Remote sensing in maize: effect of vegetal biostimulants application in three stages of development

Silva, A. V.; Silva, C. M.; Silva, J. H. B.; Pereira, W. E.; Albuquerque, M. B.; Medeiros, J. C.; Leal, F. R. R.; Carvalho, J. F.; Silva, B. O. T.; Mielezrski, F.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.279435

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.279435 copy

Remote sensing in maize: effect of vegetal biostimulants application in three stages of development

Sensoriamento remoto em milho: efeito da aplicação de bioestimulantes vegetais em três fases de desenvolvimento

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Maize is a crop of global economic importance and is widely cultivated throughout the Brazilian territory. The use of biostimulants can increase yield and improve crop yield. Unmanned aerial vehicles can be employed in arable areas, allowing their use in an economically way. This study to evaluate the use of biostimulant and the best application timing using photogrammetric indexes in maize, and indicate the most suitable plant index for yield increase through a Pearson's correlation. The DJI Drone coupled with RGB camera was used, and the images were processed through the AgisoftPhotoscan^® software to generate the orthomosaic, and the QGIS^® software version 3.4.15 with GRASS was used to generate thematic maps with the classification of the indexes of vegetation (NGRDI, EXG, SAVI, TGI, GLI, RI). A matrix of Pearson correlation coefficients between the variables was also created, and the results were analyzed with the R software. In general, the products Pyroligneous Extract (PE) and the hormonal product (HP) were the best for the two seasons studied. However, the HP was the best product to mitigate plant water stress in the dry period. Application at phenological stage V3 showed the lowest growth in the rainy season and in application to the seeds in the dry season. Dose 4 of the pyroligneous extract increased productivity in the rainy season and level 3.4 for the hormone product. Among the indexes evaluated, only the SAVI index showed significant differences between the others and showed significance for productivity in the two periods.

Keywords:
Zea mays; bioregulators; vegetation index

Season	pH	P	K⁺	Na⁺	H⁺+Al⁺³	Al⁺³	Ca⁺²	Mg⁺²	SB	CTC		MO
Season	H₂O	--mg dm^-3--		-------------------------cmolc dm^-3-----------------------							g kg^-1
Rainy	6.3	2.46	56.80	0.04	4.95	0.05	3.97	2.04	6.19	11.14		29.79
Dry	6.0	2.20	44.14	0.05	4.50	0.05	3.91	1.45	5.52	10.02		33.62

Pyroligneous Extract (Eucalyptus grandis)
Syringol	8.46%	2-acetylfuran		3.12%
Gauiacol	14.36%	4-methyl-2.6-dimethoxy-phenol		2.52%
Furfural	15.62%	5- methyl -2-furancarboxaldehyde		4.20%
Creosol	4.87%	2-cyclopentene-1-1		2.27%
Ciclopentane	1.64%	2- methyl -2-cyclopentene-1-1		2.9%
Phenol	1.43%	3- methyl -1.2- cyclopentanedione		2.25%
Hydrazone	2.29%	4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol		2.61%
Hydroquinone	0.10%	2-(methoxymethyl)-furan		0.48%
Acetic acid	22.34%	N-nitrosodimethylamine		0.41%
Acetophenone	0.17%	1.2.3-trimethoxy-5-methyl-benzene		1.64%
Methyl benzoate	0.23%	1-hydroxi-2-butanone		1.85%
Butyrolactone	0.39%	Other		3.85%
Algae extract (Ascophyllum nodosum)
Variables		Aminoacids (1.01%)
Calcium (Ca)	0.16%	Aspartic acid		0.14%
Sulfur (S)	0.52%	Glutamic acid		0.20%
Phosphate (P₂O₅)	0.08%	Alanine		0.08%
Magnesium (Mg)	0.08%	Phenylalanine		0.07%
Organic Matter	16.00%	Glycine		0.06%
Total Nitrogen (N)	0.60%	Isoleucine		0.07%
Potassium (K₂O)	7.00%	Leucine		0.09%
Sodium (Na)	1.20%	Lysin		0.05%
Iron (Fe)	0.006%	Methionine		0.03%
Cupper (Cu)	0.0005%	Proline		0.07%
Zinc (Zn)	0.0015%	Tyrosine		0.06%
Manganese (Mn)	0.0005%	Tryptophan		0.02%
Boron (B)	0.005%	Valine		0.07%
Carbohydrates	Alginic Acid. mannitol. laminarin.
Hormonal product
N6-furfuryladenine (Kinetin)			0.0009% m/v
(3S.3aS.4S.4aS.7S.9aR.9bR.12S) – 7.12-dihydroxy- 3-methyl-6-methylene-2-oxoperhydro- 4a.7-methano-9b.3-propenoazuleno [1.2-b] furan-4-carboxylic acid (Gibberelic acid as GA3				0.005% m/v
4-(indol-3-yl)butyric acid (4-INDOL-3-BUTIRIC-ACID)				0.005% m/v
Inert ingredients				99.98% m/v

