Rice bran |
Treated with various types of carbohydrase enzymes, such as Viscozyme, Termamyl, Celluclast, amyloglucosidase (AMG), Ultraflo, and Pentopan, to increase antioxidant activity. |
All added carbohydrase enzymes were proven to increase the antioxidant activity of the rice bran extract by 1.5-3.3 times. |
Kim and Lim, 2016KIM, S.M. and LIM, S.T., 2016. Enhanced antioxidant activity of rice bran extract by carbohydrase treatment. Journal of Cereal Science, vol. 68, pp. 116-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.01.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.01....
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Brown, black, and white rice of various varieties available in Thailand |
A total of 20 rice varieties were studied for their content of anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids, α-tocopherol, DPPH activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). |
The highest content of total phenolic, flavonoid, and α-tocopherol was found in black rice, followed by brown rice, and pigmented rice varieties had the highest antioxidant activity. |
Pramai and Jiamyangyuen, 2016PRAMAI, P. and JIAMYANGYUEN, S., 2016. Chemometric classification of pigmented rice varieties based on antioxidative properties in relation to color. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 463-472.
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Thai rice (various varieties) |
Treated using DPPH method. |
There was a positive correlation between high levels of Zn and antioxidant activity; on the other hand, a negative correlation was found between levels of Fe and antioxidant activity. |
Prom-U-Thai et al., 2016PROM-U-THAI, C., JAMRUS, S., JAKSOMSAK, P., ROUACHED, H. and RERKASEM, B., 2016. Iron, zinc and total antioxidant capacity in different layers of rice grain among different varieties. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1131-1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0216...
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Black rice |
Treated with pulsed electric feld (PEF) in black rice using the specified treatment technique. |
Optimizing the PEF treatment conditions to 5 kV/cm, 3000 beats, and 0.5 g/mL produced higher C3G, with levels of 92.59 ± 4.79 mg/g, and as much as 4.59 ± 0.27 mg/g P3G compared with the process involving no PEF, an increase of 60%. |
Salee et al., 2022SALEE, N., CHAIYANA, W., YAWOOTTI, A., NARUENARTWONGSAKUL, S., KLANGPETCH, W., WALTER, P. and UTAMA-ANG, N., 2022. Optimization of the pulse electric field assisted extraction of black rice grain for antioxidant and sirtuin1 enzyme stimulation activities. Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 6459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10272-2. PMid:35440745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-102...
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Embryo, bran, endosperm flour, and black, red, and white rice grain flour |
Treated using DPPH method. |
The TPC (total phenolic content) was highest in bran, with an average of 7.35 mg GAE/g, and there was 60%, 86%, and 84% phenolic content in white, red, and black rice. |
Shao et al., 2014SHAO, Y., XU, F., SUN, X., BAO, J. and BETA, T., 2014. Identification and quantification of phenolic acids and anthocyanins as antioxidants in bran, embryo and endosperm of white, red and black rice kernels (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Cereal Science, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01....
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Black glutinous rice |
Treated using DPPH method. |
The results of the study showed that black glutinous rice extract has weak antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 318.883 ppm compared to the comparison compound, vitamin C, which had an IC50 of 3.688 ppm. |
Kusumawati et al., 2021KUSUMAWATI, A.H., FARHAMZAH, F., ALKANDAHRI, M.Y., SADINO, A., AGUSTINA, L.S. and APRIANA, S.D., 2021. Antioxidant activity and sun protection factor of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa). Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1958-1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i11.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i11.1...
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Red and black glutinous rice bran. |
Red and black glutinous rice bran were treated with DPPH method. |
The antioxidant activity test results showed that the antioxidant activity of the red glutinous rice bran extract is more potent than the black glutinous rice bran extract. |
Suhery et al., 2016SUHERY, W.N., FERNANDO, A. and HAS, N., 2016. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak bekatul padi ketan merah dan hitam (Oryza Sativa L. Var. Glutinosa) dan formulasinya dalam sediaan krim. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 494-504.
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Black rice flour |
This study aimed to identify and quantify the relationship of anthocyanins in several cultivars of black rice (Oryza sativa L.) to their antioxidant activities. |
The antioxidant activity of black rice extract containing 41.69% anthocyanin was tested by a KBrO3-induced kidney injury model in rats. |
Hao et al., 2015HAO, J., ZHU, H., ZHANG, Z., YANG, S. and LI, H., 2015. Identification of anthocyanins in black rice (Oryza sativa L.) by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities. Journal of Cereal Science, vol. 64, pp. 92-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.05.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.05....
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A total of 15 rice varieties from Shangdong province, China. |
This study was undertaken to determine whether or not there is a correlation between the color pigments in several varieties of rice (white, red, and black) and the total content of phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and mineral content. |
The correlation analysis results confirmed that the phenolic compound content significantly contributes to the antioxidant activity of the rice. |
Shao et al., 2018SHAO, Y., HU, Z., YU, Y., MOU, R., ZHU, Z. and BETA, T., 2018. Phenolic acids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, antioxidant activity, minerals and their correlations in non-pigmented, red, and black rice. Food Chemistry, vol. 239, pp. 733-741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.009. PMid:28873629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.201...
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Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside synthesized from black rice. |
Hepatotoxic testing was conducted using test animals in male mice strain C57BL/6 with an age of 8 weeks, induced with carbon tetrachloride compound (CCl4) and treated with black rice extract, which contains a high Cy-3-G compound (800 mg/kg BW). |
The study found that Cy-3-G suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). |
Jiang et al., 2015JIANG, X., GUO, H., SHEN, T., TANG, X., YANG, Y. and LING, W., 2015. Cyanidin-3- O -β-glucoside purified from black rice protects mice against hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride via inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 63, no. 27, pp. 6221-6230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02181. PMid:26073547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b021...
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