Reported seroprevalence of antibodies against H7N7 in samples drawn from equine species in 2015-16 outbreaks in Pakistan. |
2015-16/Pakistan |
Khan et al. (2018)KHAN, A., MUSHTAQ, M.H., AHMAD, M.U.D., NAZIR, J., FATIMA, Z., KHAN, A. and FAROOQI, S.H., 2018. Molecular epidemiology of the two internal genes of equine influenza H3N8 virus isolated in Pakistan 2015-16. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 96-100. [15] |
Reported a novel re-assorted H3N8 virus; results showing possibility of recombination of H3N8 with poultry H7N3 virus with 99.9% homology on alignment. |
2015-16/Pakistan |
Khan et al. (2017)KHAN, A., MUSHTAQ, M.H., AHMAD, M.U.D., NAZIR, J., FAROOQI, S.H. and KHAN, A., 2017. Molecular Epidemiology of a novel re-assorted epidemic strain of equine influenza virus in Pakistan in 2015–16. Virus Research, vol. 240, pp. 56-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.201...
[63] |
Little evidence reported in H3N8 EIV epizootic 2007 in Australia where 89 humans were exposed. |
2014/ Australia |
Burnell et al. (2014)BURNELL, F.J., HOLMES, M.A., ROIKO, A.H., LOWE, J.B., HEIL, G.L., WHITE, S.K. and GRAY, G.C., 2014. Little evidence of human infection with equine influenza during the 2007 epizootic, queensland, australia. Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 100-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11....
[64] |
Equine influenza in dogs and cat’s literature review highlights possible threat of zoonosis. |
2015/ USA |
Parrish et al. (2015)PARRISH, C.R., MURCIA, P.R. and HOLMES, E.C., 2015. Influenzavirusreservoirsandintermediatehosts: Dogs, horses, and new possibilities for influenza virus exposure of humans. Journal of Virology, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 2990-2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03146-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03146-14...
[65] |
Reported evidence that occupational exposure to equines may lead to H3N8 EIV infection in humans. |
2015/ USA |
Larson et al. (2015)LARSON, K.R.L., HEIL, G.L., CHAMBERS, T.M., CAPUANO, A., WHITE, S.K. and GRAY, G.C., 2015. Serological evidence of equine influenza infections among persons with horse exposure, Iowa. Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 67, pp. 78-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.009. PMid:25959164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04....
[66] |
Evidence based on 439 Mongolians; A prospective study of EIV infection. Little serological evidence reported with elevated titers against EIV. |
2014/ Mongolia |
Khurelbaatar et al. (2014)KHURELBAATAR, N., KRUEGER, W.S., HEIL, G.L., DARMAA, B., ULZIIMAA, D., TSERENNOROV, D., BATERDENE, A., ANDERSON, B.D. and GRAY, G.C., 2014. Little evidence of avian or equine influenza virus infection among a cohort of mongolian adults with animal exposures, 2010–2011. PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. e85616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
[67] |
Some elevated antibodies recorded against H3N8 EIV in a cross-sectional survey of 439 adult participants in Mongolia. But again, it is not clearly reported that it was due to exposure to infected horses. |
2013/ Mongolia |
Khurelbaatar et al. (2014)KHURELBAATAR, N., KRUEGER, W.S., HEIL, G.L., DARMAA, B., ULZIIMAA, D., TSERENNOROV, D., BATERDENE, A., ANDERSON, B.D. and GRAY, G.C., 2014. Little evidence of avian or equine influenza virus infection among a cohort of mongolian adults with animal exposures, 2010–2011. PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. e85616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
[68] |
This study suggests the possibility of 1872 EIV epizootic association with human influenza epidemic. |
2010/ USA |
Morens and Taubenberger (2010)MORENS, D.M. and TAUBENBERGER, J.K., 2010. An avian outbreak associated with panzootic equine influenza in 1872: an early example of highly pathogenic avian influenza? Influenza Other Respi. Viruses, vol. 4, pp. 373-377. [69] |
EIV may have infected humans suggested by historical review. |
USA 2010 |
Morens and Taubenberger (2010)MORENS, D.M. and TAUBENBERGER, J.K., 2010. An avian outbreak associated with panzootic equine influenza in 1872: an early example of highly pathogenic avian influenza? Influenza Other Respi. Viruses, vol. 4, pp. 373-377. [70] |