Mohamed El Wathig |
2016 |
Al-jouf |
camel |
195 blood samples and 118 serum samples |
T. evansi
|
*ELISA/T. evansi *CATT test *PCR analysis |
25% (49/195) and 3% (4/118) |
Alanazi et al. |
2018 |
Central Region (Riyadh) |
camel |
237 |
T. evansi
|
*PCR analysis. *Sequencing and phylogenetic trees analysis |
116 (49%) |
|
Eastern Province |
|
221 |
|
|
106 (48%) |
|
Al-Qaseem Province |
|
156 |
|
|
79 (50.1%) |
|
Hail |
|
116 |
|
|
33(28.4%) |
|
Northern Borders |
|
102 |
|
|
18 (17.6%) |
Alanazi et al. |
2018 |
Saudi Arabia |
horses |
368 |
T. evansi
|
*RoTat1.2-PCR |
12, 3.3% |
Alanazi et al. |
2018 |
Saudi Arabia |
donkeys |
142 |
T. evansi
|
*RoTat1.2-PCR |
4, 2.8% |
Mossaad et al. (2017a)MOSSAAD, E., SALIM, B., SUGANUMA, K., MUSINGUZI, P., HASSAN, M.A., ELAMIN, E.A. and INOUE, N., 2017a. Trypanosoma vivax is the second leading cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan after Trypanosoma evansi. Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 1-10.
|
2017 |
Sudan (Wd-Alhlio, Alshagrab and Khor Wd-Omer) |
camels |
189 |
T. evansi
|
*conventional parasitological techniques of Giemsa-stained blood smears, wet blood smears, the microhematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT)and PCR |
7% (13/189), 11% (21/189), 19% (36/189) and 37% (70/189)respectivel |
|
|
|
189 |
T. vivax
|
PCR |
25% (47/189). |
|
|
|
189 |
T. evansi And T. vivax
|
They used a T. evansi-specific PCR (RoTat1.2 VSG gene) to analyze the KIN-PCR-positive samples and a T. vivax-specific PCR (Cathepsin L-like gene) to analyse all of the samples |
* T. evansi was 59% (41/70) * T. vivax was 31% (59/189). |
Mossaad et al.(2017b)MOSSAAD, E., SATTI, R.A., FADUL, A., SUGANUMA, K., SALIM, B., ELAMIN, E.A. and INOUE, N., 2017b. The incrimination of three trypanosome species in clinically affected German shepherd dogs in Sudan. Parasitology research, 116(11), 2921-2925
|
2017 |
Sudan(Khartoum State) |
German shepherddogs |
50 |
T. evansi T.congolense T. vivaxin
|
*serological (CATT/Trypanosoma evansi) and molecular (KIN-PCR, RoTat1.2 VSG-PCR and TviCatL-PCR)tests |
*CATT/T. evansi detected antibodies against T. evansi in 15 (30%) dogs, while parasite DNA was detected in 17 (34%) dogs by RoTat1.2 PCR * KIN-PCR detected the subgenus Trypanozoon, Trypanosoma congolense savannah, T. congolense Kenya and T. vivaxin 36(72%),3(6%), 1(2%), and 2 (4%) dogs, respectively. However, a species-specific PCR for Trypanosoma vivax was detected 7 (14%) positive cases. |
Bashir Salim et al. |
2011 |
Sudan |
camels |
*Kassala 50 *Halfa Butana region” 205 *Umshadeeda 67 *South Darfur 365 |
T. evansi
|
*diagnosis by a single PCR. Using ITS1 primer-based PCR |
* 24.0% (12/50) *57.1% (117/205) * 6.0% (4/67) * 7.1% (26/365) |
Bashir Salim et al. |
2011 |
Sudan (Kurmuk District, Blue Nile State) |
cattle + a few samples were also collected from other domestic animals species |
210 Cattle 8Donkeys 2Camels 3Sheep |
T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae and T. brucei
|
*diagnosis by hematocrit centrifugation techniques (HCT) and Giemsa-stained thin blood films were carried out.Also, by ITS1-PCR, which provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis in a single PCR |
In Cattle: *70(33.3%) T. vivax * 21 (10%) T. congolense In Donkey: *3(37.5%)T.vivax In Camels: *2(100%)T.evansi In sheep: *2(66,7%)T.vivax but ITS1-PCR was able to identify four Trypanosoma species namely T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae and T. brucei in 56.7% (80/141). T. brucei showed the highest prevalence of 36.9% (52/141) and the lowest 19% (27/141) was displayed by T. congolense.
|
Bashir Salima et al. |
2014 |
Sudan |
393horses and 116donkeys |
509 |
T. brucei T. simiae T. vivax T. congolense
|
*In horse: T. brucei 4.3% T. simiae4.1% T. vivax 3.6% T. congolense 1.5% *In donkeys T. vivax 3.4% |
using the generic ITS1-PCR diagnostic methods. |
Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle et al. |
2019 |
Somalia |
camel (Camelus dromedarius) |
182 blood samples |
T. evansi
|
* All samples were negative for Trypanosoma spp. by STDM * 125/182 camels were seropositive for T. evansi by CATT/T. evansi. |
using standard trypanosome detection methods (STDM), serological (CATT/T. evansi) and molecular (ITS1-PCR) methods. |
Adel |
2014 |
Egypt |
one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) |
106 |
T. evansi
|
*Clinical examination 18 (17%) *Microscopical examination 7(6.6%) *Formol gel test 13 (12.26%) |
*Clinical examination *Microscopical examination *Formol gel test |
|
|
|
15 |
T. evansi
|
*TBR –PCR 13(86.6%) * RoTat –PCR0(0%) |
*TBR –PCR * RoTat –PCR |
Souzan et al. |
2016 |
Egypt |
camel |
187 |
T. evansi
|
*Giemsa stained blood smears 6(3.21%) *Haematochrite centrifugation 8(4.28%) *CATT 21(11.23%) *PCR 138 |
*Giemsa stained blood smears *Haematochrite centrifugation *CATT *PCR |
Ahmed et al. |
2016 |
from Sudan to Egypt |
camel |
396 |
T. evansi
|
*blood film technique was 12.17% *using TBR 1/2 primer-based PCR 43.3%. |
*using thin blood film * PCR techniques |
Abdel-Rady |
2014 |
Egypt |
camels (Camelus dromedaries) |
460 |
T. evansi
|
9.5% |
blood smears |
Abdullah D. Alanazi(2) |
2018 |
Riyadh |
Dogs |
117 |
T. evansi
|
*smear 5.6% *WBF 3.4% *MHCT3.4% *PCR(ITS1)4.3% *Rotat VSG 1.7% |
*using 3 parasitological tests (wet blood film, Giemsa staining, and microhematocrit centrifugation technique) * polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
El-Naga and Barghash |
2016 |
Northern West Coastal zone of Egypt |
camels (Camelus dromedaries) |
331 |
T. evansi
|
*blood smear20.24%*PCR 67.06% |
*Giemsa-stain blood smears (GSBS) *Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |