Ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on wheat plants using the bio-wastes (pomegranate peel extract and /or compost)

El Sebai, T. N.; Al-Ashkar, N. M.; Ramadan, A. A.; Abdallah, M. M. S.; El-Bassiouny, H. M. S.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.275700

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.275700 copy

Ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on wheat plants using the bio-wastes (pomegranate peel extract and /or compost)

Melhorar os efeitos adversos da salinidade nas plantas de trigo usando os biorresíduos (extrato de casca de romã e/ou composto)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Climate changes and the related rise in the frequency of excessive weather proceedings have a strong influence on the physical, chemical, and hydrological processes in soils. Recently the investigators confirmed that the use of biological treatments and resources to overcome abiotic stress is fruitful. Thus, pomegranate peel extract (PPE) because of its high efficacy and/or compost application could improve soil characteristics, soil organic matter and nutrient status. This effect may be referred back to the enhancement in the plant antioxidative defense system against stress conditions. This experiment was done to study the influence of spraying wheat plants with pomegranate peel extract (PPE) with and/or without soil compost added under salt stress on some growth parameters and physiological aspects. Wheat plants were grown in the presence or absence of compost in the soil and foliar sprayed with PPE (600 and 1200 mg L^-1) under salt irrigation (3000 and 6000 mg L^-1). Growth and yield traits were decreased with salinity stress. High levels of PPE (1200 mg L^-1) induced the highest values of osmoprotectants (Total soluble sugars, total soluble protein, proline and free amino acids) in both unstressed or salinity-stressed plants presence or absence compost. Using compost in soil for cultivating wheat plants and PPE spraying treatments increased growth traits photosynthetic pigments and yield components. Moreover, these treatments increased the accumulation of minerals content (N, P, K and Ca) in plants. In general, the results of correlation coefficients showed a significant strong positive relationship among measured yield traits and other tested parameters. The correlation between 1000-grain Wt. and grain Wt./spike (r = 0.94**) was the highest. Meanwhile, a strong negative correlation coefficient between Na% and all yield parameters was recorded. Compost adding to soil and spraying pomegranate peel extract is a successful method for increasing wheat growth, yield and improving the nutritional value of the produced grains under salt stress.

Keywords:
wheat; compost; pomegranate peel extract; compatible solutes; yield

Character	Value^* * All analysis were supported on the basis of dry weight except for moisture content.
pH (1:10)	7.80
EC (1:10) dsm^-1	3.23
Total Nitrogen (%)	1.66
Total Phosphorus (P₂O₅%)	0.73
total Potassium (K₂O%)	1.38
Organic matter (%)	32.20%
Organic carbon(%)	18.70%
C:N ratio	11.20:1
Ash (%)	67.82%

MgSO₄		CaSO₄		NaCl		MgCl₂		CaCO₃
10.0		1.0		78.0		2.0		9.0
Anions and cations (% of total milli equivalents):
Na⁺	Mg⁺²		Ca⁺²		SO^-2		Cl^-		CO₃^-2
38.0	6.0		6.0		5.0		40.0		5.0

Chemical composition			%
Fat			0.90
Ash			4.21
Moisture			6.94
Protein			9.00
Fiber			19.40
Total carbohydrates			59.61
Phytochemical analysis:
Total phenolics (mg GAE/g)	Total Flavonoids (mg Rutin/g)		Antioxidant Activity DPPH (IC50) (μg/ml)
126.0 ± 1	53.00 ± 1.35		27.6±2.9
Phenolic compounds content:
Item	Protocatechuic acid	Syringic acid		Ellagic acid	Iso-ferulic acid
Concentration (mg/ml)	2.02	5.22		25.33	12.36

