh M, Arbabisarjou A, Zare S, Shahrakipour M, Ghoreishinia G. Hospital's ethical climate and nurse's desired ethical climate in Ali-ebn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospital of Zahedan. Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 20 maio 2018];7(12):427-31. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32VFF6f
https://bit.ly/32VFF6f...
,3333. Silén M, Svantesson M, Kjellström S, Sidenvall B, Christensson L. Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: perceptions and instrument usability. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [acesso 20 abr 2018];20(23-24):3483-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03753.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
,3636. Jahantigh M, Zare S, Shahrakipour M. The survey of the relationship between ethical climate and ethical behavior in nurses. Pharm Chem [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];8(3):189-93. Disponível: https://bit.ly/3lELjB2
https://bit.ly/3lELjB2...
. Esta situación puede dificultar el análisis por falta de estandarización. Sin embargo, Hecs se utilizó de forma reducida en unidades críticas en otros países 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
, lo que lo convierte en un instrumento fácilmente adaptable para su aplicación en diferentes ubicaciones.

Así, se hizo evidente que Hecs es válido y confiable para medir el clima ético en un ambiente hospitalario, ya que la confiabilidad del instrumento fue superior a 0,70 en los estudios que realizaron el cálculo del alfa de Cronbach 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
,77. Charalambous A, Cloconi C, Papastavrou E, Theodoula A. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in Greek and Cypriot cancer care settings. J Nurs Meas [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 20 maio 2018];26(2):237-48. DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.237
https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.2...
1212. Lützén K, Blom T, Ewalds-Kvist B, Winch S. Moral stress, moral climate and moral sensitivity among psychiatric professionals. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2010 [acesso 6 maio 2018];17(2):213-24. DOI: 10.1177/0969733009351951
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009351951...
,1818. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate part II: neonatal and pediatric perspectives. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];34(1):33-46. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000083
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
2020. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 [acesso 10 maio 2019];27(4):295-302. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2018252
https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2018252...
,2222. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Gustafsson ML, Katajisto J, Charalambous A. The associations among the ethical climate, the professional practice environment and individualized care in care settings for older people. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 14 maio 2018];70(6):1356-68. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12297
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12297...
2424. Ghorbani AA, Hesamzadeh A, Khademloo M, Khalili S, Hesamzadeh S, Berger V. Public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings, Sari City, 2011. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 maio 2018];3(1):e12867. DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal12867
https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal12867...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,3131. Jang Y, Oh Y. Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];26(4):1186-98. DOI: 10.1177/0969733017742959
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959...
3333. Silén M, Svantesson M, Kjellström S, Sidenvall B, Christensson L. Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: perceptions and instrument usability. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2011 [acesso 20 abr 2018];20(23-24):3483-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03753.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
,3535. Claeys M, Faelens A, Sabbe B, Schrijvers D, Casterlé BDD, Luyten P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Belgian psychiatric nurses. Eur J Pers Cent Healthc [Internet]. 2013 [acesso 12 maio 2018];1(1):202-8. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652
https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.652...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
. Esa medida justifica la aplicación con profesionales de unidades de salud, no solamente enfermeros 11. Olson LL. Hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 1998 [acesso 17 abr 2018];30(4):345-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998.tb01331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1998...
,33. Hart SE. Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses’ turnover intentions. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2005 [acesso 12 maio 2018];37(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00030.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005...
,55. Bahcecik N, Oztürk H. The hospital ethical climate survey in Turkey. Jonas Healthc Law Ethics Regul [Internet]. 2003 [acesso 15 maio 2018];5(4):94-9. Disponível: https://bit.ly/32QxeZU
https://bit.ly/32QxeZU...
1313. Hwang JI, Park HA. Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 6 maio 2018];21(1):28-42. DOI: 10.1177/0969733013486797
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486797...
,1616. Sauerland J, Marotta K, Peinemann MA, Berndt A, Robichaux C. Assessing and addressing moral distress and ethical climate, part I. Dimens Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 20 abr 2018];33(4):234-45. DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000050
https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...
3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
, pero también médicos 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,1111. Hamric AB, Blackhall LJ. Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];35(2):422-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2D
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.000025472...
,1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
,3737. Boer JC, Rosmalen J, Bakker AB, Dijk M. Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurement. Nurs Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 13 maio 2018];21(3):e19-27. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12206
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12206...
, auxiliares de enfermería 66. Pergert P, Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M. The ethical climate in paediatric oncology: a national cross-sectional survey of health-care personnel. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2019 [acesso 10 maio 2019];28(4):735-41. DOI: 10.1002/pon.5009
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5009...
,2222. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Gustafsson ML, Katajisto J, Charalambous A. The associations among the ethical climate, the professional practice environment and individualized care in care settings for older people. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [acesso 14 maio 2018];70(6):1356-68. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12297
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12297...
,2727. Suhonen R, Stolt M, Katajisto J, Charalambous A, Olson LL. Validation of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey for older people care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 16 maio 2018];22(5):517-32. DOI: 10.1177/0969733014549878
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549878...
,3030. Bartholdson C, Sandeberg M, Lützén K, Blomgren K, Pergert P. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [acesso 20 maio 2018];23(8):877-88. DOI: 10.1177/0969733015587778
https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778...
, trabajadores sociales 1010. Ulrich C, O’Donnell P, Taylor C, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Ethical climate, ethics stress, and the job satisfaction of nurses and social workers in the United States. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 12 maio 2018];65(8):1708-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007...
,1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
y farmacéuticos 1717. Whitehead PB, Herbertson RK, Hamric AB, Epstein EG, Fisher JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 [acesso 18 abr 2018];47(2):117-25. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12115...
.

Consideraciones finales

El clima ético, en la mayor parte de los estudios, se mostró asociado a cuestiones dirigidas a la salud del trabajador, como sufrimiento moral, satisfacción en el trabajo e intención de rotación. Además de eso, la clasificación del clima ético, a partir del Hecs, fue de moderada a positiva, variando para los factores “pares”, “pacientes” y “gestión” con mayores puntajes, clasificados como positivos, y los factores “médicos” y “hospital” con menores puntajes, clasificados como negativos.

El Hecs, en general, se mostró válido y fidedigno para medir el clima ético. Es necesario, sin embargo, adaptar y validar el instrumento para Brasil, con el objetivo de evaluar el clima ético en servicios de salud con diferentes categorías profesionales, además de realizar investigaciones que estudien las asociaciones entre clima ético y otras cuestiones de la salud del trabajador, como burnout, estrés y acoso moral, considerando acciones de intervención. En esa perspectiva, se debe buscar mejorar el clima ético y la calidad de la asistencia a la salud, reduciendo problemas psíquicos entre los trabajadores.

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Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    20 Ene 2021
  • Fecha del número
    Oct-Dec 2020

Histórico

  • Recibido
    28 Set 2019
  • Revisado
    07 Oct 2020
  • Acepto
    08 Oct 2020
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