New record of Akashiwo sanguinea(Dinophyta) in the tropical estuarine waters of Northeastern Brazil (Western Atlantic)

Novo registro de Akashiwo sanguinea(Dinophyta) em águas estuarinas tropicais do nordeste do Brasil (Atlântico Ocidental)

Abstracts

This study reports the occurrence and the effect of the environmental factors on the spatial and temporal distribution of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup in estuarine waters of northeastern Brazil. Samples were collected at seven stations from March 2007 to February 2008 during high tide and low tide, using Van Dorn bottles. The samples were immediately fixed with Lugol and analyzed with the Utermöhl method. Water samples were also collected for the identification of the hydrological characteristics of the area. Akashiwo sanguinea occurred throughout the annual cycle and at all sampling sites with densities ranging between 5 and 410 x 10³cells.L^–1. The highest densities were recorded at low tide, especially during the months of the rainy season (July: 210 x 10³ cells.L^–1; August: 410 x 10³cells.L^–1). Density values were within the normal range and blooms were not detected. Despite being common in the area, the species showed preference for sites with high concentrations of orthophosphate and total dissolved phosphorus and with salinity in the mesohaline regime.

Akashiwo sanguinea ; dinoflagellate; distribution; estuarine waters; northeastern Brazil

Este estudo relata a ocorrência e o efeito dos fatores ambientais na distribuição espacial e temporal do dinoflagelado Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen et Moestrup em águas estuarinas do Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas em sete estações, durante o período de março 2007 a fevereiro 2008 durante os regimes de preamar e baixa-mar, com o auxílio de garrafas tipo Van Dorn. As amostras foram imediatamente fixadas com lugol e analisadas pelo método de Utermöhl. Amostras de água foram também coletadas para a identificação das características hidrológicas da área. Akashiwo sanguinea ocorreu em todo o ciclo anual e em todos os locais de coleta com densidade variando de 5 a 410 cells.L^–1 x 10³, sendo as maiores densidades registradas na baixa-mar, principalmente, durante os meses do período chuvoso (julho 210 cells.L^–1 x 10³, agosto 410 cells.L^–1 x 10³). Os valores quantitativos estiveram dentro dos padrões normais, não tendo sido detectados florescimentos com conotações de blooms. Apesar de ser frequente na área, a espécie mostrou preferência pelos locais com maiores concentrações de ortofosfato dissolvido e fósforo total dissolvido e salinidade compreendida no regime mesoalino.

Akashiwo sanguinea ; dinoflagelado; distribuição; águas estuarinas; nordeste do Brasil

1. Introduction

Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup is the type species of Akashiwo, a genus of naked Dinophyta described by Daugbjerg et al. (2000). This classification is based on ultrastructure and DNA analysis of dinoflagellate samples. The species has the basionym Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka and several synonyms: Gymnodinium splendens Lebour, Gymnodinium nelsonii Martin, and Glenodinium sanguineum Marchesoni. It is a planktonic, cosmopolitan, euryhaline and eurythermal species commonly found in coastal and estuarine areas in climates ranging from tropical to temperate (Nakamura et al., 1982; Horner et al., 1997; Gómez and Boicenco, 2004). Although Akashiwo sanguinea is not related to the production of toxins, blooms of the species have coincided with depletion of dissolved oxygen and mortality of fish and shellfish in various parts of the world (Hirasaka, 1922; Hallegraeff, 1993; Gómez-Aguirre, 1998; Robichaux et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2000).

In Brazil, the only records of the species are for tropical coastal lagoons in the southeastern portion of the country. The existing records are for two lagoons located in Rio de Janeiro: Imboassica (Melo et al., 2007) and Barra (Domingos and Menezes, 1998).

The aim of this paper was to highlight the first record of Akashiwo sanguinea in estuarine waters in the state of Pernambuco and analyze the effects of the environmental factors on the spatial and annual variation of the species in a northeastern tropical area of Brazil.

2. Materials and Methods

The samples were collected in the tropical estuarine ecosystem of Itamaracá Island, which is located on the north coast of Pernambuco (7°34′00″ - 7°55′16″S and 34°48′48″ - 34°52′24″W). This ecosystem is formed by the Santa Cruz Channel, a 20 km long U-shaped feature connected to the Atlantic Ocean, and its tributary rivers: Catuama, Carrapicho, Arataca, Botafogo, and Congo (Figure 1). The strong inflow of marine waters through the two ends of the Channel determines the salinity regime, which varies between mesohaline and euhaline. The discharge from the tributary rivers and the morpho-bathymetry of the channel are the two main factors that govern the residual circulation of the Santa Cruz Channel. The 36 km² wetland has a direct effect on the productivity of the entire estuarine system (Medeiros and Kjerfve, 1993).

