Artrópodes e doenças afetam a produção de frutos em <i>Caryocar brasiliense</i> Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae)?

Demolin-Leite, G. L.

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Sumário

Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.253215 copiar

Artrópodes e doenças afetam a produção de frutos em Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae)?

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Frequências, magnitudes e distribuição de ocorrência pode afetar os eventos. O problema pode ser pior ou a solução melhor se maiores frequências e magnitudes forem apresentadas com distribuição agregada no sistema de produção. Índices, então, são usados para assistir na decisão de certas questões. O sistema formado pelo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), uma espécie arbórea típica e economicamente importante do Cerrado brasileiro, e seus diversos artrópodes são adequados para avaliar um novo índice. A motivação deste trabalho foi testar um índice capaz de identificar as fontes de perda e de soluções, e suas importâncias em termos de perdas ou ganhos no sistema. O índice é: percentagem de importância $(% I . I .) = [(k s_{1} \times c_{1} \times d s_{1}) / Σ (k s_{1} \times c_{1} \times d s_{1}) + (k s_{2} \times c_{2} \times d s_{2}) + (k s_{n} \times c_{n} \times d s_{n})] x 100. O % I . I .$ separou as fontes de perda [ex., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em frutos = 41,90%)] na percentagem de redução na produção de frutos (ex., 0,13%), calculando o nível de atenção (ex., 0,10/fruto), com um total de perda de produção de 1,35% (≈ 307 frutos totais perdidos). O % I.I. também separou as fontes de solução [ex., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55,48%)], o nível de não atenção (ex., Z. armillatus: 0,394 para E. rufomarginata em fruto), com total de ganho de 0,56% (≈ 128 total de frutos salvos) no sistema natural (ex., árvores de C. brasiliense). Esse índice pode calcular essas perdas ou a eficácia das soluções monetariamente. Aqui eu testo o % I.I., um índice capaz de detectar fatores chaves de perda e de soluções no sistema, capaz de ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Palavras-chave:
abundância; agregação; agricultura; teste do qui-quadrado; constância; frequência; sistema natural

