Acute toxicity of some expired insecticides on rats and their effects on some vital parameters and residues in the liver and kidney

Shalaby, S. E. M.; Saber, A. N.; Hussien, M.; Alsubaie, F. M.; Alminderej, F. M.; Ali, R.; Sara, H.; Abdallah, O. I.; Malhat, F. M.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.281418

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.281418 copy

Acute toxicity of some expired insecticides on rats and their effects on some vital parameters and residues in the liver and kidney

Toxicidade aguda de alguns inseticidas vencidos em ratos e seus efeitos em alguns parâmetros vitais e resíduos no fígado e nos rins

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Little information is available on the adverse effects of expired pesticides on the environment, so it is essential to characterize the risk of these chemicals to non-target organisms. Therefore, this work aims to estimate and compare the acute toxicity (LD₅₀) of unexpired and expired formulations of malathion, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin in rats and to determine their residues in the liver and kidneys of treated rats. This is the first study to investigate the toxic effects of expired pesticides on rats. The acute toxicity of expired lambda-cyhalothrin was higher than that of non-expired rats, while the opposite was observed in rats treated with malathion and chlorpyrifos. All formulations tested caused clinical signs of toxicity in the treated rats. The data showed that some expired formulations significantly affected body weight and estimated vital signs compared to non-expired pesticides. The data showed that the highest residues were found in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with both malathion formulations, followed by chlorpyrifos; however, the lowest residues were found in rats treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, which can be referred to as LD50 values of the insecticides tested. The residues detected after the 10th dose gradually decreased at the end of the recovery period, and their losses ranged from 80.0 to 95.4% in the liver and from 92.3 to 99.99% (undetectable). The results show that the toxic effects of expired and non-expired formulations are different. This underlines the need to dispose of expired compounds carefully to prevent their discharge into the ecosystem.

Keywords:
expired insecticides; acute toxicity; rats; vital parameters; residues

Pesticides		LD₅₀	LD₉₅	Slope	Toxicity index (%)
Pesticides		LD₅₀	LD₉₅	Slope	LD₅₀	LD₉₅
Malathion	Unexpired	1963.5	14246.3	1.83	100	100
Malathion	Expired	2366.6	15470.0	2.11	83.0	92.1
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	126.2	759.8	2.11	100	100
Chlorpyrifos	Expired	226.4	2401.2	1.6	55.7	31.6
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	55.2	1461.4	1.66	71.1	21.3
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	39.3	311.5	1.83	100	100

Pesticides		Signs of toxicity	Animal mortality
Control		Nil	No mortality
Malathion	Unexpired	Salivation and diarrhoea.	No mortality
Malathion	Expired	Diarrhea and increased activity	No mortality
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	Salivation, diarrhoea and closed eyes	Two animals were dying at the 8^th and 9^th dose
Chlorpyrifos	Expired	Increased activity and lacrimation	No mortality
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	Diarrhea, lacrimation and salivation	No mortality
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	Increased activity, aggressiveness, diarrhoea and closed eyes	Two rats were dying at the 8^th and 10^th dose

Pesticides		Pre-treatment	5^th dose	10^th dose	After recovery period
Control		114.33^b	146.67^abc	160.0^a	183.33^a
Malathion	Unexpired	116.67^ab	153.33^a	156.67^a	163.33^cd
Malathion	Expired	118.33^ab	136.67^c	156.67^a	163.33^cd
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	115.0^b	150.0^ab	156.67^a	170.0^bc
Chlorpyrifos	Expired	120.0^b	138.33^c	160.0^a	156.67^d
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	123.33^a	140.0^bc	156.67^a	160.0^d
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	120.0^ab	138.33^c	153.33^a	173.33^b
LSD 5%		7.89	11.42	12.48	9.37

Treatments		Haemoglobin value (mg/dl)				Red blood cells (10³)
Treatments		5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery	Mean	5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery	Mean
Control		11.2^b	12.7^bc	11.6^c	11.8	4.84^bc	4.81^d	4.3^d	4.65
Malathion	Unexpired	10.6^bc	12.8^bc	14.0^a	12.47 (±5.7)	4.94^bc	6.35^bc	7.39^a	6.23 (±34.0)
	Expired	9.7^cd	13.1^ab	13.9^ab	12.23 (±3.6)	5.05^bc	6.29^bc	6.84^b	6.06 (±30.3)
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	11.3^bc	13.5^ab	13.6^ab	12.8 (±8.5)	5.38^b	6.61^b	7.05^ab	6.35 (±36.6)
	Expired	11.3^bc	13.7^ab	14.3^a	13.1 (±11.0)	5.71^ab	6.7^b	7.38^a	6.6 (±41.9)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	12.7^a	14.1^a	14.1^a	13.6 (±15.3)	5.95^a	6.85^ab	7.13^a	6.64 (±42.8)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	12.1^a	13.2^ab	13.2^bc	12.8 (±8.5)	6.12^a	6.54^bc	6.82^b	6.5 (±39.8)
LSD 5%		1.0	1.1	1.2		0.6	0.4	0.5

