Um estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais indígenas e seu uso nos vales rurais da região de Swabi e Hazara, no Paquistão

Hussain, M.; Khalid, F.; Noreen, U.; Bano, A.; Hussain, A.; Alam, S.; Shah, S.; Sabir, M.; Habiba, U.

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 82 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243811 copiar

Um estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais indígenas e seu uso nos vales rurais da região de Swabi e Hazara, no Paquistão

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Um estudo etnobotânico foi realizado para documentar as plantas medicinais indígenas e seu uso por pessoas experientes e idosas em Razzar e Gadoon, no vale de Swabi e no vale Allai e Tanawal da região de Hazara, no Paquistão, durante 2016 a 2019. Várias visitas sistemáticas de campo e pesquisas por questionário foram realizadas em locais selecionados da área de estudo para coletar informações relevantes da comunidade local. O método de avaliação rápida foi adotado para a coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas com a população local, com conhecimento suficiente do uso de plantas medicinais para o tratamento de diferentes enfermidades. A fórmula UV (UV) foi aplicada para calcular a importância relativa das espécies de plantas medicinais em cada local da área de estudo. No presente estudo, 221 plantas medicinais pertencentes a 105 famílias foram relatadas por 580 entrevistados (385 homens, 138 mulheres e 57 curandeiros locais) da região de Swabi e Hazara. As principais fontes de medicamentos fitoterápicos foram folhas (21%), seguidas de frutas (21%), sementes (17%), plantas inteiras (14%), raízes (9%), cascas (9%), flores (7%) e goma (2%). Mentha spicata L. e Berberis lycium Royle foram relatados com maior UV (UV), ou seja, 0,92 e 0,68 em Razzar tehsil e vale Gadoon de Swabi, enquanto Mentha longifolia L. e Geranium wallichianum D. foram relatados com maior UV, isto é, 0,65 e 0,88 no vale Allai e Tanawal da região de Hazara, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a região de Swabi e Hazara é rica em espécies de plantas medicinais e conhecimentos tradicionais associados. Além disso, etnomedicamentos têm desempenhado um papel significativo no sistema de saúde indígena da área de estudo. No entanto, arrancar a planta inteira para etnomedicina é uma grande ameaça à conservação da diversidade de plantas medicinais na área de estudo.

Palavras-chave:
plantas medicinais; conhecimento indígena; etnobotânica; Swabi; Paquistão

S. No	Botanical name	Vernacular Name	Family name	Plant Part used	Ethno-medicinal uses	UV (UV)
						Swabi region		Hazara region
						Razzar tehsil	Gadoon Valley	Allai Valley	Tanawal Valley
1	Dochesnea indica	Jangali Toot	Rosacea	Fruit	It is used as nerves tonic and astringent in diarhoea	0.03	NA	NA	NA
2	Mellia azedarach	Bakiara	Meliaceae	Leaves, fruit, bark	Leaves, roots and bark is used in scrofula and pimples, seeds are used in rehumatisms	0.18	0.13	NA	NA
3	Zizyphus mauritiana	Bera	Rhamnaceae	Whole plant	Fruit is mucilaginous and pectoral, used for blood purification and digestion, powder root applied to wounds and ulcer.	0.23	0.04	NA	NA
4	Ficus carica	Enzar	Moraceae	Fruit	Fruit is used for dysentry, constipation and for dibetes. Used in diseases of lungs and bladder	0.36	0.06	0.05	NA