Index name	Code	Formula^* * R = red, G = green, B = blue, L = green covered area.	References
Normalized green-red difference index	NGRDI	(G-R) /(G+R)	Yang et al. (2008) YANG, Z., WILLIS, P. and MUELLER, R., 2008. Impact of band-ratio enhanced AWIFS image to crop classification accuracy. Proc. Pecora., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-11.
Excess green index	EXG	(2 X G) -R-B/(R+G+B)	Woebbecke et al. (1995) WOEBBECKE, D. M., MEYER, G. E., VON BARGEN, K. and MORTENSEN, D. A., 1995. Color indices for weed identification under various soil, residue, and lighting conditions. Transactions of the ASAE, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 259-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27838. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27838...
Soil adjusted vegetation index	(SAVI) adaptado	((1 + L) * (G – R)) / (L + G + R)	Magalhães et al. (2019) MAGALHÃES, L. P., TREVISAN, L. R., GOMES, T. M. and ROSSI, F., 2019. Índice de vegetação ajustado ao solo - Savi adaptado: proposta para caracterizar cobertura vegetal do solo. InSIAGRO. São Carlos: Embrapa Instrumentação, 100 p.
Triangular greenness index	TGI	G - 0.39 * R - 0.61 * B	Hunt Júnior et al. (2005)HUNT, E. R., CAVIGELLI, M., DAUGHTRY, C. S. T., MCMURTREY, J. E. and WALTHALL, C. L., 2005. Evaluation of digital photography from model aircraft for remote sensing of crop biomass and nitrogen status. Precision Agriculture, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 359–378.
Ground level image analysis	GLI	((G-R) + (G-B))/(R+G+B)	Louhaichi et al. (2001) LOUHAICHI, M., BORMAN, M.M. and JOHNSON, D.E., 2001. Spatially Located Platform and Aerial Photography for Documentation of Grazing Impacts on Wheat. Geocarto International, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 65–70.
Redness index	RI	(R-G)/(R+G)	Huete and Escadafal (1991) HUETE, A. R. and ESCADAFAL, R., 1991. Avaliação de Propriedades Biofísicas do Solo por Técnicas de Decomposição Espectral. Sensoriamento Remoto do Ambiente, vol. 35, pp. 149-159.

