Novos registros sobre a diversidade da Ictiofauna do rio Panjkora Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Mohsin, Mohsin Ullah; Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.283612 copiar

Novos registros sobre a diversidade da Ictiofauna do rio Panjkora Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Este estudo foi projetado para avaliar a diversidade da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Para isso, foram coletados um total de .1189 peixes de seis locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificados através de chaves-padrão. Os peixes coletados e identificados representavam 38 espécies, pertencentes a 7 famílias. A investigação durou um ano, de julho de 2021 a maio de 2022. A família mais dominante foi Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), seguida por Nemacheilidae 5,8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5,2% (n=62/ 1189), Sisoridae 5,1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4,9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2,6% (n=31/1189), e o mínimo foi Bagridae 0,17 (n=2/1189). A espécie mais abundante foi Schizothorax plagiostomus com densidade relativa de 16,8. A família Cyprinidae foi representada por 21 espécies, Sisoridae por 7 espécies, Nemacheilidae por 5 espécies, Channidae por 2 espécies, enquanto Bagridae, Salmonidae e Mastacembelidae foram representados cada um por uma única espécie. PAST 3, XLSTAT e EXCEL 2019 foram utilizados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a correlação entre diversidade e riqueza de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Kumrat para Busaq foram 3,32, 1,01, 0,80, 0,44, 0,31 e 0,10, respectivamente. O valor mais alto em Kumrat mostra maior diversidade. A avaliação da qualidade da água apresentou valor médio de temperatura da água 10,4 ͦC, pH 7,0, condutividade elétrica 184 mg/L, oxigênio dissolvido 7,9 mg/L, turbidez 43,73 mg/L, sólidos totais dissolvidos 101 mg/L, sólidos suspensos totais 34,72 mg/L, sólidos totais 135,53 mg/L, alcalinidade total 75,77 mg/L, dureza total 58,37 mg/L, amônia 0,46 mg/L, sulfato 26,03 mg/L, cloreto 14,67 mg/L, cálcio 69,11 mg/L, cromo 0,18 mg /L, cobre 0,03, cobalto mg/L 0,04, níquel 0,039 mg/L, chumbo 0,02 mg/L e zinco 0,35 mg/L. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos permaneceu dentro dos limites aceitáveis durante todo o período de estudo. Análise do conteúdo intestinal dos peixes incluiu ninfas, larvas de insetos, presença de algas, protozoários e macroinvertebrados no ecossistema fluvial.