5	Acacia modesta	Palosa	Mimosaceae	Dried gummy exudates	It is used for pain in body, especially for pain of limb. Dried gum mix with sugar use as tonic for pregnant and lactating women. Gastric pain, protection of teeth	0.12	0.06	0.01	0.71
6	Cannabis sativa	Bang	Cannabinaceae	Leaves	Narcotic drug used for malaria, blood poisoning, anthrax and dysentery, pain killer, antidandruff, Cancer, HIV/AIDS, Darmatic weight loss & Muscle atrophy	0.29	0.09	0.05	0.28
7	Rumex dentatus	Shalkhe	Polygonaceae	Leaves, roots	Leaves mixed flour used for constipation in livestock.	0.05	NA	0.02	NA
8	Morus alba	Spin toot	Moraceae	Fruits, leaves	It is used for treatment of flu and fever treat prematurely grey hair, to “tonify” the blood, and treat constipation and diabetes cough, wheezing, enema, and to promote urination. It is also used to treat fever, headache, and red dry and sore eyes.	0.4	0.03	NA	0.18
9	Morus nigra	Tor toot	Moraceae	Fruits, leaves	It is used for the treatment of coughing, Sore Throat, Tonsillitis, Stomach worm’s	0.34	0.05	NA	0.17
10	Malva neglecta	Panerak	Malvaceae	Seeds, leaves	It is used for sexual debility, Digestive and urinary diseases.	0.43	0.18	0.05	NA
11	Punica granatum	Narsave	Punicaceae	Fruits	It is used for treatment of hepatitis C, and cancer. The rind of fruit mixed with water for diabetes	0.49	NA	0.01	NA
12	Solanum nigrum	Kachmacho	Solanaceae	Leaves	Leaves is used for liver disease/jaundice.	0.72	0.13	0.06	NA
13	Dalbergia sissoo	Shawa	Papilionaceae	Leaves	It is used for coldness of body.	0.07	NA	NA	NA
14	Portulaca oleracea	Warkhare	Portulaceae	Whole plant	It is used to treat a variety of afflictions including arthritis, headaches, burns, and coughs.	0.38	0.13	NA	NA
15	Berberis lycium	Ziarlarge, kowrey	Berberidaceae	Bark, seeds, roots	Seeds is used for treatment of pain in body and roots is used for coldness of body. Powder root bark is used in broken bones and wounds	0.81	0.68	0.2	0.50
16	Paeonia emodi	Maamekh	Paeoniaceae	Roots, Gum and flower	used for diarrhoea, cough remedy, hysteria, convulsions, colic, uterine diseases and obstructions of the bile duct, blood purifier, cathartic and emetic	0.85	0.5	0.06	0.80
17	Coriandrum sativum	Dhania	Apiaceae	Seeds, leaves	It is used as coldness of body.	0.69	NA	NA	NA
18	Isodon rugosus	Sperkai	Labiatae	Seeds	Seeds is used for constipation and for fever disease. dried leaves used in tooth pain	0.9	NA	0.09	NA
19	Foeniculum vulgare	Kaaga	Apiaceae	Seeds	It is used for constipation and for eyesight disease.	0.87	NA	NA	NA
20	Lepedium sativum	Alam	Brassicaceae	Seeds	Seeds is used for treatment of pain in stomach.	0.18	0.14	NA	NA
21	Palatanus orientalis	Chinar	Platanaceae	Bark	The bark is used for toothache and dysentery	0.07	0.1	NA	NA
22	Citrus aurentium	Naranj	Rutaceae	Seeds	It is used as carminative.	0.41	0.04	NA	NA
23	Prunus armeniaca	Khobani	Rosaceae	Fruit	Fruit is used for treatment of coughing.	0.27	0.08	NA	NA
24	Achyranthus aspera	Geeshay	Amaranthaceae	Seeds	It is used for treatment of malarial fever.	0.09	NA	NA	NA
25	Asparagus officinalis	Tindoray	Asparagaceae	Whole plant	It is used for the treatment of urinary and kidney problem.	0.29	NA	NA	NA
26	Plantago Ispaghula	Espaghol	Plantaginaceae	Seeds	It gives power to stomach.	0.83	NA	NA	NA
27	Solanum surratense	Maraghoni	Solanaceae	Seeds, fruit, leaves	Seeds is used for dibetes disease, Fruit used in jaundice, Root for kidney stones, tuberculosis, liver diseases, leaf: haemostasis	0.12	NA	0.06	0.30
