Use of elephant grass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) as substrate for cellulase and xylanase production in solid-state cultivation by <i>Penicillium echinulatum</i>

Menegol, D.; Scholl, A. L.; Dillon, A. J. P.; Camassola, M.

doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20170343s20150822

D. Menegol ^**To whom correspondence should be addressed: D. Menegol. E-mail: dmenegol@ucs.br

University of Caxias do Sul - Institute of Biotechnology. Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 54 3218 2149

A. L. Scholl

University of Caxias do Sul - Institute of Biotechnology. Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 54 3218 2149

A. J. P. Dillon

University of Caxias do Sul - Institute of Biotechnology. Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 54 3218 2149

M. Camassola

University of Caxias do Sul - Institute of Biotechnology. Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 54 3218 2149

*To whom correspondence should be addressed: D. Menegol. E-mail: dmenegol@ucs.br

Figures (3)
Tables (2)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Variations in the endoglucanase activities (A, B and C) and filter paper activities (D, E and F) in media that was formulated with different proportions of untreated or pre-treated elephant grass and wheat bran in solid-state fermentation using the Penicillium echinulatum strain 9A02S1. EG: elephant grass; WB: wheat bran. The numbers that are shown inside the brackets in the legend indicate the proportion of each component that was used. The percentages indicate the concentrations of the solutions that were used in the pre-treatment.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Variations in the β-glucosidases (A, B and C) and xylanases (D, E and F) in media that was formulated with different proportions of untreated or pre-treated elephant grass and wheat bran in solid-state fermentation using the Penicillium echinulatum strain 9A02S1. EG: elephant grass; WB: wheat bran. The numbers that are shown inside the brackets in the legend indicate the proportion of each component that was used. The percentages indicate the concentrations of the solutions that were used in the pre-treatment.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Variations in the mycelial mass (A, B and C) and soluble protein (D, E and F) in media that was formulated with different proportions of untreated or pre-treated elephant grass and wheat bran in solid-state fermentation using the Penicillium echinulatum strain 9A02S1. EG: elephant grass; WB: wheat bran. The numbers that are shown inside the brackets in the legend indicate the proportion of each component that was used. The percentages indicate the concentrations of the solutions that were used in the pre-treatment.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Comparisons of enzyme activities in media formulated with different proportions of untreated or pre-treated elephant grass and wheat bran in solid-state cultivation.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Comparisons of enzymes productions from different fungi grown on lignocellulosic materials

	Endoglucanase (U.g^-1 )	FPA (U.g^-1 )	β-glucosidase (U.g^-1 )	Xylanase (U.g^-1 )
(7.5) untreated EG: (2.5) WB	84.89±3.84	7.91±0.73	87.86±0.73	372.62±37.62
(7.5) H₂O 121ºC: (2.5) WB	52.36±0.67	4.10±0.05	23.53±3.85	243.40±21.94
(10) H₂O 121ºC	23.65±2.98	2.32±0.40	*	128.05±0.46
(7.5) 2% NaOH EG: (2.5) WB	33.34±5.00	3.79±0.39	77.44±0.40	140.20±4.31
(10) 2% NaOH EG	23.04±1.20	1.71±0.22	41.80±0.58	84.02±5.09
(7.5) 20% NH₄OH EG: (2.5) WB	68.59±1.30	8.60±1.39	79.97±0.56	264.48±19.70
(10) 20% NH₄OH EG	72.20±4.06	5.61±0.29	75.16±2.37	146.22±4.00
(7.5) 5% H₂SO₄ EG: (2.5) WB	58.81±0.93	8.46±0.66	86.33±0.20	243.75±17.46
(10) 5% H₂SO₄ EG	26.75±1.01	1.80±0.46	35.07±3.92	97.73±13.17
(10) untreated EG	72.20±4.07	8.13±0.09	87.66±1.07	349.67±23.97
(10) WB	79.28±3.09	4.14±0.23	81.14±1.80	261.02±9.26