Salinity (mg L ^-1)	Treatment (mg L^-1)	Plant height		No of leaves/tiller		Tiller fresh wt (g)		Tiller dry wt (g)
Salinity (mg L ^-1)	Treatment (mg L^-1)	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+
0	Control	38.66^h	40.50^fgh	4.85^g	5.02^f	1.09^m	1.27^l	0.16ⁱ	0.18^gh
	PPE (600)	44.17^cde	44.47^cde	5.35^f	6.45^b	1.74^j	2.26^f	0.21^fg	0.24^f
	PPE (1200)	45.91^abc	46.52^a	5.50^e	6.50^b	1.92^h	2.51^d	0.28^e	0.35^bc
3000	Control	38.98^gh	41.54^f	5.30^e	5.75^d	1.51^k	2.03^g	0.24^f	0.33^cd
	PPE (600)	43.65^e	45.73^b	6.24^c	6.45^b	1.81ⁱ	2.89^b	0.27^e	0.38^b
	PPE (1200)	45.67^bcd	46.28^a	5.80^d	6.81^a	2.43^e	2.92^a	0.28^e	0.43^a
6000	Control	34.52ⁱ	35.26ⁱ	4.47^h	4.85^g	1.06^m	1.84ⁱ	0.17^hi	0.19^ghi
	PPE (600)	39.95^fgh	40.61^fg	4.99^g	5.44^e	1.72^j	2.58^cd	0.27^e	0.30^de
	PPE (1200)	43.94^de	44.88^bcde	5.40^e	5.88^d	2.03^g	2.61^c	0.34^c	0.38^b

Salinity (mg L^-1)	Treatment (mg L^-1)	Plant height (Cm)		Spike Length (Cm)		Spike Wt. (g)		Number of spikelet/Spike		Number of grain/Spike
Salinity (mg L^-1)	Treatment (mg L^-1)	-	.+	-	.+	-	.+	-	.+	-	+
0	Control	44.12^j	55.15^b	8.5^j	9.60^f	2.18ⁱ	2.21^hi	14.59^h	15.50^fg	39. 39^j	43.31^e
	PPE (600)	46.95^h	53.63^c	9.58^fg	9.77^f	2.34^g	2.94^b	15.83^efg	16.50^cd	41.20^h	44.92^d
	PPE (1200)	48.77^f	54.63^b	9.50^fg	10.30^e	2.69^e	2.99^a	16.72^bc	18.72^a	42.30^fg	46.54^b
3000	Control	50.35^de	54.15^b	9.00^hi	11.04^d	2.23^h	2.34^g	15.45^g	17.08^b	39.90ⁱ	44.98^d
	PPE (600)	47.96^g	59.50^a	10.08^e	11.98^b	2.60^f	2.99^a	16.20^de	18.62^a	41.99^g	45.39^c
	PPE (1200)	49.99^e	59.00^a	10.34^e	13.42^a	2.78^d	2.89^c	16.55^cd	18.41^a	42.62^f	47.65^a
6000	Control	42.39^k	47.50^gh	8.50^j	8.99ⁱ	1.52^m	1.66^k	12.51ⁱ	12.55ⁱ	32.00^o	37.83ⁱ
	PPE (600)	45.64ⁱ	50.88^d	9.55	10.88^d	1.60^l	1.95ⁱ	14.61^h	15.62^fg	35.54ⁿ	38.52^k
	PPE (1200)	46.15^e	49.75^e	9.30^gh	11.55^c	1.65^k	1.99^j	14.73^h	15.94^ef	36.24^m	39.21^j