28	Lathyrus aphaca	Kurkaman	Papilionaceae	Roots	It is used as antibiotic and wound/cuts in body.	0.6	0.05	NA	NA
29	Sapindus marginatus	Reeta	Sapindaceae	Seeds	It is used for strongness of hairs.	0.18	NA	NA	NA
30	Zizyphus oxyphylla	Elane	Rhamnaceae	Roots	It is used as cooling of body, remedy for pain, diabetes, fever	0.14	NA	0.08	NA
31	Dodonaea vescosa	Ghorhaske	Sapindaceae	Seeds, leaves	Seeds is used as antibiotics, Seed mixed with honey to treat malaria and for Stomach acidity and skin allergy	0.09	0.13	0.02	0.60
32	Acacia nilotica	Kekar, babul	Mimosaceae	Seeds, flower, gum	It is pain killer and for sexual debility and to treat iron deficiency anaemia	0.1	NA	NA	0.48
33	Eucalyptus lanceolata	Lachi	Myrtinaceae	Whole plant	Its oil is used for hair strengthens.	0.61	0.22	NA	NA
34	Ficus religiosa	Pepal	Moraceae	Seeds	It is used for sexual debility.	0.05	NA	NA	NA
35	Citrus lemon	Lembo	Rutaceae	Seeds, leaves	Leaves is used as carminative.	0.7	0.18	NA	NA
36	Adiantum capillus	Sumbal	Polypodiaceae	Gum	It uses for sexual edibility.	0.2	0.02	NA	0.28
37	Daphne oloides	Koti lal	Thymalaceae	Roots	It uses for cooling of body and pain killer.	0.16	NA	NA	NA
38	Pinus roxburghii	Nakhtar	Pinaceae	Gum, oil	It is used as antibiotics for blood purification, bones and joints pain.	0.38	0.4	NA	NA
39	Olea europaea	Zaitoon	Oleaceae	Seeds(oil)	It is used for treatment of dibetes and for stomach ulcer.	0.5	NA	NA	NA
40	Grewia optiva	Pasta wone	Tiliaceae	Leaves	It is used for animal child when born for relaxation and for milk production in animals.	0.14	0.22	0.016	NA
41	Juglans regia	Ghaz	Juglandaceae	Bark	In powder form it use for wounds on body.	0.36	NA	NA	NA
42	Cordia dichotoma	Laashora	Cordiaceae	Fruit	It is used for treatment of flu coughing and a pain killer in limbs.	0.21	NA	NA	NA
43	Zizyphus sativa G	Makhraray	Rhamnaceae	Seeds	It is used for treatment of coughing and diarrhea.	0.32	NA	NA	NA
44	Mentha spicata	Podina	Lamiaceae	Leaves	It is used for cooling of body and for constipation.	0.92	0.22	0.12	0.90
45	Datura stramonium	Datura	Solanaceae	Seeds	It is narcotic drugs and for treatment of coughing.	0.23	NA	NA	NA
46	Syzygium cumini	Jaman	Myrtaceae	Fruits	It is used for treatment of dibetes and for cooling of body.	0.47	NA	NA	NA
47	Cassia fistula	Amaltas	Caesalpiniaceae	Fruit	It covers disorder in Billy. Gastric problem, seed are highly poison	0.1	0.09	NA	0.40
48	Persicaria amplexicaule	Anjabar	Polygonaceae	Roots	It is used for treatment of female sexual problem and for diarrhoea.	0.29	NA	NA	NA
49	Brassica campestris	Sharsham	Brasicaceae	Whole plant	It is used for treatment of cancer and tumer.	0.8	0.13	NA	NA
50	Arachis hypogaea	Pali	Papilionaceae	Fruits	It is best for hotness of body.	0.63	NA	NA	NA
51	Papaver somniferum	Qashqash	Papaveracea	Seeds	It is used as norcative.	0.3	NA	NA	NA
52	Diospyrus lotus	Amlook	Ebenaceae	Fruit	It is used for treatment of constipation.	0.4	NA	NA	NA
53	Broussonetia papyrifera	Gul toot	Moraceae	Leaves, roots	Its leaves and roots are used as a tonic.	0.1	0.02	NA	NA
54	Prunella vulgaris	Ustakhdus	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Whole plant both in fresh and dry form is used to relieve respiratory difficulties, in treating joint pains and easing gastric spasm.	0.14	NA	NA	NA
55	Aloe vera	Zmari Panra	Liliaceae	Gel, juice	Used for wounding and cuts in the body, and also for Anti-inflammatory in the body.	NA	0.04	NA	NA