Figure 1.
Map of Itamaracá Island (Northeastern-Brazil), showing the sampling stations.

According to the Köppen climate classification system, the climate of the estuarine ecosystem is Am with tropical humidity and an annual rainfall of approximately 2.000 mm. The area experiences a tropical monsoon climate with a rainy season occuring between March and August (with precipitation above 100 mm) and a dry season occurring between September and February (with precipitation below 100 mm). The region is warm, with annual average air temperatures between 22°C and 26°C. Easterly trade winds prevail in the region from October to March and south-southeasterly trade winds are prevalent from April to September. Average wind speeds are between 6.1 kn and 9.3 kn (Koening et al., 2002). The ecosystem is threatened by numerous anthropogenic activities, including, the release of industrial waste, pollution from sewage, poaching, tourism, real estate development, and implementation of aquaculture projects (Medeiros et al., 2001).

Seven sampling stations were established: three in the Botafogo River estuary (stations 1, 2, and 3), one in the Santa Cruz Channel (station 4), two in the Carrapicho River estuary (stations 5 and 6), and one at the confluence of the two river estuaries (station 7). Samples were collected on a monthly basis from March 2007 to February 2008 during high tide and low tide using Van Dorn bottles. The samples were immediately fixed with Lugol. Cell counts were performed utilizing the Utermöhl method with an inverted microscope (Zeiss Axiovert). To the taxonomic identification Steidinger and Tangen (1997)was adopted.

The following abiotic parameters were also determined: water temperature, measured with a centigrade thermometer; water transparency, measured using Secchi disk disappearance and turbidity with a turbidimeter (a nephelometric meter); salinity, determined by the Mohr-Knudsen method (Strickland and Parsons, 1972); dissolved inorganic nitrogen – DIN (nitrite-N + nitrate-N + ammonia-N); orthophosphate-P (DIP), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), determined with the methods described by Strickland and Parsons (1972) and Grasshoff et al. (1983) and suspended particulate material (SPM), measured using the gravimetric method. The content of organic phosphorus (OP) was calculated using the following equation: OP = TDP - DIP. The value of the N:P ratio was calculated using methods from Redfield (1958).

For statistical analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) was used the statistical software program Statistic 9 (2009).

3. Results

3.1.Hydrology

The measured water temperatures were typical of a tropical estuary, ranging from 25.3°C to 31.1°C with a median near 28°C. Turbidity was higher, especially during low tides and the rainy season, with values ranging from 0.74 NTU (station 4, dry season) to 141.53 NTU (station 3, rainy season).

The salinity in the Botafogo River estuary (stations 1, 2, and 3) ranged from mesohaline (low tide, rainy season) to euhaline (high tide, dry season). The salinity in the Carrapicho River estuary (stations 5 and 6) had less variance than the Botafogo River estuary, with values ranging from polyhaline (low tide, rainy season) to euhaline (high tide, dry season).

The nutrient concentrations showed great variability, especially in the Botafogo River estuary. The levels of DIN recorded at station 1 during a period of increased rainfall and low tide showed maximum values of 2.89 µmol.L^–1 ammonia-N, 0.67 µmol.L^–1 nitrite-N, and 34.94 µmol.L^–1 nitrate-N. At station 3, DIP showed greater variation with values ranging from 0.02 to 1.74 µmol.L^–1, this being the maximum value recorded. The maximum TDP values (8.34 µmol.L^–1) were the result of high levels of OP (8.26 µmol.L^–1), and the median values (1.21 µmol L^–1 and 0.68, respectively) were higher at the stations of the Botafogo River estuary (stations 1, 2, and 3) and Santa Cruz Channel (station 4). The N:P ratio showed high spatial and seasonal variation. The median values ranged from 2.39:1 to 13.45:1, indicating a strong DIN limitation (Table 1).

Table 1.
Hydrological data of the ecosystem Itamaracá (Northeastern Brazil) recorded during the period March 2007 to February 2008.