SV	GL	Mean square
		NGRDI	ExG	SAVI	TGI	GLI	RI	YLD
		Rainy season
Products (P)	2	0.00045^ Significant at 1% probability by the F test.	7.72^**	0.00052^**	3.85^**	5.64^**	0.000004^**	3867902.05^**
Levels (N)	4	0.00249 ^**	609.78^**	0.00335^**	91.41^**	55.22^**	0.000022^**	2067834.04^**
Stage (S)	2	0.00059^**	5.81^**	0.00204^**	2.64^**	1.13^**	0.000001^**	100303.78^**
P x N	8	0.00098^**	66.59^**	0.00173^**	15.34^**	16.31^**	0.000006^**	645202.06^**
P x S	4	0.00212^**	136.75^**	0.00463^**	36.35^**	42.41^**	0.000003^**	175643.56^**
N x S	8	0.00038^**	43.95^**	0.00100^**	11.12^**	7.25^**	0.000001^**	648560.39^**
Px NxS	16	0.00162^NS	66.28^NS	0.00329^NS	17.49^NS	18.04^NS	0.000002^NS	1396056.05^NS
Block	3	0.00013^NS	0.13^NS	0.00009^NS	0.50 ^NS	0.49^NS	0.0000001^NS	9683249^**
Error	132	0.00008	0.16	0.00008	0.21	0.23	0.00000007	11114.35
CV (%)		6.70	0.71	4.40	1.60	1.69	13.50	3.78
		Dry season
Products (P)	2	0.00003^NS	0.34^NS	0.00009 ^NS	12.45^**	0.47^NS	0.00018^**	1111791.82^**
Levels (N)	4	0.00771^**	54.74^**	0.00385^**	196.48^**	51.80^**	0.000078^**	9630348.61^**
Stage (S)	2	0.00162^**	22.74^**	0.00055^**	46.67^**	24.76^**	0.00000 ^NS	7936610.47^**
P x N	8	0.00119^**	15.07^**	0.00091^**	22.93^**	14.28^**	0.00008^**	305178.15^**
P x S	4	0.00008^**	1.72^**	0.00009 ^NS	1.23^**	2.14^**	0.000045^**	470380.16^**
N x S	8	0.00274^**	20.85^**	0.00072^**	27.11^**	20.22^**	0.000047^**	527143.38^**
P x N x S	16	0.00309^NS	23.35^NS	0.00119^NS	18.71^NS	22.69^NS	0.000049^NS	12878088^NS
Block	3	0.00008^**	0.25 ^NS	0.00014 ^NS	1.81^**	0.55^NS	0.000001 ^NS	2522.10^NS
Error	132	0.00002	0.25	0.00008	0.25	0.25	0.000001	8442.73
CV (%)		1.94	2.20	6.45	1.75	2.20	13.99

Products	Levels
	0	1	2	3	4
	Rainy season
	NGRDI
Pyroligneous extract	0.1257 a	0.1404 a	0.1527 a	0.1537 a	0.1503 a
Algae extract	0.1257 a	0.1262 b	0.1344 b	0.1419 b	0.1483 ab
Hormonal product	0.1257 a	0.1378 a	0.1574 a	0.1309 c	0.1411 b
	EXG
Pyroligneous extract	50.608 a	59.403 a	63.83 a	61.427 a	61.382 a
Algae extract	50.608 a	56.602 b	59.450 b	61.665 a	58.545 c
Hormonal product	50.608 a	56.040 c	58.638 c	56.151 b	59.551 b
	SAVI
Pyroligneous extract	0.1948 a	0.2131 a	0.2104 b	0.1975 c	0.2228 a
Algae extract	0.1948 a	0.2045 a	0.2004 c	0.2153 b	0.2219 a
Hormonal product	0.1948 a	0.2092 a	0.2383 a	0.2251 a	0.2143 a
	TGI
Pyroligneous extract	26.77 a	27.73 b	29.66 c	30.86 a	30.96 a
Algae extract	26.77 a	30.10 a	30.39 b	30.97 a	29.43 c
Hormonal product	26.77 a	27.87 b	31.82 a	28.55 b	30.17 b
	GLI
Pyroligneous extract	26.61 a	30.09 a	28.63 b	29.88 a	29.45 b
Algae extract	26.61 a	28.39 b	27.97 c	29.35 b	29.51 b
Hormonal product	26.61 a	27.98 b	31.08 a	27.31 c	30.24 a
	RI
Pyroligneous extract	0.0033 a	0.0019 a	0.0011 b	0.0018 b	0.0008 b
Algae extract	0.0033 a	00021 a	0.0032 a	0.0019 b	0.0015 a
Hormonal product	0.0033 a	0.0015 b	0.0006 c	0.0023 a	0.0015 a
	Dry season
	NGRDI
Pyroligneous extract	0.2362 a	0.2097 a	0.2232 a	0.2137 a	0.2116 a
Algae extract	0.2362 a	0.2007 b	0.2175 b	0.2211 a	0.1891 b
Hormonal product	0.2362 a	0.2132 a	0.2134 c	0.1956 c	0.2125 a
	EXG
Pyroligneous extract	24.63 a	21.95 b	23.59 a	23.95 a	22.56 a
Algae extract	24.63 a	21.41 c	23.78 a	24.01 a	20.56 c
Hormonal product	24.63 a	23.48 a	23.04 b	20.65 b	22.43 a
	SAVI
Pyroligneous extract	0.1595 a	0.1407 b	0.1518 a	0.1348 b	0.1330 ab
Algae extract	0.1595 a	0.1306 c	0.1484 a	0.1288 b	0.1244 b
Hormonal product	0.1595 a	0.1501 a	0.1466 a	0.1511 a	0.1419 a
	TGI
Pyroligneous extract	32.61 a	26.73 b	29.91 ab	27.32 b	26.26 b
Algae extract	32.61 a	29.01 a	29.43 b	30.20 a	25.80 b
Hormonal product	32.61 a	25.92 c	30.05 a	26.75 c	28.79 a
	GLI
Pyroligneous extract	24.64 a	23.03 a	23.29 b	23.93 a	21.56 b
Algae extract	24.64 a	21.42 b	23.13 b	22.04 b	20.81 c
Hormonal product	24.64 a	23.73 a	23.78 a	20.73 c	22.43 a
	RI
Pyroligneous extract	0,00051 a	0,00046 b	0,00028 b	0,00052 b	0,00053 b
Algae extract	0,00051 a	0,00102 a	0,00058 a	0,00046 b	0,00144 a
Hormonal product	0,00051 a	0,00036 c	0,00059 a	0,00065 a	0,00060 b