Salinity (mg L^-1)	Treatment (mg L^-1)	Grain wt/ Spike (g)		Weight of 1000 grain (g)		Carbohydrates %		Protein %
Salinity (mg L^-1)	Treatment (mg L^-1)	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+
0	Control	1.41^hi	1.68^ef	38.37^m	41.14^h	45.40^m	56.34^d	13.72^jk	16.23^e
	PPE (600)	1.73^f	1.93^cd	40.33^ij	45.33^c	55.35^f	58.68^b	16.21^e	17.73^b
	PPE (1200)	1.85^d	2.27^a	43.75^d	45.93^b	56.69^c	58.45^b	16.56^d	18.16^a
3000	Control	1.52^gh	2.25^ab	41.08^h	42.37^f	50.93^j	56.68c	14.20ⁱ	16.56^d
	PPE (600	2.02^c	2.21^ab	43.12^e	46.67^a	54.31^h	59.95^a	14.73^fg	18.18^a
	PPE(1200)	2.15^b	2.27^a	45.63^bc	46.46^a	54.74^g	55.47^ef	14.56^gh	16.86^c
6000	Control	1.15^j	1.42^hi	38.83^l	39.81^k	42.12^o	49.67^k	11.70^m	12.60^l
	PPE (600)	1.35ⁱ	1.58^fg	39.50	40.02^jk	43.21ⁿ	55.76^e	13.54^k	13.85^j
	PPE(1200)	1.41^hi	1.63^efg	40.15	40.53ⁱ	49.06^lg	51.86ⁱ	14.38^hi	14.86^f