Palavras-chave:
diversidade ictiofaunística; Rio Panjkora; Dir

S.No	English name	Local name	Common name	Order	Family	Sub-family	Genus	Specie
1	Common Carp	Common Carp	Carp	Cypriniformes	Cyprinidae	Cyprininae	Cyprinus	carpio
2	Watson’s barb	Barb	atson’s barb				Cyprinus	watsoni
3	Goldfish	Paplate	Sona Machli				Carassius	auratus
4	Snowtrout	Chirruh	Snowtrout			Barbinae	Schizothorax	esocinus
5	Chush Snowtrout	Swati	Khont				Schizothorax	plagiostomus
6	Two-spot Barb	Ticto barb	Ticto barb				Puntius	Ticto
7	Pool barb	Spot fin swamp barb	Pool barb					sophore
8	Blackspot barb	Barb	Blackspot barb					chonchonius
9	Snow trout	Chirruh	Deccan Mahseer			Schizothoracinae	Racoma	labieta
10	Golden Mahseer	Mahasher	Golden Mahseer			Danioninae	Tor	putitora
11	The Spotted Garra	Kanesatt	The Spotted Garra				Gara	gotyla
12	Rahu	Rahu	Rahu				Labeo	rohita
13	Black-lipped labeo	Rui	Roho labeo				Labeo	diplocheilus
14	Common stone loach	spena deqa	Common stone loach				Crossocheilus	diplocheilus
15	Pakistani hill trout	Patty mahay	Pakistani chawla			Lebeoninae	Barilius	pakistanicus
16	Oriental Flying Barb	Mahseer	Silver fish				Barilius	vagra
17	Spotted barb	Mola chilwa	Highfin spotted barb				Amblypharangodon	Mola
18	Spotted Barb	Mola chilwa	Highfin Spotted Barb				Barilius	modestus
19	Punjab snow trout	khurdni machhli	Punjab salmon				Salmophasia	punjabensis
20	Platinum Rasbora	Darikhana	Long fin rasbora				Rasbora	danisconius
21	Bendel’s Minnow	Tilla	Indian Hill trout			Rasborinae	Barilius	bendelinsis
22	Short strip loach	Shistora	Trout		Nemacheilidae	Squaliobarbinae	Schistura	curtistigma
23	Small-eyed Snowtrout	Leh triplophysa loach	Small-eyed Stone Loach				Triplophysa	microps
24	Pointed tail loach	Bilturi	Pointed tail loach				Acanthocobitis	botia
25	Prashar Loach	Parashari	Parshar				Schistura	prashari
26	False zebra loach	zebra loach	Scaleless loach				Schistura	alepidota
27	River catfish	Barituky	River catfish	Siluriformes	Sisoridae		Gagata	Cenia
28	Punjab Glyptosternon	Sulamanne	Punjab Glyptosternon				Glyptothorax	punjabensis
29	Hearth throat catfish	Epithet cavia	Cat e-long					Cavia
30	Snow trout	Asala	Snow trout					stocki
31	Reticulated Hillstream loach	Yoyo loach	Chines sucker fish				Glyptosternon	reticulatum
32	Sufi’s catfish	Glyptothorax kashmiri	Sufi’s catfish				Glyptothorax	Sufii
33	Gangetic Loach	Almora Loach	Spiny Loach			Sisorinae	Nangra	Robusta
34					Bagridae	Ritinae	Rita	Rita
35	Spotted Snakehead	Katasarre	Shoal	Channiformes	Channidae	Squaliobarbinae	Channa	Punctate
36	Brown dwarf snake head	katasari	Dwarf head	Channiformes	Channidae		Channa	gachua
37	Rainbow trout	Trout	Rainbow Trout	Salmoniformes	Salmonidae		Oncorhynchus	mykiss
38	eel	marmahay	Zigzag eel	Mastacembeliforms	Mastacembelidae		Mastacembelus	armatus

S. No	Taxon	Kumrat	Sheringal	Gandigar	Khal	Shagukas	Busaq	Density	Relative Density	Frequency	Relative Frequency
1	Schizothorax esocinus	3	4	3	5	6	2	3.83	1.93	1	4.93
2	Schizothorax plagiostomus	12	15	20	39	51	63	33.33	16.83	1	4.93
3	Racoma labieta	4	8	17	7	14	17	11.16	5.63	1	4.93
4	Tor putitora	0	6	4	5	6	4	4.16	2.10	0.8	3.94
5	Gara gotyla	0	12	5	23	45	34	19.83	10.01	0.8	3.94
6	Carassius auratus	0	11	3	5	8	11	6.33	3.19	0.8	3.94
7	Cyprinus carpio	0	4	8	14	9	11	7.66	3.87	0.8	3.94
8	Cyprinus watsoni	0	0	7	2	7	0	2.66	1.34	0.5	2.46
9	Barilius vagra	0	7	8	38	27	0	13.33	6.73	0.7	3.45
10	Amblypharangodon mola	0	0	7	3	9	0	3.16	1.59	0.5	2.46
11	Barilius modestus	0	1	7	5	4	0	2.83	1.43	0.7	3.45
12	Salmophasia punjabensis	0	3	4	5	8	0	3.33	1.68	0.7	3.45
13	Rasbora danisconius	0	4	2	6	2	0	2.33	1.17	0.7	3.45
14	Labeo rohita	0	0	5	3	3	5	2.66	1.34	0.7	3.45
15	Labeo diplocheilus	0	0	8	6	3	0	2.83	1.43	0.5	2.46
16	Crossocheilus diplocheilus	0	6	13	5	20	31	12.5	6.31	0.8	3.94
17	Barilius pakistanicus	0	0	7	38	23	0	11.33	5.72	0.5	2.46
18	Barilius bendelinsis	0	0	0	0	0	3	0.5	0.25	0.17	0.83
19	Triplophysa microps	0	5	7	0	0	0	2	1.01	0.33	1.62
20	Acanthocobitis botia	0	8	12	0	0	0	3.33	1.68	0.33	1.62
21	Schistura prashari	0	7	10	0	0	0	2.83	1.43	0.33	1.62
22	Schistura alepidote	0	0	0	13	0	5	3	1.51	0.33	1.62
23	Gagata cenia	0	0	4	5	0	0	1.5	0.75	0.33	1.62
24	Glyptothorax punjabensis	0	0	0	14	3	2	3.16	1.59	0.5	2.46
25	Glyptothorax cavia	0	0	0	0	1	0	0.16	0.08	0.17	0.83
26	Glyptothorax stocki	0	0	2	0	0	0	0.33	0.16	0.17	0.83
27	Glyptosternon reticulatum	0	0	2	0	1	1	0.66	0.33	0.5	2.46
28	Nangra robusta	0	10	7	0	0	0	2.83	1.43	0.33	1.62
29	Channa punctate	0	4	0	7	23	0	5.66	2.86	0.5	2.46
30	Channa gachua	0	0	0	11	17	0	4.66	2.35	0.33	1.62
31	Oncorhynchus mykiss	27	4	0	0	0	0	5.16	2.6	0.33	1.62
32	Mastacembelus armatus	0	0	11	15	15	17	9.66	4.88	0.7	3.45
33	Glyptothorax sufii	0	0	0	9	0	0	1.5	0.75	0.17	0.83
34	Puntius ticto	0	2	3	6	2	0	2.16	1.09	0.7	3.45
35	Puntius sophore	0	2	4	7	5	0	3	1.51	0.7	3.45
36	Puntius chonchonius	0	0	7	3	2	0	2	1.01	0.5	2.46
37	Rita rita	0	0	0	0	0	2	0.33	0.16	0.17	0.83
38	Schistura curtistigma	0	0	2	0	0	0	0.33	0.16	0.17	0.83
	Total	46	123	199	299	314	208	198	100	20.26	100