Organism	Substrate	Enzyme activities (U g^-1 ) Substrate used to enzymatic assay				Reference
Organism	Substrate	FPA*	β-glucosidase	Endoglucanase**	Xylanase
P. echinulatum 9A02S1	Elephant grass	13.26	138.34	158.44	372.62 Oat spelts xylan	This work
P. echinulatum 9A02S1	Wheat bran and untreated sugar cane bagasse	45.82	40.13 Salicine	290.47	37.87 Oat spelts xylan	Camassola & Dillon (2010)Camassola, M., Dillon, A.J., Cellulases and xylanases production by Penicillium echinulatum grown on sugar cane bagasse in solid-state fermentation. Applied and Biochemistry Biotechnology, 162(7), 1889-1900 (2010).
P. echinulatum 9A02S1	Wheat bran and pre-treated sugar cane bagasse	32.89	58.95 Salicine	282.36	10.0 Oat spelts xylan	Camassola & Dillon (2010)Camassola, M., Dillon, A.J., Cellulases and xylanases production by Penicillium echinulatum grown on sugar cane bagasse in solid-state fermentation. Applied and Biochemistry Biotechnology, 162(7), 1889-1900 (2010).
P. decumbens	Wheat straw and wheat bran	17.7	52.8 Cellobiose	-	-	Mo et al. (2004)Mo, H., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Control of gas phase for enhanced cellulase production by Penicillium decumbens in solid-state culture. Process Biochemistry , 39, 1293-1297 (2004).
T. reesei and A. phoenicis	Sugar cane bagasse	13.4	18.1 pNPG	73.8	2,842 Xylan	Gutierrez-Correa & Tengerdy (1997 Gutierrez-Correa, M., Tengerdy, R., Production of cellulase on sugar cane bagasse by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation. Biotechnology Letters, 19, 665-667 (1997)., 1998) Gutierrez-Correa, M., Tengerdy, R., Xylanase production by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation on sugar cane bagasse. Biotechnology Letters , 20, 45-47. (1998).
T. reesei	Sugar cane bagasse	5.3	7.7 pNPG	18.8	1,968 Xylan	Gutierrez-Correa & Tengerdy (1997 Gutierrez-Correa, M., Tengerdy, R., Production of cellulase on sugar cane bagasse by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation. Biotechnology Letters, 19, 665-667 (1997)., 1998) Gutierrez-Correa, M., Tengerdy, R., Xylanase production by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation on sugar cane bagasse. Biotechnology Letters , 20, 45-47. (1998).
Myceliophthora sp.	Rice straw	2.44	7.48 pNPG	32,9	900 Birch wood xylan	Badhan et al. (2007) Badhan, A.K., Chadha, B.S., Kaur, J., Saini, H.S., Bhat, M.K., Production of multiple xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. Bioresource Technology, 98, 504-510 (2007).
Myceliophthora sp.	Bagasse	0.7	2.01 pNPG	6.62	620.1 Birch wood xylan	Badhan et al. (2007) Badhan, A.K., Chadha, B.S., Kaur, J., Saini, H.S., Bhat, M.K., Production of multiple xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. Bioresource Technology, 98, 504-510 (2007).
A. niger	Wheat straw and wheat bran	-	-	14.8	-	Jecu (2000) Jecu, L., Solid state fermentation of agricultural wastes for endoglucanase production. Industrial Crops and Products, 11, 1-5 (2000).
T. aurantiacus	Untreated wheat straw	-	105 pNPG	1235	-	Kalogeris et al. (2003) Kalogeris, E., Christakopoulos, P., Katapodis, P., Alexiou, A., Vlachou, S., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., Production and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus under solid state cultivation of agricultural wastes. Process Biochemistry , 38, 1099-1104 (2003).
T. aurantiacus	Alkali treated wheat straw	-	0.4 pNPG	66	-	Kalogeris et al. (2003) Kalogeris, E., Christakopoulos, P., Katapodis, P., Alexiou, A., Vlachou, S., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., Production and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus under solid state cultivation of agricultural wastes. Process Biochemistry , 38, 1099-1104 (2003).
T. aurantiacus	Untreated corn cobs		ND	18		Kalogeris et al. (2003) Kalogeris, E., Christakopoulos, P., Katapodis, P., Alexiou, A., Vlachou, S., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., Production and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus under solid state cultivation of agricultural wastes. Process Biochemistry , 38, 1099-1104 (2003).
Myceliophthora sp.	Wheat bran	0.74	3.83 pNPG	26.6	128.9 Birch wood xylan	Badhan et al. (2007) Badhan, A.K., Chadha, B.S., Kaur, J., Saini, H.S., Bhat, M.K., Production of multiple xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. Bioresource Technology, 98, 504-510 (2007).
A. awamori	Grape pomace	-	-	-	38 Birch wood xylan	Botella et al. (2009) Botella, C., Diaz, A.B., Wang, R., Koutinas, A., Webb, C., Particulate bioprocessing: A novel process strategy for biorefineries. Process Biochemistry, 44, 546-555 (2009).
A. niger	Wheat bran	-	-	35.7	-	Pirota et al. (2013)Pirota, R.D.P.B., Miotto, L.S., Delabona, P.S., Farinas, C.S., Improving the extraction conditions of endoglucanase produced by Aspergillus niger under solid-state fermentation. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 30, 117-123 (2013).

[1] *To whom correspondence should be addressed: D. Menegol. E-mail: dmenegol@ucs.br

Brasil

Brasil

Use of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) as substrate for cellulase and xylanase production in solid-state cultivation by Penicillium echinulatum