Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygır in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation

Çavuş, A.; Şen, F.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.244494

Brasil

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.244494 linkcopy

Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygır in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation

Propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do lago Aygır na Turquia e uso de bebidas, pescarias e irrigação

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO₃, NH₄, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Keywords: heavy metal; lake Aygır; water quality; water pollution; water resources

	Coordinates		Depth	Distances from shore	Vertical sampling	Explanation
	North	East	Depth	Distances from shore	Vertical sampling	Explanation
I. station	38° 50′ 18.00˝	42° 49′ 29.7˝	30 m	≈~61 m	Surface, pelagic, bottom	Near trout cages
II. station	38° 50′ 28.56˝	42° 49′ 14.82˝	30 m	145 m	Surface, bottom	Across to village
III. station	38° 50′ 6.66˝	42° 50′ 22.92˝	40 m	500 m	Surface, pelagic, bottom	Center of the lake
IV. station	38° 49′ 54.36˝	42° 49′ 10.98˝	3-7 m	40 m	Surface, bottom	Drainage of the lake
V. station	38° 49′ 18.12˝	42° 50′ 11.7˝	-	2910 m	Surface	Irrigation pond

Sampling	Cl	Salinity	Ca	Mg	CaCO₃	CO₃	HCO₃	Alkalinity	NO₃	NO₃- N	NO₂	NO₂-N	NH₄	NH₃	NH₃-N	PO₄	SO₄	K
months	mg.L^-1	(‰)	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1
May 15	18.1	0.23	56.3	36.5	290.7	12.7	218.2	210.6	1.5	35.6	17.2	5.7	66.7	63.3	46.0	10.2	10.5	1.60
June 15	19.7	0.21	49.2	41.5	293.7	10.8	241.6	225.0	1.6	38.0	24.3	8.1	66.0	61.0	49.0	10.6	12.4	1.77
July 15	19.1	0.21	55.7	41.6	310.3	16.8	202.5	208.0	1.2	26.0	21.4	7.1	62.0	58.0	48.0	16.3	12.3	1.73
Aug. 15	18.6	0.21	55.4	40.7	306.0	13.2	263.5	249.0	0.9	20.0	13.9	4.6	65.0	53.0	25.0	22.8	11.2	1.54
Sept. 15	18.6	0.21	57.2	37.9	298.8	12.0	234.0	221.8	1.4	31.8	14.4	4.8	69.1	64.5	50.9	16.6	13.6	1.75
Oct. 15	14.8	0.19	61.1	33.2	289.6	10.7	256.9	237.2	1.9	42.2	17.1	5.7	66.7	61.1	41.1	18.3	12.9	1.71
Nov.15	16.5	0.22	57.0	41.0	311.1	9.3	246.7	225.6	1.0	23.3	14.7	4.9	60.0	55.6	44.4	13.6	12.5	1.78
Dec. 15	16.7	0.21	50.0	40.8	292.7	13.8	253.8	242.5	0.2	6.0	11.9	4.0	56.0	38.0	32.0	24.6	13.5	1.74
Jan. 16	18.1	0.20	45.4	39.1	274.3	10.8	255.0	236.0	1.2	25.0	15.9	5.3	25.0	23.0	21.0	14.2	12.9	1.74
Feb. 16	16.9	0.21	52.1	49.2	332.7	3.6	298.9	254.0	1.1	26.0	13.9	4.6	44.0	41.0	34.0	17.4	12.8	1.73
Mar. 16	15.5	0.22	58.8	42.6	322.0	2.4	331.8	278.0	2.1	48.0	14.9	5.0	26.0	24.0	19.0	9.3	9.1	1.73
Apr. 16	16.6	0.17	57.0	41.8	314.7	10.2	226.9	211.5	0.9	21.0	36.5	12.2	49.0	44.0	28.0	12.7	11.2	1.74
May 16	15.3	0.22	51.4	40.9	296.7	1.2	307.4	255.0	0.6	14.0	14.6	4.9	63.0	59.0	40.0	94.1	7.2	1.75
Mean	17.3 ± 0.4	0.21 ± 0.00	54.3 ± 1.7	40.6 ± 1.0	302.7 ± 4.8	9.8 ± 1.3	256.9 ± 5.0	234.9 ± 5.7	1.2 ± 0.1	27.5 ± 2.1	17.8 ± 2.0	5.91 ± 0.6	55.3 ± 6.6	49.7 ± 6.1	36.8 ± 3.7	21.6 ± 6.2	11.7 ± 0.5	1.72 ± 0.07