S. No	Name of Fish	T.L	S.L	F.L	H.L	E.D	Sn. L	Pre DL	Post D.L	Pre- PL	Post- PL	LCP	BD	BW
1	Cyprinus carpio	16.0	12.0	13.0	3.0	0.6	1.8	13.2	13.7	13.5	14.2	4.4	10.8	6.2
2	Cyprinus watsoni	13.7	12	13.2	3.6	0.5	2.7	6.2	6.6	2.2	2.8	3.5	3.5	4.7
3	Carassius auratus	18	14.3	16.6	4.05	0.9	0.7	4.2	4.4	4.6	4.8	2.8	3.6	1.2
4	Schizothorax esocinus	18.4	15.1	17.4	3.5	0.7	2.2	14.4	14.8	19	20.3	5.1	4.1	3.0
5	Schizothorax plagiostomus	31.2	25.5	27.0	5.5	1.0	2.3	14.4	14.8	16.0	16.3	4.1	4.2	3.1
6	Puntius ticto	8	6.3	7.1	2.05	0.6	1.2	6.4	6.9	7.7	8.0	2.4	4.1	2.8
7	Puntius sophore	13.1	12.1	10.9	2.2	0.7	1.1	6.4	4.2	4.4	5.0	1.2	2.2	1.9
8	Puntius chonchonius	6	4.8	5.4	1.2	0.3	1.0	3.8	4.0	3.9	4.2	2.4	2.1	1.8
9	Racoma labieta	20.3	17.1	18.6	3.7	0.65	2.5	8.0	8.3	7.8	8.0	4.7	3.8	6.3
10	Tor putitora	12.9	10.5	11.8	2.9	0.6	1.5	13.2	13.8	13.9	10.2	3.4	3.6	2.3
11	Gara gotyla	12.2	10.5	11.3	2.6	0.4	1.7	13.2	13.6	13.5	13.8	3.2	3.0	2.4
12	Labeo rohita	14	12.6	12.3	3.3	0.8	2	9.3	9.5	10	0.3	3.2	4.5	2.4
13	Labeo diplocheilus	17	14.3	15.5	3.4	0.5	1.8	6.9	7.1	8.1	8.4	3.0	4.7	2.7
14	Crossocheilus diplocheilus	12.5	10.01	11.2	2.1	0.5	1.1	7.3	7.5	6.8	7	2.1	3	2.5
15	Barilius pakistanicus	8.9	7.2	8	1.65	0.5	0.5	5.8	6	6.2	6.4	1.5	1.7	1.9
16	Barilius vagra	8.6	6.2	7.3	1.8	0.6	0.5	2.9	3	2.6	2.7	1.0	0.8	0.9
17	Amblypharangodon mola	5	4.2	4.5	0.9	0.3	0.8	2.1	2.2	1.9	2	0.9	1.3	0.8
18	Barilius modestus	6	4.6	4.9	1.8	0.4	1.4	3.1	3.3	2.1	2.3	1.5	2	1.9
19	Salmophasia punjabensis	12.5	10.2	11.1	1.9	0.3	.8	7.8	8.2	7.7	8	1.7	2.4	0.8
20	Rasbora danisconius	12.5	10.5	11	2.2	0.5	2.1	6.8	7.1	7	7.2	1.6	2.5	1.7
21	Barilius bendelinsis	12	10.6	10.3	2.3	0.5	2.0	6.7	7.0	6.9	7.1	1.5	2.4	1.6
22	Schistura curtistigma	11	9.6	10.5	2.2	0.5	1.0	6.0	6.3	5.4	5.7	1.4	2.8	2.3
23	Triplophysa microps	10	9.0	8.3	1.5	0.3	0.5	5.2	5.8	5.0	5.2	1.6	2.4	1.9
24	Acanthocobitis botia	6.6	5.3	5.7	1.4	0.3	0.7	2.8	3.1	2.5	2.7	0.3	1.6	1.4
25	Schistura prashari	8.3	7.5	8.0	1.0	0.1	0.5	3.1	3.5	2.9	3.2	1.3	1.3	1.0
26	Schistura alepidota	7.7	6.9	7.3	1.9	0.2	0.8	3.0	3.2	2.8	3.0	1.2	2.0	2.0
27	Gagata cenia	10.1	8.2	9.3	2.4	0.8	1.5	5.1	5.5	4.8	5.1	2.0	2.3	1.2
28	Glyptothorax punjabensis	11.3	10.5	9.9	2.1	0.3	1.7	5.7	5.9	5.4	5.7	1.5	3.0	1.7
29	Glyptothorax cavia	27.5	24.5	25	6.5	0.4	2.8	13.3	13.5	13.0	13.3	5.3	4.2	2.4
30	Glyptothorax stocki	10.1	9.0	8.0	2.0	0.3	1.2	5.4	6.0	5.5	5.9	1.8	2.2	1.6
31	Glyptosternon reticulatum	27.5	24.5	25	6.5	0.4	2.5	14.0	14.3	13.7	14.0	6.3	4.0	3.0
32	Glyptothorax sufii	7.2	6.1	5.1	1.8	0.3	1.2	2.6	2.9	2.5	2.9	1.4	0.9	1.1
33	Nangra robusta	30	20	20.6	5	1.0	2.2	14.3	14.6	15.9	16.1	4.0	4.1	3.0
34	Rita rita	22	18.11	20.35	5.7	0.3	2.2	13.4	13.7	16.0	16.4	4.0	4.4	3.2
35	Channa punctate	11.9	10.1	11.2	2.3	0.6	1.6	4.4	4.8	4.5	4.8	1.4	2.7	1.6
36	Channa gachua	14.1	12	13.7	3.5	0.6	1.6	5.8	6.1	5.7	5.9	2.1	3.2	1.9
37	Oncorhynchus mykiss	15.4	13.6	12.3	2.9	0.7	1.8	6.1	6.4	5.6	5.8	2.3	3.4	2.3
38	Mastacembelus armatus	38.2	35.7	37.0	6	0.6	2.7	16.9	17.3	16.5	16.6	3.1	1.6	3.7