56	Celtis caucasica	Tagha	Cannabaceae	Leaves, fruit, bark	Fruits are edible which are refrigerant, and also applied in allergy.	NA	0.03	NA	NA
57	Allium sativum	Ooga	Alliaceae	fruit	Used at morning before breakfast, this reduces the high blood pressure.	NA	0.11	NA	NA
58	Viola betonicifoliasm	Banafsh	Violaceae	Whole plant	It is used as diaphoretic Anticancer and purgative. It is also used in nervous disorders.	NA	0.13	NA	NA
59	Viola canscens	Banafsha	Violaceae	Whole plant	Used as astringent, demulcent, purgative blood purifier and anticancer.	NA	0.18	0.05	NA
60	Justicia adhatoda	Baikar	Acanthaceae	Leaves, roots	Antispasmodic, expectorant, abortifacient, TSR, honey bee. use for cough	NA	0.12	0.04	0.65
61	Mallotus philippensis	Kambela, Kamela	Euphorbiaceae	leaves, flowers, fruits	used in Purgative, anthelmintic, narcotic, appetizer, gastritis & abdominal diseases	NA	0.23	0.01	0.05
62	Zizyphus nummularia	Karkunda	Rhamnaceae	Leaves, fruit	Laxative, fodder, fruit, Honey bee.	NA	0.27	NA	NA
63	Valeriana jatamansii	Mushkabala	Valerianaceae	Rhizome	Carminative and aromatic.	NA	0.07	NA	NA
64	Carissa opaqa	Garanda	Apocynaceae	berries	Berries are carminative,	NA	0.09	NA	NA
65	V. grandiflorum	Guch	Caprifoliaceae	Fruit, wood	Fruits are used to ease gastric spasms and Uterine irritability.	NA	0.08	NA	NA
66	Buxus wallichiana	shamshad	Buxaceae	Whole plant	Diaphoretic,	NA	0.12	NA	NA
67	Quercus incana	bunj	Fagaceae	Fruit	A fruit is used as astringent, diuretic, diarrhea and asthma.	NA	0.08	NA	NA
68	Amaranthus caudatus	chalere	Amaranthaceae	Shoot and leaves	Used for Cough, asthma, diuretic, sores, piles, pulmonary diseases & treat joint pain.	NA	0.12	0.02	0.45
69	Lepedium sativum	Noor alam	Brassicaceae	Seeds	A seed is used for treatment of pain in stomach.	NA	0.14	NA	NA
70	Pistacea integrima	shnai	Anacardiaceae	leaves, fruit	used in Tonic and antiseptic, cough asthma and dysentery	NA	0.06	0.05	NA
71	Ricinus communis	Arand, Rand, castor bean	Euphorbiaceae	seed	Used as a Laxative, cough, fever, swelling, headache, chopsy & rheumatism	NA	0.04	NA	0.75
72	Juglans regia	Akkort	Juglandaceae	Fruits, bark	Nuts are believed to use as brain tonic, bark in toothache.	NA	0.13	NA	NA
73	Zanthoxylum aromatum	Dambara	Rutaceae	Wood, fruit	used in Stomach disorder, Aromatic, fever, cholera, and toothache	NA	0.08	0.016	NA
74	Bauhinia variegata	Kulyar	Caesalpinaceae	Wood, bark, flower buds	Skin diseases and leprosy,	NA	0.09	NA	NA
75	Rhododenron arborium	Gul amer	Ericaceae	Wood, flower	Flower petals are tonic and ornamental	NA	0.13	NA	NA
76	Rubus ulmifolius	Goruch	Rosaceae	Leaves, fruit	Carminative, fodder, fruit,	NA	0.19	NA	NA
77	Tinospora cordifolia	Gillo	Menispernaceae	Stem	Fever, ornamental	NA	0.05	NA	NA
78	Indigofera heterantha	Kanthea, Ghawreja	Papilionaceae	Leaves, wood, branches	Fodder, TSR, Powder roots used to cure chest pain and headache	NA	0.18	0.07	NA
79	Albezia lebbeck	Srekh	Mimosaceae	Bark. and leaves	Powdered bark is used in diarrhea and used for dysentery. Cough and tonic.	NA	0.09	NA	NA
80	Cedrella serrata	Meem	Meliacea	Bark, leaves	Diabetes, TSR	NA	0.17	NA	NA
81	Solanum nigrum	Kachmachu	Solanaceae	Shoot, leaves	Dropsy and jaundice.	NA	0.13	NA	NA
82	Betula utilis	Boraj	Betulaceae	Bark	Birch bark soaked until moist in water, and then formed into a cast for a broken arm.	NA	0.1	NA	NA
83	Tribulus terrestris	Markundai	Zygophyllaceae	Fruits, roots	Urinary disorders	NA	0.02	NA	NA