Loss sources - phytophagous arthropods and diseases	Chi-square test
	Var.	Mean			P		Dist.
Acari: Acaridae (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Histiostomidae, Histiostoma sp. (l.)	282.16	21.45			0.00		Agg.
Tetranychidae, Eutetranychus sp. (l.)	0.45	0.15			0.00		Agg.
Tetranychus sp.1 (l.)	4.88	1.60			0.00		Agg.
Tetranychus sp.2 (l.)	2.93	1.25			0.00		Agg.
Blattodea: none identified (l.)	0.09	0.10			0.52		Ran.
Termitidae, Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri, 1901) (t.,b.)	8.98	2.85			0.00		Agg.
Coelomyceto, Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák (b.)	249.71	6.85			0.00		Agg.
Coleoptera: Alticidae, Oedionychus sp. (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Chrysomelidae, Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Curculionidae, Naupactus sp.1 (l.)	0.56	0.35			0.05		Ran.
Naupactus sp.1 (fr.)	123.00	10.50			0.00		Agg.
Naupactus sp.2 (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Naupactus sp.3 (l.)	3.06	0.70			0.00		Agg.
Rhinochenus stigma (L., 1758) (l.)	0.17	0.20			0.66		Ran.
Elateridae, Apoptus sp. (l.)	0.37	0.55			0.86		Ran.
Tenebrionidae, Camaria sp. (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Lepidoptera, none identified (l. miner)	109.11	20.50			0.00		Agg.
Arctiidae (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Cossidae (t.)	1.43	0.80			0.02		Agg.
Ctenuchiidae (l.)	0.09	0.10			0.52		Ran.
Nymphalidae, Eunica bechina Talbot, 1928 (l.)	0.09	0.10			0.52		Ran.
Oecophoridae (l.)	0.09	0.10			0.52		Ran.
Sesiidae, Carmenta sp. (fr.)	23.01	4.20			0.00		Agg.
Hemiptera: Aethalionidae, Aethalium reticulatum L., 1767(l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
A. reticulatum (f.)	0.80	0.20			0.00		Agg.
Aleyrodidae, Bemisia tabaci (Genn., 1889) (l.)	0.09	0.10			0.52		Ran.
Aphididae, Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (l.)	22.66	1.65			0.00		Agg.
Cercopidae, Mahanarva sp. (l.)	0.67	0.40			0.03		Ran.
Cicadellidae, Dikrella caryocar Coelho,Leite and Da-Silva,2014(l.)	1099.73	37.05			0.00		Agg.
Frequenamia sp. (l.)	2.57	0.60			0.00		Agg.
Aconophora sp. (l.)	3.12	0.80			0.00		Agg.
Aconophora sp. (f.)	8.62	0.90			0.00		Agg.
Aconophora sp. (fr.)	168.34	5.15			0.00		Agg.
Pentatomidae, Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (l.)	5.27	2.30			0.00		Agg.
E. rufomarginata (b.)	739.57	14.90			0.00		Agg.
E. rufomarginata (fr.)	5.04	1.90			0.00		Agg.
Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcus sp. (l.)	15.29	1.65			0.00		Agg.
Hymenoptera none identified (l.)	8.99	2.45			0.00		Agg.
None identified (f.)	0.09	0.10			0.52		Ran.
Apidae, Trigona spinipes Fabr., 1793 (f.)	4.33	1.30			0.00		Agg.
Eulophidae (l.)	5.94	4.00			0.08		Ran.
Eurytomidae, Bruchophagus sp. (l.)	1.48	0.70			0.00		Agg.
Eurytoma sp. (l.)	87472.71	251.89			0.00		Agg.
Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Oxyprora flavicornis Redtenb, 1891 (l.)	0.05	0.05			0.46		Ran.
Solution sources - natural enemies
Acari: Ascidae, Proctolaelaps sp. (l.)	82.56	2.65			0.00		Agg.
Stigmaeidae, Agistemus sp. (l.)	15.42	3.05			0.00		Agg.
Araneae: various species of spiders (l., f.)	2.03	1.65			0.22		Ran.
Coleoptera: Carabidae, Calosoma sp. (l.)	0.20	0.10			0.01		Agg.
Coccinellidae, Neocalvia fulgurata Mulsant, 1850 (l.)	4.30	0.75			0.00		Agg.
Diptera: Alycaulini (l.)	86.98	5.85			0.00		Agg.
Hemiptera: Geocoridae, Epipolops sp. (l.)	1.63	1.05			0.06		Ran.
Reduviidae, Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (l.)	0.64	0.70			0.56		Ran.
Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae, Ablerus magistretti Blanchard, 1942(l.)	263.01	14.20			0.00		Agg.
Eulophidae, Quadrastichus sp. (l.)	7.14	1.75			0.00		Agg.
Eurytomidae, Sycophila sp. (l.)	7386.04	79.60			0.00		Agg.
Formicidae, Crematogaster sp. (l., f., fr.)	359.00	24.45			0.00		Agg.
Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (l., fr.)	0.73	0.90			0.70		Ran.
Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla sp. (l.)	0.24	0.15			0.05		Ran.
Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae, Holopothrips sp. (l.)	0.95	1.00			0.52		Ran.
Trybonia sp. (l.)	158.15	7.60			0.00		Agg.
Simple regression analysis				ANOVA
			R²	F		P
F.P.=757.13+150.07xAconophora sp. (fr.)-2.18xAconophora sp. (fr.)²			0.46	7.15		0.0056
F.P.=1852.86-173.60xCarmenta sp. (fr.)			0.56	22.47		0.0002
F.P.=502.21+1605.48xCossidae (t.)-331.72xCossidae (t.)²			0.52	9.30		0.0019
F.P.=1682.18-26.47xE. rufomarginata (b.)			0.49	17.23		0.0006
F.P.=2022.18-438.26xE. rufomarginata (fr.)			0.80	72.38		0.0000
F.P.=1474.52-35.61xE. rufomarginata (l.)			0.29	7.44		0.0138
F.P.=23.54+193.38xNaupactus sp.1(fr.)-4.10xNaupactus sp.1 (fr.)²			0.90	75.78		0.0000
F.P.=30.14+8.89xEurytoma sp. (l.)-0.01xEurytoma sp. (l.)²			0.88	64.78		0.0000
F.P.=1685.00-38.44xPhomopsis sp. (b.)			0.42	13.11		0.0020
F.P.=456.41+1071.39xT. spinipes (f.)-125.08xT. spinipes (f.)²			0.53	9.66		0.0016
Carmenta sp.(fr.)=8.12-0.16xCrematogaster sp.			0.40	12.10		0.0027
E. rufomarginata (b.)=47.08-1.06xCrematogaster sp.			0.47	15.63		0.0009
E. rufomarginata (fr.)=4.47-0.10xCrematogaster sp.			0.68	37.55		0.0000
E. rufomarginata (fr.)=0.55+4.33xP. termitarius-1.60xP. termitarius²			0.40	5.65		0.0131
E. rufomarginata (fr.)=3.18-1.62xZ. armillatus			0.32	8.53		0.0091
E. rufomarginata (l.)=21.73-0.49xCrematogaster sp.			0.29	7.51		0.0134
Eurytoma sp. (l.)=-7.17+3.09xCrematogaster sp.-0.03xCrematogaster sp.²			0.84	45.56		0.0000
Eurytoma sp. (l.)=13.79+0.80xSycophila sp.-0.003xSycophila sp.²			0.67	17.15		0.0001
Eurytoma sp. (l.)=-50.58+28.55x A. magistretti-0.23x A. magistretti²			0.83	40.33		0.0000
Eurytoma sp. (l.)=8.12+356.49xEpipolops sp.-49.26xEpipolops sp.²			0.66	16.15		0.0001
Eurytoma sp. (l.)=101.60+619.94xZ. armillatus-257.87xZ. armillatus²			0.31	3.74		0.0450
Naupactus sp.1(fr.)=-8.17+1.31xCrematogaster sp.-0.01xCrematogaster sp.²			0.80	34.52		0.0000
Naupactus sp.1 (fr.)=3.40+25.15xZ. armillatus-9.55xZ. armillatus²			0.44	6.79		0.0068