St		T°C	Sal.	pH	Amm.	Nitrite	Nitrate	TND	Phosp.	TPD	OP	SPM	Turb.	N:P
1	min	25.90	4.73	6.92	0.00	0.00	0.29	0.81	0.01	0.25	0.24	8.20	0.74	0.45
	max	31.10	34.19	8.52	2.89	0.67	34.94	91.87	1.38	5.68	4.30	44.80	19.02	1360.36
	median	28.00	19.52	8.04	0.01	0.16	3.60	25.52	0.49	1.26	0.76	32.40	8.69	13.45
2	min	25.34	5.31	7.05	0.00	0.00	0.27	1.81	0.01	0.37	0.36	4.00	1.80	0.76
	max	31.10	35.50	8.68	1.33	0.41	11.60	39.60	1.00	8.34	7.34	46.60	20.58	141.27
	median	28.00	21.51	8.09	0.01	0.07	1.93	20.26	0.34	1.40	1.06	24.50	6.48	6.99
3	min	26.02	15.67	7.78	0.00	0.00	0.12	1.55	0.01	0.28	0.27	2.00	0.00	0.28
	max	30.50	37.94	8.75	1.78	0.33	7.87	34.44	1.74	5.14	3.40	45.80	141.53	153.54
	median	28.00	30.42	8.24	0.02	0.04	1.44	20.40	0.38	1.32	0.93	35.52	7.22	3.68
4	min	25.50	20.71	7.84	0.00	0.00	0.35	1.57	0.01	0.35	0.34	5.60	0.00	1.08
	max	29.80	37.94	8.87	0.50	0.28	8.95	33.95	1.04	5.60	4.56	48.50	19.27	903.21
	median	27.60	32.93	8.33	0.02	0.04	1.58	16.76	0.48	1.10	0.62	34.40	5.66	3.64
5	min	26.00	21.78	7.98	0.00	0.00	0.24	1.63	0.01	0.20	0.19	5.60	0.91	0.36
	max	31.00	36.31	8.78	0.39	0.22	12.04	72.60	0.84	18.27	17.43	61.11	17.55	569.55
	median	29.75	32.00	8.27	0.01	0.01	1.50	17.46	0.44	1.08	0.65	34.50	5.41	3.52
6	min	26.50	20.18	7.88	0.00	0.00	0.06	1.93	0.01	0.31	0.30	3.40	0.00	1.77
	max	31.00	38.22	8.87	0.38	0.16	3.77	42.20	1.01	3.67	2.66	62.64	16.64	43.61
	median	29.50	33.15	8.37	0.01	0.01	1.26	17.53	0.43	0.99	0.56	37.00	5.45	10.59
7	min	26.50	24.70	8.09	0.00	0.00	0.08	0.91	0.01	0.30	0.29	6.60	1.23	0.32
	max	31.00	38.21	8.88	0.59	0.21	6.22	41.89	1.87	3.95	2.08	58.92	16.15	67.35
	median	29.00	33.69	8.43	0.00	0.03	1.27	17.44	0.44	1.05	0.61	39.10	7.96	2.39

3.2. Occurrence of Akashiwo sanguinea

Akashiwo sanguinea presents pleomorphic cells, which are generally pentagonal in shape, with conical epitheca and bilobed hypotheca. The epitheca and hypotheca are nearly equal in length with a large, spiral girdle that is displaced 0.2 times the length of the cell. The groove does not extend into the epitheca, but does reach deep into the hypotheca. An apical cavity is present that contains numerous yellowish-green chloroplasts distributed in rows radiating from the center of the cell. Akashiwo sanguinea has a length ranging from 30 to 35 µm, a width ranging from 25 to 29 µm and a cross section that is dorsoventrally compressed or circular in nature. The color of the cells ranges from well pigmented to colorless or pale yellow.

Akashiwo sanguinea was recorded at every station in the study area, and cell densities ranged from 5 to 410 x 10³cells.L^–1. The lowest densities were recorded during the dry season, especially from October to January, at stations 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7. In these areas, the density of the cells varied between 5 and 10 x 10³ cells.L^–1. The highest densities were observed during the rainy season, mainly during low tide at station 3 (July 210 x 10³ cells.L^–1; August 410 x 10³cells.L^–1) and station 4 (August 220 x 10³ cells.L^–1). It should be noted that the highest density values coincided with low tide events (Figure 2).

Figure 2.
Cellular density of Akashiwo sanguinea in the estuarine waters of Itamaracá Island (Northeastern-Brazil). Seven stations and period from March 2007 to February 2008.

3.3. Statistical Analysis

The PCA results showed that the first two components explained 58.33% of the variation in the data (Figure 3). Factor 1 (42.87%) showed that the hydrological variability of the estuaries was a result of the heterogeneous characteristics of the sampling stations. The heterogeneous characteristics are highlighted by the contrast between the more saline coastal water, which is warm and contains less SPM and the estuarine waters. Factor 2 (15.46%) indicated the preference of Akashiwo sanguinea for DIP and TDP.

Figure 3.
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) linking the hydrological parameters (t = temperature, sec = secchi, sal = salinity, tp = total phosphate, PO4 = phosphate, NH₄= ammonia, tn = total nitrate, NO₂ = nitrite and Aka = Akashiwo sanguinea).

Statistical analysis (Table 2) revealed a significant (p=0.05) and positive correlation between Akashiwo sanguinea and phosphorous, confirming the organism's need for this nutrient. However, water transparency showed an inverse relationship with the density of Akashiwo sanguinea due to inputs of suspended particulate material (SPM) via stream flow and leaching processes.

