Efficacy of selected pesticides on Citrus Brown Mite, <i>Eutetranychus orientalis</i> (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the side effects on three predatory mites under citrus orchard conditions

Al Dhafar, Z. M.; Abdel Razik, M. A. A.; Osman, M. A.; Sweelam, M. E.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.282436

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.282436 copy

Efficacy of selected pesticides on Citrus Brown Mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the side effects on three predatory mites under citrus orchard conditions

Eficácia de pesticidas selecionados no ácaro marrom dos cítricos, Eutetranychus orientalis (Acari: Tetranychidae), e os efeitos colaterais em três ácaros predadores em condições de pomar de cítricos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The present study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of two sprays of seven pesticides at recommended dose on citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis and the side effects on their predatory mites, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under field conditions at 2022 & 2023 seasons. The obtained results show that, all tested pesticides achieved high reduction % of E. orientalis ranged between (82.1-90.0%) and (81.6-87.1%) after the 1^st and 2^nd sprays of 2022 season, where it ranged between (84.9- 88.7%) and ( 79.7- 88.7%) after 1^st and 2^nd sprays of 2023 season. Abamectin recorded the highest reduction % against the citrus brown mite, whereas Congest pesticide recorded the lowest reduction % after the two sprays along 2022 & 2023 seasons. As for the side effects of tested pesticides on associated predatory mites, all pesticides were safely for E. scutalis numbers recording decrease % between (18.4-28.6%) and (16.2 -26.1%) after the 1^st and 2^nd spray at 2022 season , where it ranged between (15.3- 29.1%) and (19.6-32.0%) after the 1^st and 2^nd sprays of 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for E. scutalis numbers recording the highest mean decrease % after 1^st and 2^nd sprays during the two seasons. Also, all tested pesticides were safely for A. swirskii numbers, after the 1^st and 2^nd sprays of the two seasons recording decrease (from 10.9 to 28.1%) & (24.4 to 31.4%) for the 2022 season, and (19-38.9%) & (18.7-39.4%) at 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for A. swirskii numbers recorded the highest decrease % after 1^st and 2^nd sprays during the two seasons. As for, Ph. Persimilis numbers, all tested pesticides were safely, where it recorded low decrease % ranged between (17-33.8%) & (20.4-34.8%) after the 1^st and 2^nd sprays of 2022 season, and (24.3-39%) & (20.2-28.9%) after the 1^st and 2^nd sprays of 2023 season. On the other side, imidacloprid was unsafely for Ph. persimilis numbers recording the highest decrease % after the 1^st and 2^nd sprays during the two seasons. The present study proved that all tested pesticides were high effective against E. orientalis and appeared to be safely and selective for associated predatory mites except imidacloprid which was very harmful for all tested predatory mites, and it could be concluded that the tested pesticides, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox , Congest , Spirodiclofen, Abamectin, and Chlorfenapyr could be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for E. orientalis at citrus orchards.

Keywords:
pesticides; efficacy; side effect; Eutetranychus orientalis; predatory mites

Common and trade name	group	Mode of action	Rate of use
Fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC	Pyrazole	It has a role as a mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor	50 ml /100 L water
Hexythiazox Magnifico 5%EC	Thiazolidionone	Non-systemic acaricide with contact and stomach action. Good translaminar activity. Has ovicidal, larvicidal, and nymphicidal activity.	20 ml /100 L water
Abamectin2% +Imidacloprid 12% Congest 15% CS	-	-	40 ml /100 L water
Spirodiclofen Listomid 24% SC	Ketoenols or tetronic acids	Inhibition of lipid synthesis	30 ml /100 L water
Abamectin Spider gold 5% ME	Avermectin	Stimulate the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It inhibits FOF1-ATPase and adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), preventing mitochondrial respiration.	20 ml /100 L water
Imidacloprid Admire 20% SC	Neonicotinoid	causes blockage of nicotinergic neuronal pathway by blocking nicotinic acetyl choline receptors, prevents it from transfer impulses between nerves, resulting pest paralysis and death.	125 ml/100 L water
Chlorfenapyr Vanti 24% SC	Pyrazole	disrupting the production of adenosine triphosphate	60 ml/100 L water

