GC-MS analysis of organic fractions of <i>Chrozophora tinctoria</i> (L.) A.Juss. and their prokinetic propensity in animal models

Sher, A. A.; Iqbal, A.; Adil, M.; Ullah, S.; Bawazeer, S.; Binmahri, M. K.; Zamil, L. Z.; Irfan, M.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.260566

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.260566 copy

GC-MS analysis of organic fractions of Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. and their prokinetic propensity in animal models

Análise por GC-MS de frações orgânicas de Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. e sua propensão procinética em modelos animais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. is herbaceous, monecious annual plant used traditionally to cure gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was carried out to find the bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential acute toxicity, and emetic activity present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (EAFCT) and dichloromethane fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (DCMFCT). The compounds detected in both fractions were mostly fatty acids, with about seven compounds in EAFCT and 10 in DCMFCT. These included pharmacologically active compounds such as imipramine, used to treat depression, or hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, an antioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, hypocholesterolemic, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- is used as a cancer preventive, antiarthritic, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, insectifuge, nematicide, Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester have antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, 10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester have the property to decrease blood cholesterol, Antioxidant and antimicrobial, 1-Eicosanol is used as an antibacterial, 1-Hexadecene has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. Both DCMFCT and EAFCT fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with IC₅₀ values of 10 µg and 130 µg, respectively. Both the fractions were found to be toxic in a dose-dependent manner, inducing emesis at 0.5g onward and lethargy and mortality from 3–5 g upwards. Both the fractions combined with distilled water showed highly emetic activity. The significant increase in the number of vomits was shown by EAFCT plus distilled water which are 7.50±1.29, 7.25±3.10, and 11.75±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2g, and 3g/kg concentration respectively, while DCMFCT plus distilled water showed 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52 and 10.25±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg correspondingly. The antiemetic standard drug metoclopramide has a higher impact against the emesis induced by both the fractions than dimenhydrinate. Metoclopramide decreases the number of vomits caused by EAFCT to 1.00±0.00, 2.00±0.00, 4.00±1.00 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg sequentially, while dimenhydrinate decreases the number of vomits to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.15, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g respectively. In the same way, Metochloprimide decreases the number of emesis caused by DcmCt from 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52, 10.25±2.22 to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.1, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg concentrations. The present study is the first documented report that scientifically validates the folkloric use of Chrozophora tinctoria as an emetic agent.

Keywords:
Chrozophora tinctoria; GCMS; acetyl cholinesterase; acute toxicity; emetic activity

RT	SI	RSI	Area %	Prob.	Compound name	Formula	MW	Library
(min)	SI	RSI	Area %	Prob.	Compound name	Formula	MW	Library
2.78	783	980	0.01	93.57	Imipramine	C₁₉H₂₄N₂	280	nist_msms
3.42	499	591	0.01	16.41	D-Tyrosine, 3-hydroxy-	C₉H₁₁NO₄	197	MAINLIB
6.38	905	914	0.06	76.55	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C₁₇H₃₄O₂	270	replib
9.72	521	569	0.01	3.22	1-Tricosanol	C₂₃H₄₈O	340	replib
11.12	684	870	0.01	22.81	3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol	C₂₀H₄₀O	296	MAINLIB
12.5	865	889	0.02	48.69	Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester	C₁₇H₃₄O₂	270	MAINLIB
14.07	846	866	0.07	80.32	Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester	C₁₈H₃₆O₂	284	MAINLIB
14.67	612	652	0.01	45.49	Nonanoic acid, 9-(0-propylphenyl)- methyl ester	C₁₉H₃₀O₂	290	MAINLIB
18.28	728	749	0.03	12.14	9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-	C₂₀H₃₄O₂	306	replib

RT (min)	SI	RSI	Area %	Prob	Compound name	Formula	MW	Library
1.56	742	812	0.06	51.92	Hydroperoxide, 1-ethyl butyl	C₆H₁₄O₂	118	MAINLIB
3.25	657	722	0.04	40.54	Silane, chlorodiisopropylmethyl-	C₇H₁₇ClSi	164	MAINLIB
5.08	712	891	0.01	4.42	1-Hexadecene	C₁₆H₃₂	224	MAINLIB
10.79	686	757	0.01	26.35	3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol	C₂₀H₄₀O	296	MAINLIB
12.5	912	919	0.06	72.93	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C₁₇H₃₄0₂	270	MAINLIB
13.98	728	893	0.03	6.03	1-Eicosanol	C₂₀H₄₂O	298	replib
16.59	775	791	0.05	8.39	10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C₁₉H₃₆O₂	296	MAINLIB
17.64	674	714	0.01	25.03	9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-	C₂₇H₅₂O₄Si₂	496	replib
18.93	651	675	0.01	6.21	17-Pentatriacontene	C₃₅H₇₀	490	MAINLIB
27.64	727	899	0.01	41.12	1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester	C₂₄H₃₈O₄	390	replib

Compound name/ Plant name	Extracts/Fractions	Concentration (µg/ml)	% AChE inhibition	IC₅₀
Galantamine	Standard	1000	95.67±2.52	5
		500	87.33±2.52
		250	82.67±3.06
		125	77.00±3.00
Chrozophora tinctoria	Ethyl acetate (EAFCT)	1000	93.33±1.53	10
		500	87.33±3.06
		250	80.67±2.08
		125	73.00±4.58
	Dichloromethane (DCMFCT)	1000	68.33±2.52	130
		500	63.00±3.61
		250	57.67±2.31
		125	48.67±2.08