Products	Stage			Stage
	Seed	V3	V8	Seed	V3	V8
	NGRDI			ExG
	Rainy season
Pyroligneous extract	0.14838 aA	0.13326 aB	0.14292 aA	58.448 aA	56.319 cB	58.427 bA
Algae extract	0.12396 bC	0.13415 aB	0.14902 aA	55.958 bC	57.001 bB	60.816 aA
Hormonal product	0.14406 aA	0.13870 aAB	0.13302 bB	58.756 aA	58.539 aA	54.416 cB
	SAVI			TGI
Pyroligneous extract	0.2278 aA	0.2009 bC	0.2111 bB	29.64 aA	28.39 cB	29.56 bA
Algae extract	0.1952 cB	0.2000 bB	0.2270 aA	28.74 bB	29.01 bB	30.85 aA
Hormonal product	0.2203 bA	0.2105 aB	0.2017 cC	29.98 aA	29.70 aA	27.42 cB
	GLI			RI
Pyroligneous extract	29.27 bA	29.05 aAB	28.78 bB	0.0015 cB	0.0023 aA	0.0015 cB
Algae extract	27.11 cC	28.04 cB	30.38 aA	0.0025 aA	0.0025 aA	0.0019 bB
Hormonal product	29.65 aA	28.55 bB	27.30 cC	0.0019 bB	0.0018 bB	0.0023 aA
	Dry season
	NGRDI			ExG
Pyroligneous extract	0.2083 aB	0.2141 bA	0.2159 aA	22.43 aB	22.46 bB	23.32 bA
Algae extract	0.2049 bB	0.2155 abA	0.2163 aA	22.10 aC	22.82 abB	23.72 aA
Hormonal product	0.2088 aB	0.2178 aA	0.2183 aA	22.12 aB	23.11 aA	23.32 bA
	SAVI			TGI
Pyroligneous extract	0.1394 aB	0.1452 aAB	0.1472 aA	27.87 bC	28.57 cB	29.25 bA
Algae extract	0.1408 aA	0.1432 aA	0.1443 aA	27.60 bB	29.22 bA	29.56 bA
Hormonal product	0.1414 aB	0.1496 aA	0.1451 aAB	28.37 aB	29.82 aA	30.13 aA
	GLI			RI
Pyroligneous extract	22.43 aB	22.57 bB	23.32 bA	0.00036 bC	0.00058 bA	0.00048 cB
Algae extract	22.06 aC	22.92 bB	23.77 aA	0.00076 aB	0.00087 aA	0.00077 aB
Hormonal product	22.13 aB	23.31 aA	23.36 bA	0.00071 aA	0.00036 cC	0.00056 bB

