Effect of coated urea and NPK-fertilizers on spring wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Lapushkin, V. M.; Lapushkina, A. A.; Torshin, S. P.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.279269

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.279269 copy

Effect of coated urea and NPK-fertilizers on spring wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Efeito da ureia revestida e dos fertilizantes NPK na produtividade do trigo de primavera e na eficiência do uso de nitrogênio

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Among the factors that increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers, due consideration has lately been given to the development and study of fertilizers with various granule coatings. This study is focused on the test of urea and NPK fertilizers, with granules coated with 50 and 100 μm monocalcium phosphate. Two-year greenhouse trials with spring wheat were carried out on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil. Coated fertilizers have proven to be more effective than traditional ones. For instance, using coated urea improved the yield 10-11% compared to conventional fertilizer. At the same time, the weight of one plant increased by 9-11% and the weight of the ear by 10%, the number of grains in the ear was by 4-7% bigger. Similar results were obtained with NPK fertilizer. Providing a thicker coating from 50 to 100 μm significantly increased the efficiency of both urea and NPK fertilizers.

Keywords:
coated fertilizers; slow release fertilizers (SRF); controlled release fertilizers (CRF); spring wheat; nutrient use efficiency

Soil property	Value
Organic carbon (C) g kg ^-1	14.9
Phosphorus (P) mg kg ^-1	40.2
Potassium (K) mg kg ^-1	131.4
Nitrogen (N) mg kg ^-1	68.0
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) cmol_c kg ^-1	14.8
pH_KCl	5.8

Fertilizer	Nitrogen (N) %	Phosphorus (P) %	Potassium (K) %
Urea (uncoated)	46	-	-
Urea (coated, 50 μm)	40	3	-
Urea (coated, 100 μm)	35	6	-
NPK (uncoated)	15	7	13
NPK (coated, 50 μm)	14	9	12
NPK (coated, 100 μm)	12	11	10

Treatments		Plant weight (g)		Nutrients content (%)			Nutrients uptake (mg per plant)
	Fresh matter		Dry matter	Nutrients content (%)
	Fresh matter		Dry matter	N	P	K	N	P	K
Tillering
T₁ - Control (PK)		1.14	0.13	3.1	1.1	4.3	4.0	1.5	5.6
T₂ - Urea		1.13	0.13	5.2	1.0	4.2	6.6	1.3	5.4
T₃ - Coated urea (50 μm)		1.32	0.15	5.3	1.0	4.3	8.0	1.5	6.6
T₄ - Coated urea (100 μm)		1.31	0.16	5.3	0.8	4.2	8.4	1.3	6.6
T₅ - NPK		1.35	0.18	4.7	0.9	4.3	8.3	1.6	7.6
T₆ - Coated NPK (50 μm)		1.33	0.16	5.6	1.0	4.7	9.2	1.6	7.7
T₇ - Coated NPK (100 μm)		1.41	0.18	5.0	1.0	4.1	8.9	1.8	7.3
LSD _(P=0,05)		NS	0.04	0.3	NS	NS	1.5	NS	1.7
Stem elongation
T₁ - Control (PK)		3.10	0.52	1.5	0.7	2.7	8.1	3.9	14.0
T₂ - Urea		5.90	0.81	3.5	0.6	3.1	28.2	5.2	25.1
T₃ - Coated urea (50 μm)		5.51	0.89	3.1	0.6	2.8	28.0	5.6	25.1
T₄ - Coated urea (100 μm)		6.51	1.04	3.7	0.7	3.0	37.9	6.9	30.9
T₅ - NPK		5.38	0.87	3.4	0.7	3.1	29.8	6.1	27.3
T₆ - Coated NPK (50 μm)		5.91	0.84	3.6	0.7	2.9	29.9	6.3	24.2
T₇ - Coated NPK (100 μm)		6.25	0.96	3.6	0.7	3.2	34.8	6.6	30.7
LSD _(P=0,05)		0.45	0.09	0.3	NS	0.4	3.2	1.2	4.2
Inflorescence emergence
T₁ - Control (PK)		3.21	0.90	0.8	0.5	1.5	7.1	4.9	13.5
T₂ - Urea		7.22	1.77	1.5	0.5	1.5	26.1	8.2	27.1
T₃ - Coated urea (50 μm)		9.50	2.41	1.7	0.4	1.5	40.8	10.6	36.1
T₄ - Coated urea (100 μm)		8.70	2.07	1.9	0.5	1.5	39.8	9.9	31.0
T₅ - NPK		8.25	1.89	1.6	0.5	1.8	29.9	9.9	34.5
T₆ - Coated NPK (50 μm)		8.97	2.02	1.7	0.6	1.7	34.4	11.5	34.2
T₇ - Coated NPK (100 μm)		8.67	2.09	1.8	0.5	1.7	36.6	10.8	35.0
LSD _(P=0,05)		0.97	0.29	0.2	NS	NS	7.0	2.1	7.8

Treatments	Weight dry matter (g)					Number of grains in ear
Treatments	Plant	Grain	Straw	Ear	1000 grain	Number of grains in ear
2020
T₁ - Control (PK)	15.1	4.9	10.2	0.4	29.1	10.5
T₂ - Urea	34.2	13.6	20.6	1.0	36.0	22.5
T₃ - Coated urea (50 μm)	38.3	16.0	22.3	1.2	35.0	27.0
T₄ - Coated urea (100 μm)	39.0	15.3	23.6	1.1	34.5	24.7
T₅ - NPK	38.1	15.4	22.7	1.1	36.3	23.4
T₆ - Coated NPK (50 μm)	38.2	14.9	23.3	1.0	35.9	23.4
T₇ - Coated NPK (100 μm)	42.3	17.3	25.0	1.1	35.9	25.5
LSD _(P=0,05)	2.6	0.8	1.9	0.2	3.9	3.1
2022
T₁ - Control (PK)	26.7	11.4	15.4	0.7	33.4	17.1
T₂ - Urea	53.2	25.7	27.5	1.6	40.1	32.0
T₃ - Coated urea (50 μm)	59.9	27.4	32.5	1.7	41.1	33.5
T₄ - Coated urea (100 μm)	58.1	27.8	30.4	1.7	42.6	32.8
T₅ - NPK	55.0	25.4	29.7	1.6	40.4	31.5
T₆ - Coated NPK (50 μm)	57.1	26.7	30.3	1.7	40.8	32.8
T₇ - Coated NPK (100 μm)	58.6	27.2	31.5	1.7	41.1	33.1
LSD _(P=0,05)	3.9	1.6	2.9	0.1	1.9	2.6

Treatments	Nutrients uptake (mg)									RE_N
	Grain			Straw			Total uptake			RE_N
	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K	%
T₁ - Control (PK)	146	36	28	33	16	222	179	52	250	-
T₂ - Urea	484	85	66	124	19	392	608	104	458	57
T₃ - Coated urea (50 μm)	551	98	79	142	18	424	693	115	503	68
T₄ - Coated urea (100 μm)	563	97	73	164	18	405	727	115	478	73
T₅ - NPK	481	80	73	109	21	450	589	101	523	55
T₆ - Coated NPK (50 μm)	509	91	74	133	24	426	643	115	499	62
T₇ - Coated NPK (100 μm)	528	97	68	135	23	470	662	120	538	64
LSD _(P=0,05)	40	17	6	20	7	78	57	22	83	8

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia R. Bento Carlos, 750, 13560-660 São Carlos SP - Brasil, Tel. e Fax: (55 16) 3362-5400 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

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[1] *e-mail: lapushkin@rgau-msha.ru