Table 2.
Correlations between Akashiwo sanguinea and the principal hydrological variables in the seven sampling stations during the rainy and dry seasons (March 2007 to February 2008).

	Akashiwo
Akashiwo	1.0000
Water transparency	-0.4040
T°C	-0.2679
Salinity	-0.1365
NH4	0.0790
NO3	-0.0347
TN	-0.0200
PO4	0.1240
TP	0.5936

4. Discussion

In the estuarine ecosystem of Itamaracá (Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil), Akashiwo sanguinea was found throughout the year and at various stations, however, its density was not uniform throughout the area. The highest cell densities were found in regions with conditions ranging from mesohaline to euhaline. This result confirms the finding by Matsubara et al., (2007) that this is a euryhaline species.

The positive correlation of Akashiwo sanguine with concentrations of DIP and TDP, highlight the importance of the availability of this nutrient for the development of the species. This trend was detected mainly during the rainy season (July and August) when the highest river discharges were recorded, which led to a higher deposition of particulate and dissolved material from the land surface.

The results obtained in the estuarine ecosystem of Itamaracá corroborate the results reported by Panosso and Esteves (1999) that studying the phosphatase activity and phytoplankton dynamics in two tropical coastal lagoons (Imboassica and Cabiúnas Lagoons, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) refer to restrictions soluble reactive phosphorus in Imboassica Lagoon and highlight the hydrolysis of organic phosphorus by phosphatase activities as the main source of inorganic phosphorus for maintenance of phytoplankton that control the dynamics of A. sanguinea and the entire phytoplankton community.

Several other factors have been identified in promoting the occurrence of Akashiwo sanguinea in estuarine areas. Recently, Matsubara et al. (2007) studied the effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of A. sanguinea in the laboratory. The results showed that the irradiance at growth saturation was of 114 µmol m^–2s^–1and that the species was able to grow within the ranges of temperature from 5 to 30 °C and salinities of 10 to 40, but the maximum growth rate (1.13 divisions/day) was obtained at the combination of 25 °C and a salinity of 20. So, they concluded that A. sanguinea is a euryhaline, eurythermal organism that grows best in areas with low salinity conditions (mesohaline).

In addition, experiments performed in situ at Lake Tovel (Italy) by Cantonati et al. (2003) revealed that changes in nutrient status (phosphorus enrichment) and meteorological forces (such as light conditions) were key factors in the proliferation and dominance of the species.

Domingos and Menezes (1998) first reported the occurrence of Gymnodinium sanguineum in Barra Lagoon, where they found the species in high frequency and abundance. Barra Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro - Brazil), is a shallow, oligohaline, hypereutrophic tropical lake that is heavily affected by the discharge of domestic sewage. The authors suggested that the dominance of the species might be favoured by swimming velocity and displacement amplitude towards the bottom for nutrient uptake, demonstrated by the positive relation with water transparency.

Melo et al. (2007)studied the temporal and spatial fluctuations of phytoplankton in a tropical coastal lagoon in southeastern Brazil (Imboassica Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro-Brazil). They observed that high fluctuations on salinity and nutrient availability were the main factors that control the dynamics of A. sanguinea and the entire phytoplankton community.

Blooms of A. sanguinea have occurred in different parts of the world and are sometimes related to mortality in fish (Lassus, 1988; Hallegraeff, 1993; Robichaux et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2000). Several records have been documented in Japan (Hirasaka, 1922; Fukuyo et al., 1990), coastal areas of Australia and New Zealand (Hallegraeff, 1991), Mexico (Gómez-Aguirre, 1998), and Hong Kong (Songhui Lu and Hodgkiss, 2004). At Lake Tovel (Italy) the blooms had no toxic effect. However, the accumulation of carotenoids caused the water to turn a bright, intense shade of red, attracting scientists and tourists (Cantonati et al., 2003). Blooms of A. sanguinea are common in Chesapeake Bay, United States, where the number of cells may reach 8.8 x 10⁵ cells/L (Bockstahler and Coats, 1993). In one bloom in Coyote Bay, Gulf of California, Mexico, cell densities reached 1.0 x 10⁵ cells/L (Kiefer and Lasker, 1975).

In the estuarine ecosystem of Itamaracá, the number of cells/L of A. sanguinea remains within levels considered normal for other tropical regions. However, notable increases in cell density that has been recorded during the rainy months, with values close to 500 x 10⁵cells.L^–1 shows that this potentially toxic species is in an environment that is favorable for its development and may be concluded that in the estuarine areas of tropical regions of northeastern Brazil, Akashiwo sanguinea occurs in waters with large variations in salinity and high concentrations of inorganic and organic phosphorus.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the financial support (Proc.n° 484581/2006-6).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Feb 2014

History

• Received
  9 Mar 2012
• Accepted
  29 Oct 2012