Detection and occurrence of genetically modified rice and potato in the Saudi food market

Aladadh, M. A.; Ebrahim, Hafsa N. E.-D. A. E.-K; Elsanhoty, R. M.; Ramadan, M. F.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.285978

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Biology

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.285978 copy

Detection and occurrence of genetically modified rice and potato in the Saudi food market

Detecção e ocorrência de arroz e batata geneticamente modificados no mercado de alimentos saudita

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The number of food products with genetically modified (GM) crops on the global market has increased due to advancements in genetic engineering technology. Legislation regulating the labeling and use of GM crops has increased considerably worldwide to provide consumers with health and safety assurance. It is still unclear whether genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are present in the food market of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to a lack of scientific studies. This work was planned to detect GM rice and GM potatoes in the Saudi food market. One hundred non-labeled rice and rice product samples and 50 potato and potato samples were collected randomly from different market sites of Makkah, Riyadh and Jeddah during 2022-2023. The cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method was used to extract DNA. Viviants DNA extraction kit was used to extract DNA from rice starch and potato chips. To find GMOs in samples, CMOScreen 35S and NOS test kits were utilized. DNA-based qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to screen targets for PCR detection of GM rice sequences. The results indicated that 32 (32%) rice samples were positive for CaMV 35S promoter, while no positive result was detected for the NOS terminator. Besides, 30% of potato samples were positive for the CaMV 35S promoter, and the same samples were positive for the presence of the Cry V gene. It could be concluded that there were GM rice and potatoes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's food markets. Establishing strong regulations and certified laboratories to monitor genetically modified foods (GMF) or crops in the Saudi market is recommended.

Keywords:
genetically modified organisms; GMOs; detection method; DNA; extraction; polymerase chain reaction (PCR); transgenic plants; food safety

Tested raw material and processed products	Number of samples	Number of samples positive for 35S	Number of samples positive for NOS terminator
Egyptian rice	18	2	-
Indiana rice	18	6	-
Thailand rice	16	6	-
Rice starch	12	0	-
American rice	18	6	-
Rice imported from China	16	12	-
Total number of samples	100		-
Total number of positive samples		32	-

Tested raw materials and processed products	Number of samples	Number of samples positive for 35S	Number of samples positive for NOS terminator
Fresh potato from Makkah	9	3	5
Fresh potato from Jeddah	9	3	5
Fresh potato from Riyadh	9	3	5
Potato chips from Makkah	9	2	-
Potato chips from Jeddah	8	2	-
Potato chips from Riyadh	6	2	-
Total number of samples	50		15
Total number of positive samples		15	15