Loss sources
*L.S.*	n	*R.P.*	ks	c	ds	*n.I.I.*	Σn.I.I.	*%I.I.*
E. rufomarginata (fr.)	38	0.800	0.021053	10	1.00	0.211	0.502	41.900
Carmenta sp. (fr.)	84	0.560	0.006667	14	1.00	0.093	0.502	18.578
E. rufomarginata (l.)	46	0.290	0.006304	13	1.00	0.082	0.502	16.295
Cossidae (t.)	16	0.107	0.006702	8	0.98	0.053	0.502	10.476
T. spinipes (f.)	26	0.062	0.002376	11	1.00	0.026	0.502	5.202
Phomopsis sp. (b.)	137	0.420	0.003066	6	1.00	0.018	0.502	3.661
E. rufomarginata (b.)	298	0.490	0.001644	11	1.00	0.018	0.502	3.600
Naupactus sp.1 (fr.)	210	0.019	0.000091	13	1.00	0.001	0.502	0.235
Aconophora sp. (fr.)	103	0.007	0.000065	4	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.051
Eurytoma sp. (l.)	5039	0.001	0.000000	20	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.001
Acaridae (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
Histiostoma sp. (l.)	429	0.000	0.000000	18	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Eutetranychus sp. (l.)	3	0.000	0.000000	1	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Tetranychus sp.1 (l.)	32	0.000	0.000000	9	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Tetranychus sp.2 (l.)	25	0.000	0.000000	9	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Blattodea none identified (l.)	2	0.000	0.000000	2	0.48	0.000	0.502	0.000
C. cyphergaster (t. and b.)	57	0.000	0.000000	17	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Oedionychus sp. (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
D. speciosa (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
Naupactus sp.1 (l.)	7	0.000	0.000000	5	0.95	0.000	0.502	0.000
Naupactus sp.2 (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
Naupactus sp.3 (l.)	14	0.000	0.000000	4	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
R. stigma (l.)	4	0.000	0.000000	4	0.34	0.000	0.502	0.000
Apoptus sp. (l.)	11	0.000	0.000000	10	0.14	0.000	0.502	0.000
Camaria sp. (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
Lepidopteran leaf miner	410	0.000	0.000000	20	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Arctiidae (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
Ctenuchiidae (l.)	2	0.000	0.000000	2	0.48	0.000	0.502	0.000
E. bechina (l.)	2	0.000	0.000000	2	0.48	0.000	0.502	0.000
Oecophoridae (l.)	2	0.000	0.000000	2	0.48	0.000	0.502	0.000
A. reticulatum (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
A. reticulatum (f.)	4	0.000	0.000000	1	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
B. tabaci (l.)	2	0.000	0.000000	2	0.48	0.000	0.502	0.000
A. gossypii (l.)	33	0.000	0.000000	3	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Mahanarva sp. (l.)	8	0.000	0.000000	5	0.97	0.000	0.502	0.000
D. caryocar (l.)	741	0.000	0.000000	19	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Frequenamia sp. (l.)	12	0.000	0.000000	5	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Aconophora sp. (l.)	16	0.000	0.000000	6	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Aconophora sp. (f.)	18	0.000	0.000000	2	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Pseudococcus sp. (l.)	33	0.000	0.000000	6	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Hymenoptera none identified (l.)	49	0.000	0.000000	11	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
Hymenoptera None identified (f.)	2	0.000	0.000000	2	0.48	0.000	0.502	0.000
Eulophidae (l.)	79	0.000	0.000000	19	0.92	0.000	0.502	0.000
Bruchophagus sp. (l.)	14	0.000	0.000000	8	1.00	0.000	0.502	0.000
O. flavicornis (l.)	1	0.000	0.000000	1	0.54	0.000	0.502	0.000
Solution sources
*S.S.*	n	*E.S.*	ks	c	ds	*n.I.I.*	Σn.I.I.	*%I.I.*
Z. armillatus (l.)	14	0.166	0.043298	10	0.44	0.190	0.342	55.475
Crematogaster sp. (l., f., and fr.)	489	1.849	0.003781	20	1.00	0.076	0.342	22.082
Epipolops sp. (l.)	21	0.091	0.004342	11	0.94	0.045	0.342	13.130
P. termitarius (l. and fr.)	18	0.146	0.008104	13	0.30	0.031	0.342	9.173
A. magistretti (l.)	284	0.007	0.000024	19	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.131
Sycophila sp. (l.)	1592	0.003	0.000002	19	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.009
Proctolaelaps sp. (l.)	53	0.000	0.000000	3	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.000
Agistemus sp. (l.)	61	0.000	0.000000	12	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.000
Spiders (l. and f.)	33	0.000	0.000000	16	0.78	0.000	0.342	0.000
Calosoma sp. (l.)	2	0.000	0.000000	1	0.99	0.000	0.342	0.000
N. fulgurata (l.)	15	0.000	0.000000	5	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.000
Alycaulini (l.)	117	0.000	0.000000	15	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.000
Quadrastichus sp. (l.)	35	0.000	0.000000	12	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.000
Chrysoperla sp. (l.)	3	0.000	0.000000	2	0.95	0.000	0.342	0.000
Holopothrips sp. (l.)	20	0.000	0.000000	13	0.48	0.000	0.342	0.000
Trybonia sp. (l.)	152	0.000	0.000000	12	1.00	0.000	0.342	0.000

