Occurrence of dravitic tourmaline in a diamond-bearing breccia: a possible lamproite deposit in the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province

Vieira, Ana Carolina Batista; Almeida-Abreu, Pedro Angelo; Batillani, Gislaine Ámores; Sommer, Carlos Augusto

doi:10.1590/2317-4889202220200063

Ana Carolina Batista Vieira ^**Corresponding author.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - Diamantina (MG), Brazil. E-mails: acbvbatera@gmail.com, pangelo.ufvjm@gmail.com, gislaine.battilani@ict.ufvjm.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-8677

Pedro Angelo Almeida-Abreu

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - Diamantina (MG), Brazil. E-mails: acbvbatera@gmail.com, pangelo.ufvjm@gmail.com, gislaine.battilani@ict.ufvjm.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-4809

Gislaine Ámores Batillani

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - Diamantina (MG), Brazil. E-mails: acbvbatera@gmail.com, pangelo.ufvjm@gmail.com, gislaine.battilani@ict.ufvjm.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-5253

Carlos Augusto Sommer

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. E-mail: casommer@sinos.net

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8696-7084

*Corresponding author.

A.V. wrote the entire manuscript as a result of his master’s project. P.A. guided the entire master’s project and assisted in the interpretation of the results. G.B. co-oriented the project and also helped in the interpretation of the results as well as in the mineralogy presented. C.S. helped to obtain data related to mineral analyses and subsequent interpretations. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Competing interest: the authors declare no competing interests.

Figures (6)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1.
Geological context of the Romaria region, emphasizing the interface between the São Francisco (SF) Craton, the Brasília Belt (BB) and the Paraná Basin (PB) (Almeida et al. 2012Almeida F.F.M., Carneiro C.D.R., Bartorelli A. 2012. O magmatismo pós-paleozoico no Brasil. In: Hasui Y., Almeida F.F.M., Carneiro C.D.R., Bartorelli A. (eds.). Geologia do Brasil. São Paulo: Beca, p. 430-453.), as well the location of the kimberlitic pipes of the Alto Paranaíba Arch, represented by the Az-125º lineament (Neto et al. 2017Neto C.I., Nannini F., Silveira F.V., Cunha L.M. 2017. Áreas kimberlíticas e diamantíferas do estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes. Programa Geologia do Brasil. Brasília: CPRM, 234 p. Informe de Recursos Minerais, Série Pedras Preciosas n. 10.).

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Figure 2.
Tauá vulcanoclastic breccia, diamond level in the Romaria mine.

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Figure 3.
Ternary diagrams with (A) tourmaline ilmenite and (B and C) garnet (D and E) end-members.

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Figure 4.
Binary diagram K₂OxTiO₂ proposed by Fipke (1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.) to separate diamond tourmaline (G-I) from non- associated tourmaline (G-II). The grains represented in the diagram with the Romaria grains are: Ymi-1 (Presser 2019Presser J.L.B. 2019. El lamprófido picrítico con diamantes Ymi-1. Pyroclastic Flow, 9(1):23-24.); AT: Argyle, EL: Ellendale, JK: Jack, PC: Prairie Creek, PO: President Olegario, SK: Sask (Fipke 1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.).

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Figure 5.
Binary diagrams for characterizing ilmenites. (A) Cr₂O₃ × MgO, as proposed by Wyatt et al. (2004Wyatt B.A., Baumgartner M., Ahckar E., Grutter H. 2004. Compositional classification of “kimberlite” and “non-kimberlitic” ilmenite. Lithos, 77(1-4):819-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ); (B) MgOxMnO diagram proposed by Kaminsky and Belousova (2009Kaminsky F.V., Belousova E.A. 2009. Manganoan ilmenite as kimberlite/diamond ndicator mineral. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50(12):1212-1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2009.11.019
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) showing the percentage of Mn in diamond ilmenites; (C) MgO × TiO₂ diagram with a curve proposed by Wyatt et al. (2004Wyatt B.A., Baumgartner M., Ahckar E., Grutter H. 2004. Compositional classification of “kimberlite” and “non-kimberlitic” ilmenite. Lithos, 77(1-4):819-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) to separate kimberlitic and non-kimberlitic ilmenites.

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Figure 6.
Binary diagrams for garnet characterization. (A) Relationship proposed by Schulze (2003Schulze D.J. 2003. A classification scheme for mantle-derived garnets in kimberlite: a tool for investigating the manthe and exploring for Diamonds. Lithos, 71(2-4):195-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(03)00113-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) to separate mantle-derived from crustal garnets; (B) Fields proposed by Grutter et al. (2004Grutter H.S., Gurney J.J., Menzis A.H., Winter F. 2004. An update classification scheme for mantle-derived garnet for use by diamond explorers. Lithos, 77(1-4):841-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) to garnet characterization according to the content of Cr₂O₃ and CaO.

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Table 1.
Comparative between the diamond indicator minerals found in Romaria in relation to kimberlitic and lamproitic pipes from other locations.

