In vitro model |
COS (1-3 kDa) |
COS decreased lipid accumulation. |
Cho et al. (2008)CHO, E.J., RAHMAN, A., KIM, S.W., BAEK, Y.M., HWANG, H.J., OH, J.Y., HWANG, H.S., LEE, S.H. and YUN, J.W., 2008. Chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 80-87. PMid:18239421.
|
Inhibited adipocyte differentiation. |
Mice |
200 mg/kg of COS |
COS can control diet intake, body weight gain, blood glucose, and lipid profiles. |
Kumar et al. (2009)KUMAR, S.G., RAHMAN, M.A., LEE, S.H., HWANG, H.S., KIM, H.A. and YUN, J.W., 2009. Plasma proteome analysis for anti‐obesity and anti‐diabetic potentials of chitosan oligosaccharides in ob/ob mice. Proteomics, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 2149-2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200800571. PMid:19296549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200800571...
|
In vitro model |
1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 µg mL-1
|
COS inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. |
Kong et al. (2017)KONG, S., DING, C., HUANG, L., BAI, Y., XIAO, T., GUO, J. and SU, Z., 2017. The effects of COST on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the mechanism of action. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 251-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09.008. PMid:28149159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09...
|
Rates |
COS capsules |
COS capsules can regulate body weight gain, lipids, and serum alanine aminotransferase. |
Pan et al. (2018)PAN, H., FU, C., HUANG, L., JIANG, Y., DENG, X., GUO, J. and SU, Z., 2018. Anti-obesity effect of chitosan oligosaccharide capsules (COSCs) in obese rats by ameliorating leptin resistance and adipogenesis. Marine Drugs, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16060198. PMid:29874843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16060198...
|
Mice |
L MW COS(400 mg kg−1) |
COS regulated the dysfunctional gut microbiota and alleviated low-grade inflammation |
He et al. (2020)HE, N., WANG, S., LV, Z., ZHAO, W. and LI, S., 2020. Low molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides (LMW-COSs) prevent obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in association with the modification of gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Food & Function, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 9947-9959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0FO01871F. PMid:33108433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0FO01871F...
|
Rats |
GO2KA1 (200 to 800 µg/mL) |
GO2KA1 may prevent diet-induced weight gain. Inhibited adipogenesis. |
Lee et al. (2021)LEE, J.Y., KIM, T.Y., KANG, H., OH, J., PARK, J.W., KIM, S.C., KIM, M., APOSTOLIDIS, E., KIM, Y.C. and KWON, Y.I., 2021. Anti-obesity and anti-adipogenic effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD rats and in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. Molecules, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020331. PMid:33440605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020...
|
Rabbits |
0.2 g/kg of chitosan |
Chitosan increased triglyceride and HDL, improving the health status of NZW rabbits. |
Kamal et al. (2023a) KAMAL, M., KISHK, W.H., KHALIL, H.A., ABDEL-KHALEK, A.M., AYOUB, M.A., SWELUM, A.A., ALQHTANI, A.H., BA-AWADH, H.A. and ABD EL-HACK, M.E., 2023a. Effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on productive and physiological performance parameters of growing New Zealand white rabbits. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 230, pp. 123166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123166. PMid:36623627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
|
chickens |
14-28 g/kg of COS |
COS increased the relative weight of the liver. Increased HDL and decreased abdominal fat. |
Zhou et al. (2009)ZHOU, T.X., CHEN, Y.J., YOO, J.S., HUANG, Y., LEE, J.H., JANG, H.D., SHIN, S.O., KIM, H.J., CHO, J.H. and KIM, I.H., 2009. Effects of chitooligosaccharide supplementation on performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 593-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00285. PMid:19211530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00285...
|
Rates |
5% chitosan /kg |
Chitosan reduced the absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol in vivo. |
Zhang et al. (2008)ZHANG, J., LIU, J., LI, L. and XIA, W., 2008. Dietary chitosan improves hypercholesterolemia in rats fed high-fat diets. Nutrition Research, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 383-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2007.12.013. PMid:19083436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2007....
|
Improve hypercholesterolemia. |
Rates |
450 mg/kg/day of CHNPs |
CHNPs decreased body weight gain and serum lipid levels. |
Abd El-Hack et al. (2020)ABD EL-HACK, M.E., EL-SAADONY, M.T., SHAFI, M.E., ZABERMAWI, N.M., ARIF, M., BATIHA, G.E., KHAFAGA, A.F., ABD EL-HAKIM, Y.M. and AL-SAGHEER, A.A., 2020. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: a review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 164, pp. 2726-2744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.153. PMid:32841671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
|
Rabbits |
TPP Tween-80 |
Drug-loaded NPs significantly lowered blood lipid levels compared to pure drug |
Chen et al. (2020)CHEN, L., WANG, C. and WU, Y., 2020. Cholesterol (Blood lipid) lowering potential of Rosuvastatin chitosan nanoparticles for atherosclerosis: preclinical study in rabbit model. Acta Biochimica Polonica, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 495-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2020_5186. PMid:33090754. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2020_5186...
|
Chitosan Ionotropic gelation |
In vivo
|
Selenium Chitosan Chemical reduction |
Reduced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/-mice. |
Xiao et al. (2021)XIAO, S., MAO, L., XIAO, J., WU, Y. and LIU, H., 2021. Selenium nanoparticles inhibit the formation of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice by alleviating hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 902, pp. 174120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174120. PMid:33905703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021....
|
Inhibited hyperlipidemia. |
in vivo
|
NaTPP+Tween |
Reduced triglycerides and LDL. |
Oksal et al. (2020)OKSAL, E., PANGESTIKA, I., MUHAMMAD, T.S.T., MOHAMAD, H., AMIR, H., KASSIM, M.N.I. and ANDRIANI, Y., 2020. In vitro and in vivo studies of nanoparticles of chitosan-Pandanus tectorius fruit extract as new alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia via Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 pathway. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1263-1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.017. PMid:33132720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08...
|
Chitosan powder |
Increased HDL. |