	Shoot length	L. No. Ti.	T.F. Wt.	T.D. Wt.	Ch. A	Ch. B	Carot.	T. pig.	IAA	Phenols	Proline	FAA	T.S.P	TSS	Sh. L.	Sp. L.	Sp. Wt.	Sp. N	No. of gr.	Gr. Wt./sp.	1000 gr. wt.	Carb.	Prot. %	N %	P %	K%	Na %	K/Na	Ca %
Shoot length	^--
L. No. Ti	0.74^ Significant at P<0.01.	--
T.F. WT	0.69**	0.81**	--
T.D. Wt.	0.60**	0.74**	0.83**	--
Ch. A	0.59**	0.61**	0.51**	0.30^* * Significant at P<0.05.	--
Ch..B	0.20NS	0.18^NS	0.13**	0.10^NS	-0.02^NS	--
Carot.	0.31*	0.35**	0.33**	0.23^NS	0.37**	0.53**	--
T. pig.	0.77**	0.77**	0.70**	0.50**	0.65**	0.59**	0.63**	--
IAA	0.73**	0.80**	0.81**	0.72**	0.44**	0.40**	0.59**	0.77**	--
Phenols	-0.11^NS	-0.06^NS	-0.04^NS	0.09^NS	-0.29**	0.09^NS	0.06^NS	-0.01^NS	0.15^NS	--
Proline	-0.04^NS	0.09^NS	0.48**	0.44**	-0.23^NS	-0.06^NS	-0.23^NS	-0.07^NS	0.16^NS	0.04^NS	--
FAA	0.35**	0.50**	0.74**	0.68**	0.19^NS	-0.02^NS	0.02^NS	0.32*	0.60**	-0.19^NS	0.68**	--
T.S.P	0.39**	0.66**	0.82**	0.79**	0.26^NS	-0.02^NS	0.07^NS	0.40**	0.53**	-0.13^NS	0.71**	0.79**	--
TSS	0.35**	0.60**	0.67**	0.51**	0.47**	-0.13^NS	-0.08^NS	0.31*	0.40**	-0.27*	0.40**	0.63**	074**	--
Sh. L.	0.48**	0.71**	0.66**	0.55**	0.46**	0.35*	0.63**	0.68**	0.75**	0.35**	0.05^NS	0.25^NS	0.44**	0.30*	--
Sp. L.	0.64**	0.78**	0.86**	0.79**	0.54**	0.26^NS	0.34*	0.72**	0.71**	-0.03^NS	0.37**	0.56**	0.78**	0.62**	0.74**	--
Sp. wt.	0.73**	0.79**	0.55**	0.36**	0.64**	0.29*	0.55**	0.79**	0.63**	-0.06^NS	-0.31*	0.01^NS	0.23^NS	0.26^NS	0.69**	0.55**	--
Sp. N.	0.79**	0.86**	0.73**	0.66**	0.60**	0.47*	0.51**	0.81**	0.75**	0.05^NS	-0.04^NS	0.23^NS	0.45**	0.32*	0.78**	0.78**	0.88**	--
No. of gr.	0.61**	0.76**	0.53**	0.41**	0.58**	0.44*	0.69**	0.80**	0.70**	0.11^NS	-0.29*	0.01^NS	0.21^NS	0.18^NS	0.83**	0.61**	0.92**	0.88**	--
Gr. wt./Sp.	0.70**	0.79**	0.67**	0.54**	0.62**	0.27*	0.51**	0.77**	0.70**	0.05^NS	-0.11^NS	0.15^NS	0.39**	0.35**	0.78**	0.75**	0.89**	0.92**	0.93**	--
1000 gr. Wt.	0.78**	0.79**	0.80**	0.67**	0.62**	0.18^NS	0.43**	0.77**	0.79**	-0.07^NS	0.08^NS	0.39**	0.58**	0.49**	0.79**	0.78**	0.85**	0.89**	0.82**	0.94**	--
Carb.	0.67**	0.79**	0.57**	0.41**	0.54**	0.29*	0.65**	0.75**	0.73**	0.23^NS	-0.15^NS	0.10^NS	0.22^NS	0.11^NS	0.82**	0.60**	0.81**	0.83**	0.83**	0.80**	0.78**	--
Protein	0.78**	0.79**	0.60**	0.55**	0.59**	0.41**	0.63**	0.83**	0.82**	0.18^NS	0.23^NS	0.15^NS	0.25^NS	0.18^NS	0.77**	0.63**	0.86**	0.90**	0.89**	0.86**	0.82**	0.89*	--
N %	0.74**	0.79**	0.60**	0.53**	0.57**	0.43**	0.62**	0.83**	0.80**	0.22^NS	0.18^NS	0.14^NS	0.26^NS	0.19^NS	0.80**	0.65**	0.86**	0.90**	0.91**	0.88**	0.82**	0.90**	0.98**	--
P %	0.59**	0.79**	0.66**	0.42**	0.51**	0.51**	0.36**	0.64**	0.61**	0.05^NS	0.04^NS	0.22^NS	0.40**	0.37**	0.66**	0.56**	0.82**	0.80**	0.78**	0.85**	0.82**	0.70**	0.70**	0.76**	--
K %	0.38**	0.79**	0.50**	0.56**	0.39**	0.14^NS	0.44**	0.52**	0.53**	0.12^NS	0.06^NS	0.37**	0.45**	0.22^NS	0.55**	0.57**	0.38**	0.58**	0.48**	0.51**	0.49**	0.53**	0.59**	0.58**	0.40**	-
Na %	-0.53**	0.79**	-0.29**	-0.12**	-0.52**	-0.40**	-0.64**	-0.69**	-0.34*	0.25^NS	0.34*	0.10^NS	0.06^NS	0.07^NS	-0.25^NS	-0.26^NS	-0.60**	-0.47**	-0.53**	-0.43**	-0.35*	-0.52**	-0.55**	-0.52**	-0.33*	-0.13^NS	-
k/Na	0.66**	0.53**	0.45**	0.25^NS	0.72**	0.53**	0.82**	0.87**	0.65**	-0.12^NS	-0.26^NS	0.13^NS	0.14^NS	0.04^NS	0.63**	0.48**	0.73**	0.66**	0.76**	0.64**	0.61**	0.80**	0.78**	0.77**	0.51**	0.47**	-0.77**	-
Ca %	0.46**	0.53**	0.80**	0.60**	0.34**	-0.06^NS	0.12^NS	0.34^NS	0.51**	0.11^NS	0.61**	0.67**	078**	0.78**	0.46**	0.71**	0.27*	0.42**	0.27*	0.45**	0.55**	0.27*	0.21^NS	023^NS.	0.47**.	0.18**	-0.04^NS	0.15^NS	-

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