84	Oxyria digyna	Turkay	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts	Young leaves and aerial parts are used as source of vitamin C.	NA	0.09	NA	NA
85	Zizyphus vulgare	Markhani	Rhamnaceae	Leaves, fruit	Used in diabetes	NA	NA	0.03	NA
86	Narcissus tazetta	Gul nargis	Amaryllidaceae	Roots	Used to relieve headache	NA	NA	0.04	NA
87	Mentha longifolia	Velany	Labiatae	Leaves	Used in digestion and diarrhea	NA	NA	0.65	NA
88	Aesculus indica	Joze	Hippocastinaceae	Seed	Powder seed are used for jaundice	NA	NA	0.02	NA
89	Fumaria indica	Papra	Fumariaceae	Whole plant	Used in diabetes	NA	NA	0.07	NA
90	Solena amplexicaulis	Kakora	Cucurbitaceae	Root, seed	Stimulant & purgative	NA	NA	0.05	NA
91	Foenicolum vulgare	Kaga welany	Apiaceae	Fruit	Used in stomach disorder and fever	NA	NA	0.09	NA
92	Rheum australe	Chotial	Polygonaceae	Roots	Used to remove kidney stone	NA	NA	NA	NA
93	Skimmia laureola	Nera	Rutaceae	Leaves	Burned leaves smoke used in nasal tract cleaning and in cold and cough	NA	NA	0.14	NA
94	Ajuga bracteosa	Boti	Lebiatae	Leaves	Juice of the leaves is good in jaundice and used in sore throat	NA	NA	0.04	NA
95	Myrtus communis	Mano	Myrtaceae	Leaves	Used in abdominal pain diarrhea and urinary infection	NA	NA	0.03	NA
96	Acorus calamus	Skha waja	Acoraceae	Rhizome	Powder tuber is used in diarrhea and dysentery	NA	NA	0.01	NA
97	Bergenia ciliata	Gut panra	Saxifragaceae	Whole plant	The whole plant juice is used to cure urinary troubles	NA	NA	0.01	NA
98	Rumex hastatus	Tarokey	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Used in jaundice and as antiseptic	NA	NA	0.06	NA
99	Papaver somniferum	Qashqash	Papaveracea	Fruit	Used in diarrhea and abdominal cramping	NA	NA	0.03	NA
100	Crataegus songarica	Batsinga	Rosaceae	Fruit	Used as cardiac tonic	NA	NA	0.04	NA
101	Polygonum amplexicaule	Masloon	Polygonaceae	Rhizome	Used in diarrhea	NA	NA	0.07	NA
102	Calendula avenisis	Zyar gulay	Asteraceae	Flower	Remedy for skin problems externally applied to bites and wounds	NA	NA	0.03	NA
103	Angelica glauc	Chora	Umbelliferae	Roots	Used in dyspepsia and constipation	NA	NA	0.01	NA
104	Verbascum thapsus	Khardag	Scrophulariaceae	Leaves and flower	Leaves and flower decoction used in cough, and skin diseases	NA	NA	0.02	NA
105	Equisetum arvense	Bandakey	Equisetaceae	Whole plant	Extract is used in jaundice	NA	NA	0.06	NA
106	Nasturtium officinale	Talmera	Brassicaseae	Whole plant	Used in chest complaints	NA	NA	0.33	NA
107	Marrubium vulgare	Skha boty	Labiatae	Leaves	Decoction is used against cough	NA	NA	0.06	NA
108	Ficus racemosa	Oormal	Moraceae	Leaves, fruit	Leaves decoction is used for wounds healing	NA	NA	0.02	NA
109	Artemisia spp.	Tarkha, Afsunteen	Asteraceae	Leaves, flower, Branches	Leaves juice is used as anthelmintic and Blood purifier	NA	NA	0.05	NA
110	Morchella spp.	Gochai	Helvelaceae	Whole plant	General body tonic	NA	NA	0.09	NA
111	Geranium wallichianum	Ratan joke	Geraniaceae	Whole plant	Used in joint pains, peptic ulcers, cure for toothache and eyes(externally)	NA	NA	0.05	0.88
112	Inula royleana	Kut	Asteraceae	Roots	Used for high blood pressure	NA	NA	0.01	NA
113	Prunus persica	Shaltalo	Rosaceae	Fruit	Dried fruit and ginger are mixed with honey eaten for body cooling and diabetes	NA	NA	0.02	NA
114	Rosa spp.	Gulaab	Rosaceae	Leaves and flower	Juice reduce swelling of capillaries under the skin used as ant Bacterial	NA	NA	0.01	NA