S. No	Name of Fish	D	P	V	A	C	L.L
1	Cyprinus carpio	3/17	15	9	3/5	19	36-38
2	Cyprinus watsoni	3/9-10	15	8	2/7	19	33-36
3	Carassius auratus	3/16-18	17	9	3/5	19	28
4	Schizothorax esocinus	4/8	20	10	3/5	19	95-98
5	Schizothorax plagiostomus	4/8	20	11	3/5	19	110
6	Puntius ticto	3/8	15	1/8	3/5	19	23-26
7	Puntius sophore	3/8	17	1/8	3/5	19	23-26
8	Puntius chonchonius	3/8	11	1/8	2/5	19	20-25
9	Racoma labieta	4/8	20	11	3/5	19	110
10	Tor putitora	4/8	15-18	1/8	2/5	19	22-27
11	Gara gotyla	2/8	15	8	2/5	19	30
12	Labeo rohita	11/112	14/15	8	14/15	14	39
13	Labeo diplocheilus	2/7	17/19	9	2/5	19	31
14	Crossocheilus diplocheilus	3/8	15	9	2/5	19	38
15	Barilius pakistanicus	2/7	15	9	2/10-12	19	42-44
16	Barilius vagra	2/7	15-16	9	2/12	19	142
17	Amblypharangodon mola	2	7	1/6	1/5	15	18-20
18	Barilius modestus	2/7	15-16	9	2/10	19	42
19	Salmophasia punjabensis	2/7	11	8	3/16	19	82
20	Rasbora danisconius	2/7	19	9	2/5	19	31
21	Barilius bendelinsis	4	15	3	2/5	12	29
22	Schistura curtistigma	3/8	11	7	2/5	16
23	Triplophysa microps	3/7	10	8	2/5	14	26
24	Acanthocobitis botia	2/12	11	8	2/5	17	78
25	Schistura prashari	2/7	9	7	2/5	18	-
26	Schistura alepidota	3/7	12	2/6	2/5	18	-
27	Gagata cenia	1/6	1/9	6	3/10-12	19	38
28	Glyptothorax punjabensis	1/6	1/8	6	3/9	18	-
29	Glyptothorax cavia	1/6	1/8	6	3/9	17	-
30	Glyptothorax stocki	1/6	1/10-11	6	1/10-11	16-18	-
31	Glyptosternon reticulatum	1/6	1/11	1/5	2-3/5	16	-
32	Glyptothorax sufii	1/6	1/8	6	3/9	18	-
33	Nangra robusta	5	20	6	5	14	28
34	Rita rita	1/6	1/10	8	1/7	10	-
35	Channa punctate	29-32	17	6	21-23	12	37-40
36	Channa gachua	32-37	15	6	21-23	12	39
37	Oncorhynchus mykiss	14	15	10	13	20	40
38	Mastacembelus armatus	32-39/74-90	23	3/75-88	-	-	-