Stages	Levels
	0	1	2	3	4
	NGRDI
	Rainy season
Seed	0.1257 a	0.1337 a	0.1383 b	0.1423 ab	0.1411 b
V3	0.1257 a	0.1331 a	0.1418 ab	0.1351 b	0.1409 b
V8	0.1257 a	0.1375 a	0.1493 a	0.1489 a	0.1577 a
	ExG
Seed	50.608 a	55.361 c	61.453 a	59.360 b	56.948 c
V3	50.608 a	56.404 b	59.305 b	59.133 b	60.981 b
V8	50.608 a	60.279 a	61.162 a	60.751 a	61.551 a
	SAVI
Seed	0.1948 a	0.2182 a	0.2300 a	0.2167 a	0.2124 b
V3	0.1948 a	0.2001 b	0.2115 b	0.2007 b	0.2118 b
V8	0.1948 a	0.2085 b	0.2077 b	0.2067 b	0.2348 a
	TGI
Seed	26.77 a	30.24 a	31.20 a	30.17 a	28.89 b
V3	26.77 a	27.77 b	29.79 b	30.10 a	30.76 a
V8	26.77 a	27.69 b	29.89 b	30.11 a	30.91 a
	GLI
Seed	26.61 a	28.96 b	29.91 a	28.41 b	29.52 b
V3	26.61 a	27.88 c	28.78 b	28.55 b	29.17 b
V8	26.61 a	29.62 a	29.00 b	29.59 a	31.03 a
	RI
Seed	0.0033 a	0.0015 b	0.0016 a	0.0018 b	0.0015 a
V3	0.0033 a	0.0021 a	0.0017 a	0.0026 a	0.0014 a
V8	0.0033 a	0.0017 b	0.0016 a	0.0015 b	0.0009 b
	Dry season
	NGRDI
Seed	0.2361 a	0.2101 b	0.2112 c	0.1809 c	0.1819 b
V3	0.2361 a	0.1929 c	0.2152 b	0.2104 b	0.2056 a
V8	0.2361 a	0.2206 a	0.2277 a	0.2291 a	0.2059 a
	ExG
Seed	24.63 a	22.77 b	22.98 b	19.99 b	20.71 b
V3	24.63 a	20.07 c	23.07 b	23.10 a	21.82 a
V8	24.63 a	24.00 a	24.36 a	23.52 a	22.02 a
	SAVI
Seed	0.1595 a	0.1408 a	0.1545 a	0.1510 a	0.1220 b
V3	0.1595 a	0.1370 a	0.1455 b	0.1260 c	0.1272 b
V8	0.1595 a	0.1437 a	0.1459 b	0.1377 b	0.1401 a
	TGI
Seed	32.61 a	27.49 b	27.89 c	25.68 c	26.05 b
V3	32.61 a	25.25 c	29.45 b	28.87 b	27.26 a
V8	32.61 a	28.92 a	32.04 a	29.72 a	27.54 a
	GLI
Seed	24.64 a	22.69 b	22.98 b	19.99 b	20.71 b
V3	24.64 a	20.32 c	23.07 b	20.26 b	20.98 b
V8	24.64 a	24.16 a	24.45 a	23.44 a	22.11 a
	RI
Seed	0.00051 a	0.00056 b	0.00039 b	0.00068 a	0.00091 b
V3	0.00051 a	0.00070 a	0.00032 b	0.00039 b	0.00110 a
V8	0.00051 a	0.00059 b	0.00074 a	0.00063 a	0.00056 c

	Rainy season
	Seed	V3	V8	Seed	V3	V8
Pyroligneous extract	2946.47 bA	278.60 bB	2909.92 bA	2552.76 cB	2351.35 aC	2992.52 bA
Algae extract	2387.62 cB	2551.66 cA	2569.60 cA	2691.81 bB	2387.79 aC	2883.68 cA
Hormonal product	3048.02 aA	2900.59 aB	3006.77 aA	2910.80 aB	2339.53 aC	3384.60 aA

	Rainy season
	NGRDI	EXG	SAVI	TGI	GLI	RI	PROD
NGRDI		0.71^ Significant at 1%.	0.96**	0.67**	0.88**	-0.38**	0.32*
EXG			0.73**	0.97*	0.79**	-0.52**	0.30*
SAVI				0.71**	0.88**	-0.40**	0.37*
TGI					0.73**	-0.48**	0.26 ^NS
GLI						-0.42**	0.37^* * Significant at 5% by t-test.
RI							-0.39**
	Dry season
NGRDI		0.90**	0.96**	0.80**	0.90**	-0.47**	-0.28 ^NS
EXG			0.86**	0.90**	1**	-0.58**	-0.20 ^NS
SAVI				0.80**	0.86**	-0.54**	0.31*
TGI					0.89**	-0.49**	-0.34*
GLI						-0.57**	0.19 ^NS
RI							0.15 ^NS

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