Sampling	Cu	Al⁺³	Zn	Mn	Mo	Ag	As	Cd	Si	SiO₂	Br	I	Na	CN	F	TSS	MEI	FC
months	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	µg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	mg.L^-1	cfu.100ml^-1
May 15	4.4	1.1	0.19	2.4	1.50	0.26	0.75	1.3	5.50	24.8	366.7	268.9	26.3	1.65	487.8	6.7	10.0	0.3
June 15	4.4	0.6	0.21	1.9	1.78	0.17	1.42	1.0	5.35	24.2	66.0	518.0	26.2	1.61	568.9	5.2	10.0	0.5
July 15	2.3	1.9	0.21	2.8	1.99	0.48	1.17	1.2	5.75	23.4	81.0	127.0	29.0	0.87	552.0	4.0	10.1	1.0
Aug. 15	4.3	2.4	0.23	4.6	1.59	0.24	0.65	1.3	5.40	23.5	83.0	122.0	33.4	0.91	537.0	3.1	10.2	0.8
Sept. 15	4.0	0.6	0.23	3.4	1.70	0.00	1.46	1.1	5.60	23.5	93.6	150.9	25.3	1.56	525.5	3.8	10.8	0.0
Oct. 15	3.7	0.0	0.19	2.8	1.57	0.00	1.31	1.2	5.80	25.8	114.4	193.3	22.9	0.89	495.6	4.8	10.2	2.0
Nov.15	3.9	0.0	0.24	3.0	1.73	0.00	1.34	0.6	5.95	25.4	104.4	171.1	26.7	1.07	570.0	4.4	10.7	0.0
Dec. 15	3.2	1.1	0.14	4.0	1.52	0.30	1.17	1.3	5.76	22.0	77.0	116.0	23.9	1.39	587.0	3.2	10.2	0.0
Jan. 16	2.4	0.9	0.26	2.2	1.64	0.09	1.43	0.8	6.00	24.5	61.3	99.0	27.1	0.97	679.0	2.8	9.8	0.0
Feb. 16	3.0	0.2	0.19	2.6	1.76	0.44	1.44	0.7	6.09	25.4	51.1	98.9	26.5	1.19	587.0	3.9	10.5	0.0
Mar. 16	3.9	3.9	0.26	3.7	1.67	0.00	1.37	0.7	5.95	24.8	42.0	60.0	31.0	1.19	589.0	2.6	10.8	0.0
Apr. 16	4.7	0.2	0.29	4.0	1.65	0.00	2.01	1.6	5.87	25.3	48.0	74.0	27.3	0.91	620.0	3.0	10.3	0.5
May 16	4.3	1.7	0.23	4.6	1.88	0.15	5.06	1.1	5.55	23.3	74.4	263.0	25.9	1.21	519.0	2.2	10.5	1.0
Mean	3.7 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.3	0.22 ± 0.01	3.2 ± 0.2	1.69 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.17	1.58 ± 0.30	1.1 ± 0.2	5.74 ± 0.07	24.3 ± 0.3	97.2 ± 23.5	174.0 ± 64.9	27.0 ± 2.8	1.19 ± 0.08	562.9 ± 51.4	3.8 ± 0.5	10.3 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.5

Studies in Lake Van Basin	Site	HCO₃ mg.L^-1	NH₄mg.L^-1	Cu μg.L^-1	Mo mg.L^-1	FC cfu.100 mL^-1	TSS mg.L^-1
Şen (1995)	Van	528.67	-	-	-	-	-
Atasoy et al. (2011)	Van	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kahraman et al. (2012)	Bitlis	-	-	-	-	-	-
Bulum (2015)	Van	651.60	0.06	8.5	-	-	-
Bayram (2016)	Van	457.9	0.07	0.0	-	-	-
Atici et al. (2016)	Van	171.7	-	0.39	-	-	0.33
Seyhan (2016)	Van	171.05	0.10	7.77	-	-	-
Çavuş et al. (2017)	Van	280	-	1.18	0.279	0	-
Kaptanoğlu and Bakir (2017)	Van	-	-	-	-	-	-
Atici et al. (2018)	Van	457.9	0.49	0.2	1.9	538.3	212.5
Aydin (2019)	Van	356.6	0.38	0.0	0.2	36-^* * Too much that can not be counted.	11.8
Demir (2019)	Van	-	0.204-0.224	-	-	-	15.96-18.11
Sanaç (2019)	Van	709.6	0.05	-	-	-	-
Şen and Şekerci (2019)	Van	452.2	0.41	-	-	-	-
Atici (2020)	Van	305.0	-	-	225.0	-	44.8
Sepil (2020)	Bitlis	283.0	0.10	3.2	0.3		0.0074
Others
Kumbur et al. (2008)	Mersin	-	-	-	1.17-2.05	-	-
Sönmez et al. (2012)	Karasu Stream	-	-	-	-	-	-
Akar (2015)	Armağanköy Dam	-	-	-	0.000183-4.493	-	-
Şen and Aksoy (2015)	Bulakbaşı Stream	365.94	-	0.0	-	-	-
Pehlivan (2016)	Sarma Stream	-	-	-	-	-	70
Subka (2017)	Zuwarah-Libya	-	-	-	-	1300-2000	-
Megessa (2017)	Lake Basaka-Ethiopia	580	-	-	-	-	-
Chebet et al. (2020)	River Molo-Kenya	54-384	-	-	-	-	-

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Too much that can not be counted.