S.No	Taxon	Kumrat	Sheringal	Gandigar	Khal	Shagukas	Busaq
Macro invertebrates
1	Caddisfly	−	−	+	+	+	+
2	Midge	−	−	+	+	−	−
3	Dragonfly	−	+	−	+	+	+
4	Damselfly	−	+	+	+	+	+
5	Leech	−	−	+	+	+	+
6	Mayfly	−	+	+	+	+	+
7	Planaria	−	−	−	+	+	+
8	Stone fly	+	+	+	+	+	+
9	Water beetle	−	+	+	+	−	+
10	Water scorpion	−	+	−	+	+	+
11	Water stirder	−	+	−	+	−	+
12	Snails/Slugs	−	−	+	+	+	+
13	Water bugs	+	+	+	−	−	−
14	water boatman	+	+	+	+	+	+
15	Riffle beetle	+	+	+	−	−	−
16	Crab	−	+	+	+	+	+
Aquatic algae
1	Oocystus borgei	−	−	+	+	−	−
2	Hydrodictyon reticulatum	+	+	+	−	−	−
3	Cladophora glumerata	−	−	−	+	+	+
4	Oedogonium angustissimum	−	−	+	+	+	+
5	Ulothrix aequalis	−	+	+	+	+	−
6	Volvox globator	+	+	+	+	+	+
7	Volvox tertius	−	+	+	+	−	+
8	Spirogyra acquinocitialis	−	+	−	+	−	−
Aquatic angiosperm
1	Potamogeton natans	−	+	+	+	−	+
2	Potamogeton crispus	+	+	+	+	+	+
3	Potamogeton pectinatus	−	+	−	+	−	−
4	Vallisneria spiralis	−	+	+	+	+	−
5	Hydrilla verticellata	−	+	−	+	+	−
6	Azolla pinnata	−	−	+	+	−	+
7	Marsilea minuta	+	+	−	−	+	−