Tested pesticides	Mean n of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Reduction%			Grand R. %
	days after spraying					days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2022
Fenpyroximate	187	22	24	30	3.0^d ±0.2	89.9	89.8	88.1	89.3 ^a
Hexythiazox	196	26	30	41	4.1^c ±0.2	88.6	87.8	84.5	86.3 ^b
Congest	187	32	41	54	5.4^b ±0.2	85.3	82.5	78.5	82.1 ^d
Spirodiclofen	189	31	40	40	4.0^c ±0.3	85.9	83.1	79.6	84.3 ^c
Abamectin	193	30	39	26	2.6^d ±0.2	86.6	83.9	81.1	90.0 ^a
Imidacloprid	192	23	42	16	1.6^e ±0.2	89.7	82.5	93.8	88.7 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	200	27	34	45	4.5^c ±0.2	88.4	86.4	83.3	86.0 ^b
Control	194	225	243	261	26.1^a ±0.4	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.83				1.4
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2022
Fenpyroximate	167	21	24	32	3.2^c ± 0.1	88.1	87.5	83.5	86.4 ^a
Hexythiazox	153	21	22	30	3.0^c ±0.3	87.0	87.5	83.1	85.9 ^a
Congest	151	22	25	52	5.2^b ±0.2	86.2	88.4	70.3	81.6 ^d
Spirodiclofen	179	21	27	52	5.2^b ± 0.1	88.9	86.9	74.9	83.6 ^c
Abamectin	169	18	26	35	3.5^b ±0.3	89.9	89.2	82.1	87.1 a
Imidacloprid	191	37	44	28	2.8^c ±0.2	81.7	83.9	87.3	84.3 ^b
Chlorfenapyr	172	23	26	40	4.0^c ±0.3	87.4	86.9	79.9	84.7 ^b
Control	241	255	277	279	27.9^a ±0.6	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.89				1.00

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Reduction%			Grand R. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2023
Fenpyroximate	162	18	21	29	2.9^c± 0.2	90.0	89.4	86.1	88.5 ^a
Hexythiazox	186	21	23	43	4.3^bc±0.2	89.8	89.9	82.1	87.3 ^b
Congest	182	24	28	49	4.9^c±0.2	88.1	87.5	79.1	84.9 ^c
Spirodiclofen	181	20	23	43	4.3^bc±0.2	90.0	89.6	81.6	87.1 ^b
Abamectin	174	19	28	30	3.0^d±0.2	92.7	86.9	86.6	88.7 ^a
Imidacloprid	192	25	29	28	2.8^e±0.2	88.2	87.7	88.7	88.2 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	171	22	25	35	3.5^b±0.3	88.4	88.1	84.1	86.7 ^b
Control	190	210	233	245	24.5^a ±0.5	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.88				0.8
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2023
Fenpyroximate	202	26	35	47	4.7^c±0.3	88.9	85.7	82.6	85.7 ^b
Hexythiazox	199	31	42	52	5.2^bc±0.1	86.5	82.6	84.3	84.4 ^c
Congest	198	39	50	61	6.1^b±0.4	83.0	79.2	77.0	79.7 ^e
Spirodiclofen	183	34	42	55	5.5^bc±0.3	83.9	81.1	77.6	80.9 ^d
Abamectin	190	23	25	32	3.2^d±0.1	89.5	89.2	87.4	88.7 ^a
Imidacloprid	190	40	45	22	2.2^e±0.1	81.8	80.5	91.4	84.6 ^c
Chlorfenapyr	190	27	32	45	4.5^c ±0.3	87.7	86.1	82.3	85.4 ^b
Control	200	231	243	268	26.8^a±0.6	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.87				0.68

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Decrease %			Grand D. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2022
Fenpyroximate	27	26	25	22	2.2^b±0.1	7.0	19.0	32.9	19.6 ^e
Hexythiazox	24	23	21	19	1.9^b±0.2	7.5	23.4	34.8	21.9 ^d
Congest	20	17	15	13	1.3^b±0.2	17.9	25.6	42.4	28.6 ^b
Spirodiclofen	19	18	17	17	1.7^b±0.2	8.5	21.7	26.3	18.8 ^e
Abamectin	18	17	16	16	1.6^b±0.2	8.8	36.1	26.8	23.9 ^c
Imidacloprid	12	6	4	2	0.2^c±0.06	51.7	70.8	86.3	69.6 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	19	18	16	17	1.7^b±0.1	8.5	26.3	20.4	18.4 ^e
Control	28	29	32	34	3.4^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.62				1.4
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2022
Fenpyroximate	22	21	23	25	2.5^b±0.2	18.7	14.1	15.7	16.2 ^d
Hexythiazox	21	20	20	21	2.1^bc±0.05	18.9	21.8	25.8	22.1 ^c
Congest	17	17	16	14	1.4^d±0.2	14.8	22.7	38.9	25.5 ^b
Spirodiclofen	20	19	18	19	1.9^c±0.2	19.1	26.1	29.5	21.6 ^c
Abamectin	21	19	18	21	2.1^bc±0.06	22.9	29.6	25.8	26.1 ^b
Imidacloprid	18	9	8	5	0.5^e±0.1	57.4	63.5	79.4	66.8 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	19	18	17	18	1.8^b±0.1	19.3	26.5	29.7	25.2 ^b
Control	23	27	28	31	3.1^a±0.1	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.34				1.6