Treatments		Platelets count (10³)				White Blood Cells (10³)
Treatments		5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery	Mean	5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery	Mean
Control		452^d	430^cd	417^c	433.0	4.9^d	5.5^d	6.4^d	5.6
Malathion	Unexpired	480^d	438^cd	677^b	531.7 (±22.8)	8.6^bc	7.6^bcd	15.2^a	10.47 (±86.9)
Malathion	Expired	413^d	550^c	818^a	593.7 (±37.1)	3.7^de	11.7^a	13.2^abc	9.53 (±70.2)
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	790^b	540^c	905^a	745.0 (±72.1)	13.3^a	11.5^a	12.6^abc	12.47 (±122.7)
Chlorpyrifos	Expired	908^a	649^bc	774^ab	777.0 (±79.4)	6.3^cd	9.1^abc	11.7^bc	9.03 (±61.3)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	653^c	544^c	659^b	618.7 (±42.9)	7.8^c	10.7^a	11.0^c	9.83 (±75.5)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	667^c	774^a	913^a	784.7 (±81.2)	5.4^cd	9.2^abc	10.8^c	8.47 (±51.3)
LSD 5%		115	120	140		2.7	2.8	2.9

Treatments		ALT (µ/ml)				AST (µ/ml)
Treatments		5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery period	Mean	5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery period	Mean
Control		102.1^bc	104.0^c	106.3^c	104.1	36.2^a	34.6^d	30.6^c	33.8
Malathion	Unexpired	107.0^b	150.9^b	121.4^b	126.43 (±21. 4)	38.8^a	51.5^b	50.0^a	46.8 (±38.4)
	Expired	91.7^c	152.5^b	146.7^a	130.3 (±25.1)	30.8^b	45.0^c	42.8^b	39.5 (±16.8)
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	107.9^c	205.7^a	114.2^bc	142.8 (±37.2)	37.9^a	66.7^a	40.7^b	48.4 (±43.2)
	Expired	124.1^a	198.9^a	142.3^a	155.1 (±49.0)	40.0^a	47.9^b	38.5^b	42.1 (±24.6)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	91.9^c	153.1^b	109.5^bc	118.2 (±13.5)	32.0^b	46.7^b	30.0^c	36.2 (±7.1)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	103.3^bc	143.3^b	103.8^c	116.8 (±12.2)	28.5^b	40.8^c	40.7^b	36.7 (±8.6)
LSD 5%		11.4	14.6	12.7		4.1	5.2	4.6

Treatments		Creatinine				Urea
Treatments		5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery Period	Mean	5^th dose	10^th dose	Recovery period	Mean
Control		0.56^ab	0.50^b	0.53^c	0.53	36.5^d	32.1^d	38.5^f	35.7
Malathion	Unexpired	0.46^b	0.64^a	0.68^b	0.59 (+11.3)	44.1^c	53.2^a	50.1^de	49.1 (+37.5)
Malathion	Expired	0.6^a	0.66^a	0.73^ab	0.66 (+24.5)	50.4^ab	49.0^ab	71.0^a	56.8 (+59.1)
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	0.66^a	0.69^a	0.75^ab	0.7 (+32.1)	46.9^b	46.3^bc	55.4^c	49.5 (+38.6)
Chlorpyrifos	Expired	0.62^a	0.69^a	0.70^ab	0.67 (+26.4)	51.6^a	41.2^c	47.8^e	46.9 (+31.4)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	0.67^a	0.72^a	0.75 ^ab	0.71 (+33.9)	43.3^bc	52.8^a	53.7^cd	49.9 (+39.8)
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	0.62	0.7^a	0.80a	0.71 (+33.9)	45.8 ^b	48.5^ab	62.3^b	52.2 (+46.2)
LSD 5%		0.11	0.08	0.1		4.6	6.17	4.2

Treatments		Residues (mg/kg)
		Liver			Kidney
		After 10^th dose	After recovery period	% Loss	After 10^th dose	After recovery period	% Loss
Malathion	Unexpired	5.89	0.32	94.6	1.87	0.02	98.9
	Expired	6.8	0.26	91.1	2.25	0.13	94.2
Chlorpyrifos	Unexpired	0.38	0.023	93.9	0.13	0.01	92.3
	Expired	0.68	0.031	95.4	0.22	0.01	95.4
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Unexpired	0.2	0.04	80.0	0.067	ND	> 99.9
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Expired	0.17	0.01	94.1	0.06	ND	> 99.9

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