Variables	Kumrat	Sheringal	Gandigar	Khal	Shagukas	Busaq
Kumrat	1	0.12256	0.59618	0.6294	0.39124	0.11441
Sheringal	0.25485	1	0.000399	0.04968	0.000199	2.0205
Gandigar	0.088757	0.54535	1	0.029778	0.002517	4.0205
Khal	0.080857	0.32064	0.35287	1	4.3009	0.001074
Shagukas	0.14315	0.56816	0.47608	0.78801	1	9.1709
Busaq	0.26036	0.63279	0.61472	0.50992	0.77779	1

Variables	F₁	F₂	F₃	F₄	F₅	F₆
Kumrat	0.29224	0.87096	0.36185	0.15019	0.045449	-0.02157
Sheringal	0.76481	0.23534	-0.3238	-0.44303	0.23918	0.036886
Gandigar	0.72157	-0.01089	-0.51399	0.44572	0.12005	-0.04425
Khal	0.72626	-0.38139	0.4852	0.11508	0.24173	0.14141
Shagukas	0.89843	-0.22343	0.24833	-0.10412	-0.09611	-0.2473
Busaq	0.89255	0.05721	-0.07026	-0.01872	-0.41683	0.14509

Parameters	Kumrat	Sheringal	Gandigar	Khal	Shagukas	Busaq	Mean± SE	USEPA ^* * US EPA (2010) , Standard for Aquatic life	WHO, Standards
Temperature	4.108333	5.308333	11.64	13.97	13.12	14.35	10.416±1.85	<32ċ	16-40ċ
pH	7.2	7	6.9	7.1	6.7	7.2	7.0166±0.07	6.5-8.2	6.5-8.5
EC	204.375	197.7917	202	176	156.41	170.95	184.58±8.00	150-500 µs/cm	250
DO	8.366667	8	8.5	8.1	7.2	7.3	7.911±0.22	6.5-8 mg/L	5.0 mg/L
Turbidity	15	23	73.775	79.37	44.95	26.33	43.73±11.15	<150 mg/L	0.5-10 mg/L
TSS	18.74	19.49	121.31	15.20	14.54	19.05	34.72±17.3	<1500 mg/L	500 mg/L
TDS	55	73	107.35	144.95	110.13	116.70	101.18±13.16	<1500 mg/L	<600mg/L
TS	73.74	92.49	228	160	124	135	135.53±22.32	<2000 mg/L	500 mg/L
TA	43	76.025	100	81.62	150	78	75.77±7.5	100-200 mg/L	10mg/L-400mg/L
TH	25	56.33	68	56.9	43	101	58.37±10.43	50-150 mg/L	10mg/L-400mg/L
NH3	0.503333	0.516667	0.42	0.48	0.48	0.4	0.46±0.01	0.3-0.9 mg/L	0.2-3 mg/L
Sulphate	10.26667	10.95	77	20	24	14	26.03±10.42	3-30 mg/L	250 ml/L
Chloride	11.71	20.46	10.3	12.4	16.8	16.35	14.67±1.56	10-20 mg/L	10-600 mg/L
Ca	71.9	89.79	28	70	93	62	69.11±9.57	350-450 mg/L	4-160 mg/L
Cr	0.545	0.391667	0.02	0.017	0.061	0.05	0.18±0.09	<0.05 mg/L	0.05 mg/L
Cu	0.004	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.03±0.01	<0.007 mg/L	2 mg/L
Co	0.0	0.0	0.022	0.02	0.2	0.046	0.04±0.03	<0.11 mg/L	0.1 mg/L
Ni	0.0	0.0	0.042	0.047	0.09	0.06	0.039±0.014	<0.05 mg/L	0.07 mg/L
Pb	0.0	0.0	0.05	0.03	0.045	0.03	0.02±0.008	<0.01 mg/L	0.01mg/L
Zn	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.04	1.9	0.35±0.40	<0.086 mg/L	0.3 mg/L

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia R. Bento Carlos, 750, 13560-660 São Carlos SP - Brasil, Tel. e Fax: (55 16) 3362-5400 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

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[1] *e-mail: mohsin.icpzoology33@gmail.com