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Decrease %			Grand D. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2023
Fenpyroximate	21	20	22	24	2.4^b±0.3	15.3	16.2	14.3	15.3 ^d
Hexythiazox	23	22	22	25	2.5^b±0.5	15.0	23.5	18.5	19.0 ^c
Congest	19	18	16	16	1.6^c±0.2	15.8	32.6	36.8	28.4 ^b
Spirodiclofen	22	21	19	18	1.8^c±0.2	15.2	30.9	38.6	28.2 ^b
Abamectin	18	17	16	14	1.4^c±0.2	16.1	28.9	41.7	28.9 ^b
Imidacloprid	21	10	9	8	0.8^d±0.2	57.7	65.7	66.7	63.4 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	20	19	18	15	1.5^c±0.2	15.6	28.0	43.8	29.1 ^b
Control	24	27	30	32	3.2^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.27				2.0
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2023
Fenpyroximate	29	28	26	21	2.1^b±0.1	9.5	20.9	39.7	23.4 ^de
Hexythiazox	22	21	18	17	1.7^c±0.2	10.5	27.8	35.6	24.6 ^d
Congest	21	20	16	12	1.2^c±0.2	10.7	32.8	52.4	32.0 ^b
Spirodiclofen	17	16	15	14	1.4^c±0.2	11.8	22.2	31.4	21.8 ^e
Abamectin	19	18	15	14	1.4^c±0.2	11.2	30.3	38.6	26.7 ^c
Imidacloprid	15	7	6	5	0.5^d±0.2	56.3	64.7	72.2	64.4 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	22	21	18	16	1.6^c±0.2	10.5	27.8	20.5	19.6 ^f
Control	30	32	34	36	3.6^a±0.3	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.37				2.9

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Decrease %			Grand D. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2022
Fenpyroximate	18	17	16	14	1.4^b±0.2	0.3	15.6	29.6	15.2 ^e
Hexythiazox	16	15	15	14	1.4^b±0.2	1.0	10.9	20.8	10.9 ^f
Congest	20	18	14	12	1.2^b±0.1	5.0	33.5	45.7	28.1 ^b
Spirodiclofen	17	16	13	12	1.2^b±0.1	0.7	27.4	36.1	21.4 ^c
Abamectin	19	17	16	14	1.4^b±0.2	5.6	20.0	33.3	19.6 ^d
Imidacloprid	21	12	10	6	0.6^c±0.2	39.7	45.8	74.2	53.2 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	21	18	17	16	1.6^b±0.2	9.5	23.1	31.1	21.2 ^c
Control	19	18	20	21	2.1^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.31±				1.04
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2022
Fenpyroximate	16	15	14	13	1.3^b±0.2	14.1	23.0	36.2	24.4 ^e
Hexythiazox	18	17	15	14	1.4^b±0.2	13.4	26.7	38.9	26.3 ^d
Congest	16	15	12	11	1.1^b±0.1	14.1	34.0	46.0	31.4 ^b
Spirodiclofen	13	12	10	10	1.0^b±0.1	15.4	32.3	39.6	29.1 ^c
Abamectin	17	16	14	13	1.3^b±0.1	13.7	27.5	39.9	27.0 ^d
Imidacloprid	12	6	4	3	0.3^c±0.1	54.2	70.7	80.4	68.4 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	19	18	15	14	1.4^b±0.2	13.2	30.5	42.1	28.6 ^c
Control	22	24	25	28	2.8^a±0.3	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.35				1.6

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Decrease %			Grand D. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2023
Fenpyroximate	14	12	11	11	1.1^c±0.1	19.1	21.4	29.7	32.4 ^c
Hexythiazox	15	14	13	12	1.2^bc±0.2	11.9	13.3	28.4	19.0 ^e
Congest	18	13	12	11	1.1^c±0.1	31.8	33.3	31.7	32.3 ^c
Spirodiclofen	20	18	17	16	1.6^ab±0.2	15.0	15.0	28.4	19.5 ^e
Abamectin	16	14	12	12	1.2^bc±0.2	17.4	25.0	32.9	25.1 ^d
Imidacloprid	18	10	9	7	0.7^d±0.2	47.5	50.0	65.2	54.2 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	20	16	15	14	1.4^bc±0.2	24.4	25.0	37.4	38.9 ^b
Control	17	18	17	19	1.9^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.31				1.54
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2023
Fenpyroximate	19	17	15	15	1.5^bc±0.2	14.4	27.6	33.2	25.1 ^d
Hexythiazox	16	15	14	14	1.4^bc±0.1	10.3	19.8	26.0	18.7 ^f
Congest	18	13	12	11	1.1^c±0.1	30.9	38.9	48.3	39.4 ^b
Spirodiclofen	17	14	14	13	1.3^bc±0.2	21.2	24.5	35.3	27.0 ^c
Abamectin	13	12	10	11	1.1^c±0.1	11.7	29.5	28.4	23.2 ^e
Imidacloprid	12	7	6	6	0.6^d±0.2	44.2	54.2	57.7	50.3 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	20	17	16	17	1.7^b±0.2	18.7	26.7	28.1	24.5 ^d
Control	22	23	24	26	2.6^a±0.3	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.31				1.2