Primer	Sequence (5′-3′)	Fragment length	Target element	Reference
SPS-F	TTG CGC CTG AAC GGA TAT	277	SPS	(Cardarelli et al., 2005CARDARELLI, P., BRANQUINHO, M.R., FERREIRA, R.T., CRUZ, F.P. and GEMAL, A.L., 2005. Detection of GMO in food products in Brazil: the INCQS experience. Food Control, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 859-866. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.07.010. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.0... )
SPS-R	GGA GAA GCA CTG GAC GAG G	277	SPS
P35S-cf3	CCA CGT CTT CAA AGC AAG TGG	123	P-35S	(Cardarelli et al., 2005CARDARELLI, P., BRANQUINHO, M.R., FERREIRA, R.T., CRUZ, F.P. and GEMAL, A.L., 2005. Detection of GMO in food products in Brazil: the INCQS experience. Food Control, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 859-866. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.07.010. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.0... ; Lipp et al., 2001LIPP, M., BLUTH, A., EYQUEM, F., KRUSE, L., SCHIMMEL, H., VAN DEN EEDE, G. and ANKLAM, E., 2001. Validation of a method based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genetically modified organisms in various processed foodstuffs. European Food Research and Technology, vol. 212, no. 4, pp. 497-504. http://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000274. http://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000274... )
P35S-cr4	CCA CGT CTT CAA AGC AAG TGG	123	P-35S
HA-nos-118f	GCA TGA CGT TAT TTA TGA GAT GGG	118	T-NOS	(Cardarelli et al., 2005CARDARELLI, P., BRANQUINHO, M.R., FERREIRA, R.T., CRUZ, F.P. and GEMAL, A.L., 2005. Detection of GMO in food products in Brazil: the INCQS experience. Food Control, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 859-866. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.07.010. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.0... ; Lipp et al., 2001LIPP, M., BLUTH, A., EYQUEM, F., KRUSE, L., SCHIMMEL, H., VAN DEN EEDE, G. and ANKLAM, E., 2001. Validation of a method based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genetically modified organisms in various processed foodstuffs. European Food Research and Technology, vol. 212, no. 4, pp. 497-504. http://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000274. http://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000274... )
HA-nos-118r	GAC ACC GCG CGC GAT AAT TTA TCC	118	T-NOS
GM03	GCC CTC TAC TCC ACC CCC ATC C	118	Lectin	(ISO, 2005INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION – ISO, 2005. ISO 21569:2005: foodstuffs – methods of analysis for the detectionof genetically modified organisms and derived products – qualitative nucleic acid based methods. Geneva: ISO.)
GM04	GCC CAT CTG CAA GCC TTT TTG TG	118	Lectin
IVR1-F	CCG CTG TAT CAC AAG GGC TGG TAC C	226	Invertase	(ISO, 2005INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION – ISO, 2005. ISO 21569:2005: foodstuffs – methods of analysis for the detectionof genetically modified organisms and derived products – qualitative nucleic acid based methods. Geneva: ISO.)
IVR1-R	GGA GCC CGT GTA GAG CAT GAC GAT C	226	Invertase
CaMV35SF/	TCC ACT GAC GTA AGG GAT GAC	105	CaMV 35S promoter	(Franck et al., 1980FRANCK, A., GUILLEY, H., JONARD, G., RICHARDS, K. and HIRTH, L., 1980. Nucleotide sequence of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA. Cell, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 285-294. http://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(80)90136-1. PMid:7407912. http://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(80)9013... )
CaMV35S	CTG GTG ATT TCA GCG TGTCC	105	CaMV 35S promoter
Spu-35S1_F/	CTTCGCAAGACCCTTCCTC	122	CaMV promoter and Cry V gene from Bacillus Thuringiensis in genetically modified potato Spunta	(El Sanhoty, 2004)
Spu-cryVm_R	GCTGGAGAACGATTGGTGC	122		(El Sanhoty, 2004)

Primer pair	Initial denaturation	Denaturation	Annealing	Extension	Number of cycles	Final elongation
GM03/GM04	10 min at 95°C	30 s at 95°C	30 s at 60 °C	1 min at 72°C	35	3 min at 72°C
P35s-f2/petu-r1	10 min at 95°C	30 s at 95°C	30 s at 62 °C	25 s at 72°C	35-40	10 min at 72°C
IVR1-F/IVR1-R	12 min at 95°C	30 s at 95°C	30 s at 64 °C	30 s at 72°C	42	10 min at 72°C
Cry03/Cry04	12 min at 95°C	30 s at 95°C	30 s at 63 °C	30 s at 72°C	38	10 min at 72°C
SPS-F/SPS-R	5 min at 94°C	30 s at 94°C	45s at58 °C	75 s at 72°C	35	8 min at 72°C
HA-nos-118f HA-nos-118r	5 min at 94°C	1 min s at 94°C	40 s for,60°C	1 min for 94°C	35	8 min at 72°C.
CaMV35S-F/ CaMV35S-R	2 min at 95°C	30s at 95°C	30s for 60°C	30 S at 72 C°	35	5 min at 72°C.
Spu-35S1_F/ Spu-cryVm_R	2 min at 95°C°	30 S at 95°C	30 S at 60°C	40 S at 72 °C	35	5 min at 72°C

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia R. Bento Carlos, 750, 13560-660 São Carlos SP - Brasil, Tel. e Fax: (55 16) 3362-5400 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] *e-mail: mfhassanien@uqu.edu.sa