<i>Diaspis echinocacti</i> (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) em cladódios de palma forrageira: aspectos biológicos em diferentes temperaturas

Figure 1
Immature stages of D. echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on cladodes of the cactus pear “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana” Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw. with the egg mass next to the female with the carapace removed (A), mobile nymph of the first (B) and sessile of the second (C) instar, male pupa (D), female with carapace (E) and winged male (F).

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Figure 2
Longevity of D. echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) females and males on cladodes of the cactus pear “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana”, Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw. at the temperatures of 25°C, 28°C, 30°C, 33°C and 35°C, relative humidity of 60 ± 10% and 12-hour photophase. Bars followed by the same lowercase letter per treatment do not differ by Tukey's test, at 5% probability.

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Table 1
Summary models of the effects of temperatures of 25 ºC, 28 ºC, 30 ºC, 33 ºC and 35 ºC on survival¹ 1 Survival: data transformed into 1/root(x). 2Development: data transformed into log(x). DF= Degree of freedom. F= Fisher’s test. P= Probability. and development period2 of the cochineal Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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Table 2
Survival (Mean ± SE ) during egg, nymph and pupa stages and from egg to adult of Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on cladodes of the cactus pear “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana”, Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw. at the temperatures (Temp.) of 25°C, 28°C, 30°C, 33°C and 35°C, relative humidity of 60 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours.

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Table 3
Duration (Mean ± SE) of egg, nymph and pupa stages and egg to adult of Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on cladodes of cactus pear “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana”, Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw. at temperatures (Temp.) of 25°C, 28°C, 30°C, 33°C and 35°C, relative humidity of 60 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours.

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Table 4
Reproductive parameters (mean ± standard error) of Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on cladodes of the cactus pear “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana”, Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw. at temperatures of 25° C, 28º C, 30°C and 33°C, relative humidity of 60 ± 10% and 12-hour photophase.

Sexo	Source	Model	DF	F	P
Female	Survival	Temperature (T)	4	610.65	< 0.001
		Stage (S)	2	377.31	< 0.001
		T x S	8	312.83	< 0.001
	Development	Temperature (T)	4	791.03	< 0.001
		Stage (S)	2	50.687.19	< 0.001
		T x S	8	5.58	< 0.001
Male	Survival	Temperatura (T)	2	-	n.s
		Estágio (S)	2	-	n.s
		T x S	4	-	n.s
	Development	Temperature (T)	2	45.72	< 0.001
		Stage (S)	3	2.158.41	< 0.001
		T x S	6	2.51	= 0.050

Stage/ Life period	Temp. (^oC)	Survival (%)
Stage/ Life period	Temp. (^oC)	Female	N	Male	N
Egg	25	95.78 ± 2.59 Aa	41	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	28	100.00 ± 0.00 Aa	48	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	02
	30	100.00 ± 0.00 Aa	48	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	33	96.00 ± 2.45 Aa	48	-	00
	35	92.00 ± 2.00 Aa	46	-	00
Nymph	25	91.55 ± 5.18 Abc	41	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	28	100.00 ± 0.00 Aa	48	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	02
	30	96.00 ± 4.00 Aa	45	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	33	54.22 ± 5.10 Bbc	26	-	00
	35	21.78 ± 3.54 Bc	10	-	00
Pupa	25	-	00	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	28	-	00	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	02
	30	-	00	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	33	-	00	-	00
	35	-	00	-	00
Egg-adult	25	87.33 ± 3.97 Aa	41	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	28	100.00 ± 0.00 Aa	48	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	02
	30	96.00 ± 4.00 Aa	45	100.00 ± 0.00^.Aa	03
	33	52.00 ± 4.90 Bb	26	-	00
	35	20.00 ± 3.16 Bc	10	-	00

Stage/ Life period	Temp. (^oC)	Duration of development (days)
Stage/ Life period	Temp. (^oC)	Female	N	Male	N
Egg	25	4.04 ± 0.07 Ca	41	3.33 ± 0.33 Ca	03
	28	3.50 ± 0.04 Cb	48	3.00 ± 0.00 Ca	02
	30	2.78 ± 0.05 Cc	48	3.00 ± 0.00 Ca	03
	33	2.69 ± 0.05 Cc	48	-	00
	35	2.50 ± 0.03 Cd	46	-	00
Nymph	25	31.03 ± 0.15 Ba	41	19.67 ± 0.88 Aa	03
	28	28.35 ± 0.13 Bb	48	17.50 ± 0.35 Ab	02
	30	24.16 ± 0.25 Bc	45	16.33 ± 0.88 Ab	03
	33	20.57 ± 0.27 Bd	26	-	00
	35	19.37 ± 0.29 Be	10	-	00
Pupa	25	-	00	13.00 ± 0.00 Ba	03
	28	-	00	9.50 ± 0.35 Bb	02
	30	-	00	9.00 ± 0.00 Bb	03
	33	-	00	-	00
	35	-	00	-	00
Egg-adult	25	35.01 ± 0.20 Aa	41	36.00 ± 1.00 Aa	03
	28	31.88 ± 0.16 Ab	48	30.00 ± 0.00 Ab	02
	30	29.93 ± 0.25 Ac	45	28.33 ± 0.88 Ab	03
	33	23.25 ± 0.26 Ad	26	-	00
	35	22.10 ± 0.19 Ae	10	-	00

Reproductive parameter	Temperature (^oC)
Reproductive parameter	25	28	30	33
Pre-oviposition	9.40 ± 0.27 bA	6.70 ± 0.15 cBC	5.50 ± 0.31 bBC	5.10 ± 0.23 bC
Oviposition	40.10 ± 0.48 aA	35.00 ± 0.54 aB	27.90 ± 0.67 aC	18.70 ± 0.26 aD
Post-oviposition	10.20 ± 0.33 bA	8.30 ± 0.21 bB	6.60 ± 0.27 bC	4.90 ± 0.23 bD
Total eggs	112.00 ± 2.34 a	90.00 ± 1.61 B	71.00 ± 1.15 C	33.00 ± 0.82 D
Number of eggs/day	3.91 ± 0.06 A	3.65 ± 0.05 B	3.63 ± 0.06 B	2.87 ± 0.05 C

[TFN1] ¹
Survival: data transformed into 1/root(x). ²Development: data transformed into log(x). DF= Degree of freedom. F= Fisher’s test. P= Probability.

Diaspis echinocacti (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) em cladódios de palma forrageira: aspectos biológicos em diferentes temperaturas

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