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Decrease %			Grand D. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2022
Fenpyroximate	17	16	15	15	1.5^b±0.2	10.0	15.6	25.3	17.0 ^f
Hexythiazox	19	18	16	16	1.6^b±0.2	9.4	19.5	28.7	19.2 ^e
Congest	20	16	14	13	1.3^b±0.2	23.5	33.0	45.0	33.8 ^b
Spirodiclofen	16	15	13	12	1.2^b±0.2	10.3	22.3	36.5	23.0 ^c
Abamectin	20	19	18	17	1.7^b±0.2	9.1	13.9	28.1	17.0 ^f
Imidacloprid	16	10	8	7	0.7^c±0.2	40.2	52.2	63.0	51.8 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	19	18	16	15	1.5^b±0.2	9.4	19.5	33.2	20.7 ^d
Control	22	23	23	26	2.6^a±0.3	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.47				1.07
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2022
Fenpyroximate	19	18	16	15	1.5^b±0.2	9.1	22.3	29.8	20.4 ^f
Hexythiazox	17	15	14	14	1.4^b±0.2	15.3	24.0	26.8	22.0 ^e
Congest	18	14	12	12	1.2^bc±0.2	25.3	38.5	40.7	34.8 ^b
Spirodiclofen	20	18	16	15	1.5^b±0.2	13.6	26.2	33.3	24.4 ^d
Abamectin	17	15	12	13	1.3^bc± 0.2	15.3	34.8	32.0	27.4 ^c
Imidacloprid	16	10	8	8	0.8^c ±0.2	40.0	53.9	55.6	49.8 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	21	20	16	15	1.5^b±0.2	8.6	29.7	36.5	24.9 ^d
Control	24	25	26	27	2.7^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.43				1.2

Tested pesticides	Mean n. of mites/ 10 leaf				Final mean /leaf ±SE	Decrease %			Grand D. %
	Days after spraying					Days after spraying
	0	3	7	14		3	7	14
1^st spray 1^st April , 2023
Fenpyroximate	16	15	14	14	1.4^b±0.2	14.4	26.5	31.9	24.3 ^e
Hexythiazox	19	18	15	16	1.6^b±0.2	13.5	33.7	34.5	27.3 ^cd
Congest	19	15	14	12	1.2^bc±0.2	27.9	38.1	50.9	39.0 ^b
Spirodiclofen	17	16	15	13	1.3^bc±0.2	14.1	25.9	40.5	26.8 ^d
Abamectin	20	19	17	16	1.6^b±0.3	13.3	28.6	37.8	26.6 ^d
Imidacloprid	21	14	10	8	0.8^c±0.2	39.1	60.0	70.4	56.5 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	17	16	14	13	1.3^bc±0.2	14.1	30.8	40.5	28.5 ^c
Control	21	23	25	27	2.7^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.39				1.22
2^nd spray 2^nd May, 2023
Fenpyroximate	18	16	14	13	1.3 ^bc±0.2	14.7	28.2	30.7	24.5 ^c
Hexythiazox	17	15	14	13	1.3^bc±0.2	15.3	24.0	26.6	22.0 ^e
Congest	20	16	15	14	1.4^b±0.2	23.2	30.8	32.8	28.9 ^b
Spirodiclofen	19	17	16	15	1.5^b±0.2	14.1	22.3	24.2	20.2 ^f
Abamectin	21	18	17	16	1.6^b±0.3	17.7	25.3	26.9	23.3 ^d
Imidacloprid	19	12	10	9	0.9^c±0.2	39.4	51.4	54.5	48.4 ^a
Chlorfenapyr	20	18	16	15	1.5^b±0.2	13.6	26.2	28.0	22.6 ^de
Control	24	25	26	25	2.5^a±0.2	-	-	-	-
LSD (0.05%)					0.33				1.02

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