115	Myrsine africana	Marorang	Myrsinaceae	Leaves, fruit	Powder fruit used in treating tapeworm leaves decoction used in blood purification	NA	NA	0.07	NA
116	Plantago major	Jabai	Plantaginaceae	Roots	Used in diarrhea treatment	NA	NA	0.02	NA
117	Euphorbia helioscopia	Gandi boti	Euphorbiaceae	Whole plant	Antiperiodic, Cathoratic & anthelminthic	NA	NA	NA	0.15
118	Xanthium strumarium	Chhota dhatura &cocklebur	Asteraceae	Root & fruit and seed	Stomach diseases, demulcent &Smallpox and dysentery	NA	NA	NA	0.03
119	Launea procumbus	Bhatter	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Tooth diseases diabetes, constipation, intestinal disorder, painful urination, gonorrhea, relief in cold, cough, flu and Wound infection	NA	NA	NA	0.12
120	Verbascum thapsus	Ghad kana	Scrophulariaceae	Whole plant	Acts as steroid	NA	NA	NA	0.35
121	Zizyphus nummularia	Beri	Rhamnaceae	Leaves and fruit	Carminative & Sedative	NA	NA	NA	0.46
122	Taraxacum officinale	Hand	Asteraceae	Seed & Flower	Analgesic & Astringent	NA	NA	NA	0.08
123	Cuscuta reflexa	Amber bail, akash bail	Cuscutaceae	Stem	Paralysis & Hair treatment	NA	NA	NA	0.60
124	Chenopodium album	Bathu, goose foot	Chenopodiaceae	Whole plant	Jaundice	NA	NA	NA	0.32
125	Glaucium spinosum	Kala mewa, Sataya nasi	Papaveraceae	Whole plant	For treatment of hepatitis	NA	NA	NA	0.25
126	Butea monosperma	Palaas	Fabaceae	Timber, resin, fodder,	Its flower is used for treatment of liver disease	NA	NA	NA	0.40
127	Adiantum venustum	Persoshan	Pteridaceae	Whole plant	The fern is used for the treatment of cold, headache, hydrophobia, inflammation of the chest. It is also used as an antiviral or antibacterial drug.	NA	NA	NA	0.28
128	Ephedra vulgaris	Asmani	Ephedraceae	Fruit stem & root	Cure from Allergies, Asthma and other breathing disorders, Nasal congestion, Colds, Flu, Fever	NA	NA	NA	0.08
129	Eclipta alba	Safaid bangera	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Leaf paste applied to treat allergy, athlete’s foot and ringworm infestation.	NA	NA	NA	0.17
130	Calotropis procera	Aak	Asclepiadaceae	Whole plant	Treatment of asthma.	NA	NA	NA	0.33
131	Aconitum chasmanthum	Mohri	Ranunculaceae	Fruit & Leaves	Treatment of disc prolapse and backache	NA	NA	NA	0.54
132	Berberis Arissata	Sumbul (black)	Berberidaceae	Fruit & bark	To treat fractured bones, spine dislocation	NA	NA	NA	0.68
133	Moringa oleifera	Suhanjana	Moringaceae	Seed & bark Leaves and Root	Highly energetic	NA	NA	NA	0.72
134	Fclipta prostrata	Bhangra	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Oil is used to colour hairs	NA	NA	NA	0.25
135	Solanum surrattense	Muhakri/kandiari	Solanaceae	Root and leaves	Roots for kidney stones, tuberculosis, liver diseases, leaf for haemostasis.	NA	NA	NA	0.45
136	Ficus Benghalensis	Bar/Burgud	Moraceae	Fruit, water and stem	Gonorrhea	NA	NA	NA	0.50
137	Lactica scariota	Dodal	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Applied to burns, poultice for rheumatism and gout, internally for Gonorrhoea and urogenital irritation	NA	NA	NA	0.23
138	Prinsepia utilis	Phulwara	Rosaceae	Whole plant	It is applied externally as a treatment for rheumatism and muscular pain Stomach Pain.	NA	NA	NA	0.09
139	Bombax ceiba	Samalkoka	Mahiacear	Flower, Seed	Dysentry, stimulant and blood purification	NA	NA	NA	0.20
140	Olea ferruginea	Desi zaitoon	Oleaceae	Leaves & bark	Used to treat common cold	NA	NA	NA	0.26

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