Deposit	Locality	Diamong-bearing	Dia	G5 Grt	G9 Grt	G10 Grt	Mg-Ilm	Mn-Ilm	Drv	Phl	Ol	Cpx	Chr	Reference
Água Suja Mine	Romaria (Brazil)	Vulcanoclastic Breccia	x	x	x	x	x	x	x					This Paper
Pipe Abél Régis	Carmo do Paranaíba (Brazil)	Lamproite	x	x	x		x					x	x	Chaves et al. (2009Chaves M.L.S.C., Andrade K.W., Moreira L.A. 2009. A intrusão diamantífera Abel Régis (Carmo do Paranaíba, MG): kimberlito ou lamproíto? Geociências, 62(4):431-438. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0370-44672009000400004 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... )
Presidente Olegário	Brazil	Probable Lamproite	x				x		x			x	x	Fipke (1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.)
Pipe Ymi-1	Valle de Acahay (Paraguay)	Lamproite	x				x		x	x	x	x	x	Presser (2019Presser J.L.B. 2019. El lamprófido picrítico con diamantes Ymi-1. Pyroclastic Flow, 9(1):23-24.)
Argyle	Australia	Lamproite	x	x			x	x	x			x	x	Fipke (1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.)
Ellandale 4	Australia	Lamproite	x	x	x	x	x	x	x			x	x	Fipke (1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.)
Jack	Canada	Lamproite	x	x				x	x			x	x	Fipke (1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.)
Prairie Creek	Arkansas (United States)	Lamproite	x	x	x		x		x			x	x	Fipke (1991Fipke C.E. 1991. Significance of chromite, ilmenite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. ln: Leonardos O.H., Meyer R.O.A., Gaspar J.C. Diamond: characterization, genesis and exploration. Proceedings of the lnternational Kimberlite Conference, 5., 1991, Araxá. CPRM, 2:366-381.)
Icó	Braúna Field (Brazil)	Lamproite						x			x		x	Santos (2019Santos I.P.L., Rios D.C., Fernandes P.C.D., Silveira F.V., Conceição H. 2019. Aspectos geológicos e petrográficos das rochas de natureza kimberlítica (s.l.) do Nordeste da Bahia, Brasil: os lamproítos transicionais diamantíferos Icó e Aroeira. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências, 42(3):223-230. https://doi.org/10.11137/2019_3_223_236 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11137... )
Areado_002	Mato Grosso (Brazil)	Kimberlite				x	x							Neto et al. (2017Neto C.I., Nannini F., Silveira F.V., Cunha L.M. 2017. Áreas kimberlíticas e diamantíferas do estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes. Programa Geologia do Brasil. Brasília: CPRM, 234 p. Informe de Recursos Minerais, Série Pedras Preciosas n. 10.)
Batovi_006	Mato Grosso (Brazil)	Kimberlite				x	x			x			x	Neto et al. (2017Neto C.I., Nannini F., Silveira F.V., Cunha L.M. 2017. Áreas kimberlíticas e diamantíferas do estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes. Programa Geologia do Brasil. Brasília: CPRM, 234 p. Informe de Recursos Minerais, Série Pedras Preciosas n. 10.)
Collier_004	Mato Grosso (Brazil)	Kimberlite	x			x	x							Neto et al. (2017Neto C.I., Nannini F., Silveira F.V., Cunha L.M. 2017. Áreas kimberlíticas e diamantíferas do estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes. Programa Geologia do Brasil. Brasília: CPRM, 234 p. Informe de Recursos Minerais, Série Pedras Preciosas n. 10.)
Juina_005	Mato Grosso (Brazil)	Kimberlite	x			x	x					x		Neto et al. (2017Neto C.I., Nannini F., Silveira F.V., Cunha L.M. 2017. Áreas kimberlíticas e diamantíferas do estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes. Programa Geologia do Brasil. Brasília: CPRM, 234 p. Informe de Recursos Minerais, Série Pedras Preciosas n. 10.)
Piranhas_001	Mato Grosso (Brazil)	Kimberlite				x	x			x			x	Neto et al. (2017Neto C.I., Nannini F., Silveira F.V., Cunha L.M. 2017. Áreas kimberlíticas e diamantíferas do estado de Minas Gerais e regiões adjacentes. Programa Geologia do Brasil. Brasília: CPRM, 234 p. Informe de Recursos Minerais, Série Pedras Preciosas n. 10.)
Pandrea_3	Mato Grosso (Brazil)	Kimberlite	x			x		x						Kaminsky and Belousova (2009Kaminsky F.V., Belousova E.A. 2009. Manganoan ilmenite as kimberlite/diamond ndicator mineral. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50(12):1212-1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2009.11.019 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )

[1] *Corresponding author.

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Occurrence of dravitic tourmaline in a diamond-bearing breccia: a possible lamproite deposit in the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province

Abstract