Support method for interpretation of regional groundwater monitoring in urban areas

Pileggi, Fabio; Hirata, Ricardo; Aranda, Nataly; Conicelli, Bruno

doi:10.1590/2317-4889202120200053

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Brazilian Journal of Geology

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ARTICLE • Braz. J. Geol. 51 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889202120200053 copy

Support method for interpretation of regional groundwater monitoring in urban areas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Urban centers radically alter hydrological cycles, causing unintended consequences for the environment, such as the creation of extensive contamination plumes in unconfined aquifers. The Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo has observed this issue since 1994. Therefore, this study aimed to create a method using nitrate as an indicator of contamination that permits an assertive interpretation of changes in the groundwater quality in monitoring wells of regional networks. The method was applied in ten cities with monitoring wells in the Bauru Aquifer System. The results correlated the presence of nitrate with the time and dynamics of land use in the capture zones of the wells over 54 years (1962-2016). In areas with sewer networks installed before 2001 and urban occupation greater than 60% of urban occupation in the capture zones, there was an increase in nitrate concentration of at least 35%. Likewise, extending this new method to other wells will make it possible to identify the causes of nitrate and other contaminants in the groundwater-monitoring network in the State of São Paulo.

KEYWORDS:
groundwater; nitrate; aquifer monitoring network; land use and occupation; urban planning

Aquifer System	Aquifer	Description	Hydrogeological properties
Aquifer System	Aquifer	Description	Area (km²)	Q (m³/h)	n (%)	b (m)	K (m/d)	i	n_ef (%)	Recharge (mm/year)
Bauru	Marília	Regional extension, granular, free to semi-confined, discontinuous, heterogeneous, anisotropic	15,000	7.5	0.13	120	1	0.04	0.1	250
	Adamantina		104,000	19	0.15	130	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
	Santo Anastácio	Limited extension, granular, free to semi-confined, discontinuous, heterogeneous, anisotropic	67,000	35	0.25	80	2	0.02	0.12	250
	Caiuá		13,000	100	0.2	100	2.5	0.01	0.15	350

Physical	Chemical	Microbiological
Water and air temperature, total dissolved and total solids	pH, alkalinity bicarbonate, alkalinity carbonate, alkalinity hydroxide, electrical conductivity, total hardness, nitrogen nitrate, nitrogen nitrite, ammoniacal nitrogen, Kjeldhal nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, lead, cobalt, copper, chromium, hexavalent chromium, tin, strontium, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, silver, selenium, sodium, titanium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc	Heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and F-specific bacteriophages

Town	CETESB well code	First year of operation	Average nitrate concentrations in the first six years of operation (mg/L N-NO₃)	Average nitrate Concentrations from 2009 to 2015 (mg/L N-NO₃)	Variation of nitrate concentrations	Variation
Andradina	BA0006P	1993	8.36	16.20	+94%	Increase
Cajobi	BA0023P	1994	6.32	3.28	-48%	Decrease
Clementina	BA0028P	1993	3.71	6.58	+77%	Increase
Flórida Paulista	BA0040P	1993	1.48	6.31	+326%	Increase
Inúbia Paulista	BA0052P	1992	8.08	7.57	-6%	Stable
Jales	BA0059P	1993	5.59	7.57	+35%	Increase
Murutinga do Sul	BA0076P	1993	8.30	5.39	-35%	Decrease
Nova Independência	BA0079P	1993	2.45	5.08	+107%	Increase
Pompéia	BA0203P	1998	7.44	3.80	-49%	Decrease
São José do Rio Preto	BA0127P	1993	2.17	8.79	+305%	Increase

Town	Aquifer system	Aquifer	UTM N	UTM E	Well depth (m.b.g.l)	Screen level depth (m.b.g.l)	Static level (m.b.g.l)	CFR (50 years) (m)	Q (m³/d)	B (m)	K (m/d)	i	n_ef (%)	Recharge (mm/year)
Andradina	Bauru	Adamantina	7687350	459600	105	54-102	26	799	1,032	94	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Cajobi		Adamantina	7693900	729750	112	5-112	63	608	312	49	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Clementina		Adamantina	7615650	557350	94,5	22-84	33	405	144	51	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Flórida Paulista		Adamantina	7609600	482250	200	81-195	14	450	384	110	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Inúbia Paulista		Adamantina	7592750	504050	220	70-204	42	394	432	162	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Jales		Adamantina	7759100	547675	145	36-142	19	593	744	123	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Murutinga do Sul		Adamantina	7678650	471750	140	35-130	15	365	264	115	1.5	0.03	0.1	250
Nova Independência		Santo Anastácio	7665750	449100	91	32-86	7	767	960	79	2	0.02	0.1	250
Pompéia		Marília	7555540	584827	259	52-233	134	314	168	99	1	0.04	0.1	250
São José do Rio Preto		Adamantina	7695940	668800	68	28-68	22	628	312	46	1.5	0.03	0.1	250

Town	Number of buildings (1962)	Number of buildings (2016)	Area (km²)	Urban density- 1962 (buildings/km²)	Urban density - 2016 (buildings/km²)	Evolution of urban density (%)	Total urban occupation within capture zone in 2016 (%)	Sewer network installation year
Andradina	1.321	1.902	2.00	660	950	+144	85	< 1962
Cajobi	53	135	1.16	46	116	+255	30	2001
Clementina	125	304	0.51	243	590	+243	60	2013
Flórida Paulista	262	543	0.63	411	853	+207	100	< 1962
Inúbia Paulista	337	446	0.48	693	917	+132	90	< 1962
Jales	562	817	1.10	509	740	+145	100	< 2000
Murutinga do Sul	156	258	0.41	373	616	+165	50	2010
Nova Independência	132	488	1.84	71	264	+264	45	2011
Pompéia	63	273	0.31	204	882	+882	70	2005
São José do Rio Preto	243	1.775	1.23	196	1.435	+1.435	100	< 1995

Nitrate variation of time	Town	Correlation
Nitrate variation of time	Town	Positive	Negative
Increase	Andradina	Total dissolved solids: ρ = 1.0 Total resistivity: ρ = 0.8	Lithium: ρ = -0.9 Titanium: ρ = -0.5
	Clementina	Air temperature: ρ = 0.7 Kjeldahl nitrogen: ρ = 0.5	Lithium: ρ = -0.6 Uranium: ρ = -0.6
	Flórida Paulista	Kjeldahl nitrogen: ρ = 0.5 Total dissolved solids: ρ = 0.7	Silver: ρ = -0.9
	Jales	Antimony: ρ = 0.8	Bicarbonate alkalinity: ρ = -0.8 Hexavalent chromium: ρ = -0.7
	Nova Independência	pH: ρ = 0.7	Silver: ρ = -0.7 Tin: ρ = -0.7
	São José do Rio Preto	Chloride: ρ = 0.7 Kjeldahl nitrogen: ρ = 0.7	Sulfate: ρ = -0.8
Decrease	Cajobi	Total dissolved solids: ρ = 0.6 Total resistivity: ρ = 0.8	Uranium: ρ = -0.6
	Murutinga do Sul	Chloride: ρ = 0.6	Antimony: ρ = 0.7 Tin: ρ = -0.8
	Pompéia	Lithium: ρ = 0.6	Fluoride: ρ = -0.7 Silver: ρ = -0.8
Stable	Inúbia Paulista	Total solids: ρ = 0.7	Lithium: ρ = -0.7 Titanium: ρ = -0.8

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