Nematodes (Round worm)
|
Syngamus trachea
|
Lungs and trachea |
Worms are medium sized and red in colour. Females are greater than male measuring 5 to 20 mm, and male is 2 to 6 mm and egg size is 70 to 100 um |
Direct or indirect |
Coughing, sneezing and respiratory disorder. Death occurs when mucus block the trachea. |
Keep the bird’s bedding as dry as possible and frequently change it. Broad spectrum anthelmintics are used for treatment. |
Capillaria annulata
|
Mucosa of crop and Esophagous |
Males are 15 to 25 mm, females are 37 to 80 mm,and eggs are ~30x70 um |
Direct or indirect |
Seriously harm the lining of crop and oesophagus. |
Restrict their access to humid area. Strict hygiene of feeder and drinker. Tablets and injections are used for single animal treatment but for flock anthelmintics are used. |
Capillaria anatis
|
Cecum |
Males are 15 to 25 mm, females are 37 to 80 mm,and eggs are ~30x70 micrometer |
Direct or indirect |
Diarrhoea |
Anthelmintics are used. |
Ascardia galli
|
Small intestine |
Worms are semitransparent, female length is 72 to 160mm, and male length is 51 to 61mm. eggs are 72 to 93 um. |
Direct |
Enteritis, loss of appetite, unthriftiness, pale combs and wattles, droopy wings |
Pasture rotation, Avoid to moisture content, anthelmintics are used. |
Heterakis gallinarum
|
Caeca |
Male is 7 to 13 mm female is 10 to 15 mm long, eggs are ovoid, about 45x75 um. |
Direct |
Nodules and small bleeding in cecal wall. Causative agent for black head disease. |
Anthelmintics are used. |
Allodapa suctoria
|
Caeca |
Male is 7 to 10 mm, female is 9 to 18 mm long and egg size is 52 to 64 um. |
Indirect |
Vomiting, nausea |
Control intermediate host. |
Cestode (Tape worm)
|
Raillietina echinobothrida
|
Small intestine |
10 to 25 cm. size of egg is 74 to 93 um. |
Indirect |
Reduce growth, abdominal disturbance |
Control intermediate host. |
Trematodes (flukes)
|
Prosthogonimus ovatus
|
Cloaca and rectum |
8 to 9mm and egg is 22 to 24 um |
Indirect |
Milky discharge from cloaca, lay soft shell egg. |
Control of secondary host. |
Prosthogonimus macrorchis
|
Intestine |
7 to 9 mm and egg is 20 um |
Indirect |
Reduce growth, thriftiness, abdominal discomfort. |
Sanitary practices, avoid from moisture area |
Protozoa (single cell)
|
Giardia lamblia |
Intestinal tract |
11 to 14 µm in length and 7 to 10 µm in width. Two forms trophozoite and cyst: trophozoite is active form and cyst is dormant. |
Direct. |
Weight loss, Diarrhoea is foul smelling, scratching and preening. |
Keep drinking bottle clean.Use cool boiled water. Metronidazole is used for common treatment. |
Eimeria maxima
|
Small intestine |
Three developmental stages: schizonts, gamonts and oocysts. |
Direct |
Cause catarrhalic or haemorrhagic enteritis, bloody diarrhoea, |
Continuous medication is given in food and and water. sulfonamides drug is most common |
Histomonas meleagridis
|
Caeca and liver |
It has two forms: a tissue-dwelling (amoebic) form and a caecal lumen (has single flagellum) form |
Direct |
Infection occur only when they penetrate from blood streams to liver. |
Dimetridazole is very effective for treating histomonosis. |
Blood parasites: |
Leucocyzoon n simond
|
Leucocyte and erythrocyte |
Oval in shape. Mature gametocyte is 14-22 um. gametocyte is elongated when found in leukocytes and round when found in erythrocytes. |
Indirect |
The animals are listless, anorectic, anaemic and have a laboured breathing. CNS symptoms. |
Treatment mostly is not effective and medication is used in combination form pyrimethamine (1 ppm) nd sulfadimethoxine (10 ppm) in the feed |
Plasmodium juxtanucleare |
Erythrocyte |
Round oval or irregular in shape mature gametocyte is 15.5 um |
Indirect |
Anaemia, diarrhoea and weight loss that may lead to death. |
Treatment is difficult in birds. Because duration of disease is 2-3 days. |
Aegyptinella pullorum
|
Erythrocyte |
Small 5 to 10 um, round to oval bodies. |
Indirect |
Ruffled feather birds may become anorectic, droopy and may suffer from diarrhoea |
Duration is very small. biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction |
Ectoparasites:
|
Fowl tick:
Args persicus
|
Skin |
Soft bodied tick and the size of female is 10 x 6 mm |
Direct |
Anaemia, weight loss, depression, toxaemia, and paralysis |
Houses should be cleaned,walls, ceilings, cracks, and crevices should be highly sprayed with carbaryl or coumaphos |
Mite:
Dermanyssus gallinae
|
Skin |
The adult female mites size is 1 mm in length. The colour may be grey to deep red |
Direct |
Reduction in egg production, anaemia and itching effect may change bird behaviour. |
Cracks and crevices should be filled in-house should be clean and spray should be used. |