Sample		Dose (g).(ml)/kg	Emesis	Diarrhea	Lethargy	Mortality (%)
Sample		Dose (g).(ml)/kg	Total No. of vomits	Total No. of wet stools
Distilled Water		6	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	-	-
Chrozophora tinctoria	EAFCT	0.3	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	-	-
		0.5	2.00±0.82	0.00±0.00	-	-
		1	6.00±2.65*	8.33±4.51	-	-
		2	6.67±2.52*	10.00±3.00*	-	-
		3	8.00±2.00***	10.67±3.06**	Less	-
		4	9.33±1.53***	12.33±2.52***	More	25
		5	11.00±3.00***	14.00±4.00***	More	25
	DCMFCT	0.3	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	-	-
		0.5	2.33±0.58	0.00±0.00	-	-
		1	6.33±1.53*	6.00±3.00	-	-
		2	7.00±1.73**	8.67±2.08	-	-
		3	9.67±2.08***	9.33±2.52^* * p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ( p ≤ 0.01, * p ≤ 0.001).	Less	-
		4	10.00±2.65***	9.67±4.04*	More	25
		5	11.33±2.31***	11.00±1.00**	Most	25

Sample	Dose (g).(ml) /kg	1^st Jerk time (min)	1^st vomit time (min)	Number of jerks	Number of vomits	Weight of vomits
D.W + EAFCT	1	16.25±2.36	19.25±1.71	3.75±1.50	7.00±0.82	5.75±2.08
	2	13.25±2.50	17.00±2.58	4.00±1.83	8.25±1.71	6.88±2.56
	3	11.50±2.65	15.25±3.86	4.50±2.38	10.50±2.65	8.38±1.89
Administration of exact (P.O) after 30 minutes of dimenhydrinate (2mg/kg I.M).
D.W + Dim	6	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00
EAFCT+ Dim	1	20.33±1.53***	25.00±1.00***	1.67±0.58	5.00±2.00**	3.63±1.52**
	2	21.00±1.00***	24.33±1.53***	2.33±0.58^ [p<0.01) and *** [p<0.001) indicating the level of significance. D.W= Distilled water. Dim= dimenhydrinate. P.O= per Orally, I.M= Intramuscularly.	5.00±2.00**	3.07±1.01^* * [p< 0.05];
	3	19.33±1.53***	21.33±2.31***	3.33±1.15***	6.00±2.00**	4.33±1.75***

Sample	Dose (g).(ml) /kg	1^st Jerk time (min)	1^st vomit time (min)	Number of jerks	Number of vomits	Weight of vomits
DCMFCT +D.W	1	7.75±2.50	10.25±3.30	4.25±1.71	7.25±2.22	4.95±1.90
	2	5.75±1.71	7.75±2.22	5.75±2.63	8.75±1.50	6.85±1.62
	3	3.50±1.29	5.75±1.71	7.50±1.91	9.50±1.73	8.05±1.46
Administration of exact (P.O) after 30 minutes of Dimenhydrinate (2mg/kg I.M).
Dim+D.W	6	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00
DCMFCT + Dim	1	18.00±1.00***	21.00±1.00***	2.33±0.58^ [p<0.01) and *** [p<0.001) indicating the level of significance. Dim= dimenhydrinate. D.W= distilled water, P.O= per orally. I.M= Intramuscularly.	5.00±2.00**	3.73±1.62**
	2	17.00±2.00***	20.00±2.00***	3.00±1.00***	5.33±1.53**	2.63±0.40^* * [p< 0.05];
	3	14.00±1.00***	16.67±2.08***	4.00±1.00***	7.00±3.00***	4.50±1.57***

Sample	Dose (g).(ml) /kg	1^st Jerk time (min)	1^st vomit time (min)	Number of jerks	Number of vomits	Weight of vomits
EAFCT + D.W	1	18.25±2.22	19.75±1.50	4.25±1.71	7.50±1.29	5.90±1.33
	2	14.25±3.10	15.50±2.65	5.50±2.08	7.25±3.10	5.73±1.42
	3	9.50±2.08	10.25±2.75	5.75±1.71	11.75±2.22	7.85±2.26
Administration of exact (P.O) after 30 minutes of metoclopramide (2mg/kg I.M).
D.W	6	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00
EAFCT+ Mtc	1	41.67±1.53***	43.67±1.53***	1.00±0.00	1.00±0.00^* * [p< 0.05];	0.50±0.20
	2	37.33±2.08***	42.00±2.00***	1.67±1.53*	2.00±0.00^ [p<0.01) and *** [p<0.001) indicating the level of significance. P.O= per orally, I.M= Intramuscular, D.W= Distilled water.	0.70±0.40^* * [p< 0.05];
	3	25.67±4.04***	30.33±3.06***	4.00±1.00***	4.00±1.00***	2.20±0.62***

Sample	Dose (g).(ml) /kg	1^st Jerk time (min)	1^st vomit time (min)	Number of jerks	Number of vomits	Weight of vomits
DCMFCT + D.W	1	8.25±2.87	9.75±3.30	3.25±1.26	5.25±2.22	3.93±1.42
	2	4.75±2.50	6.75±3.59	5.25±2.06	7.50±2.52	6.53±1.85
	3	2.75±2.22	3.75±1.71	6.75±1.71	10.25±2.22	7.73±1.67
Administration of exact (P.O) after 30 minutes of metoclopramide (2mg/kg I.M)
Distal water	6	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00	0.00±0.00
DCMFCT + Mtc	1	39.00±2.00***	41.33±2.08***	1.00±1.00	1.33±0.58	0.50±0.35
	2	37.00±2.00***	39.33±2.08***	2.33±1.15^ [p<0.01) and *** [p<0.001) indicating the level of significance. P.O= per Orally, I.M= Intramuscular.	2.33±1.15***	1.10±0.10^* * [p< 0.05];
	3	24.67±4.51***	27.33±4.51***	3.33±0.58***	4.33±0.58***	2.43±0.95***

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