Loss of production by loss source
*L.S.*	*L.P.L.S.*	*% L.P.L.S.*	*n per sample*	*A.L.*
E. rufomarginata (b.)	145.932	0.641	0.034	0.040
Phomopsis sp. (b.)	57.425	0.252	0.016	0.047
E. rufomarginata (l.)	13.156	0.058	0.005	0.069
E. rufomarginata (fr.)	30.400	0.133	0.018	0.099
Carmenta sp. (fr.)	47.040	0.206	0.039	0.141
T. spinipes (fl.)	1.606	0.007	0.018	1.921
Cossidae (t.)	1.716	0.008	0.022	2.213
Naupactus sp.1 (fr.)	4.007	0.018	0.097	4.146
Aconophora sp. (fr.)	0.684	0.003	0.048	11.905
Eurytoma sp. (l.)	4.988	0.022	0.583	19.979
Total Σ	306.954	1.348	---	---
Increase in production per solution source and total
	E. rufomarginata (b.)
*S.S.*	*E.S.*	*I.G.*	*% I.G.*	*N.A.L.*
Crematogaster sp.	0.470	68.525	0.301	0.106
Σa	---	68.525	0.301	---
	E. rufomarginata (l.)
Crematogaster sp.	0.286	3.765	0.017	0.306
Σb	---	3.765	0.017	---
	E. rufomarginata (fr.)
Crematogaster sp.	0.680	20.672	0.091	0.184
P. termitarius	0.146	4.434	0.019	0.857
Z. armillatus	0.317	9.639	0.042	0.394
Σc	---	34.745	0.152	---
	Carmenta sp. (fr.)
Crematogaster sp.	0.399	18.765	0.082	0.439
Σd	---	18.765	0.082	---
	Naupactus sp.1 (fr.)
Crematogaster sp.	0.006	0.024	0.0001	849.453
Z. armillatus	0.166	0.665	0.003	31.261
Σe	---	0.689	0.003	---
	Eurytoma sp. (l.)
A. magistretti	0.007	0.033	0.0001	3735.130
Crematogaster sp.	0.008	0.041	0.0001	3062.411
Epipolops sp.	0.091	0.455	0.002	273.878
Sycophila sp.	0.003	0.013	0.0001	9941.293
Z. armillatus	0.123	0.614	0.003	31.261
Σf	---	1.156	0.005	---
Total Σ=Σa+...+f	---	127.646	0.560	---

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