Bacteria
|
Gram-negative bacteria |
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
TLR4 |
Outer membrane |
Induces proinflammatory response1010 Aderem A, Ulevitch R.J. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature. 2000; 406:782-7
|
Gram-positive bacteria |
Peptidoglycans |
TLR2 |
Cell wall |
Enhances inflammatory response1010 Aderem A, Ulevitch R.J. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature. 2000; 406:782-7
|
Streptococcus B
|
Lipoteichoic acid |
TLR2 |
Protoplast membranes |
Initiates inflammatory response1010 Aderem A, Ulevitch R.J. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature. 2000; 406:782-7
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
Phenol soluble modulin(PMS) |
TLR2 |
Extracellular |
Inhibit proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-12 and IL-61111 Schreiner J, Kretschmer D, Klenk J, et al. Staphylococcus aureus phenol-soluble modulin peptides modulate dendritic cell functions and increase in vitro priming of regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2013; 190:3417-26
|
Trepanema maltophilum
|
Glycolipids |
TLR2 |
Outer membrane surface |
Including the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α1212 Opitz B, Schroder N.W, Spreitzer I, et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates Treponema glycolipid and lipoteichoic acid-induced NF-kappaB translocation. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276:22041-7
|
Wolbachia
|
Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) |
TLR2 |
Membrane surface |
Induces TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-81313 Brattig N.W, Bazzocchi C, Kirschning C.J, et al. The major surface protein of Wolbachia endosymbionts in filarial nematodes elicits immune responses through TLR2 and TLR4. J Immunol. 2004; 173:437-45
|
Wolbachia
|
Wolbachial liporotein |
TLR2 |
Bacterial membranes |
Induces TNF-α production and up-regulates surface markers of human lymphatic endothelium1313 Brattig N.W, Bazzocchi C, Kirschning C.J, et al. The major surface protein of Wolbachia endosymbionts in filarial nematodes elicits immune responses through TLR2 and TLR4. J Immunol. 2004; 173:437-45
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
Outer surface protein A lipoprotein (OspAL) |
TLR2 |
Outer membrane surface |
Induces the inflammatory response & down-regulate the cell response to flagellin1414 Bulut Y, Faure E, Thomas L, Equils O, Arditi M. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Immunol. 2001; 167:987-94
1515 Cabral E.S, Gelderblom H, Hornung R.L, Munson P.J, Martin R, Marques A.R. Borrelia burgdorferi lipoprotein-mediated TLR2 stimulation causes the down-regulation of TLR5 in human monocytes. J Infect Dis. 2006; 193:849-59
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
PSM |
TLR2 |
Bacterial cell surface |
Induce cytokine release1616 Strunk T, Power Coombs M.R, Currie A.J, et al. TLR2 mediates recognition of live Staphylococcus epidermidis and clearance of bacteremia. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5:e10111
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
19 kDa lipoprotein |
TLR2 |
Cell wall |
Induces apoptosis and inhibits IFN-γ induced expression of several immune function genes1717 Pennini M.E, Pai R.K, Schultz D.C, Boom W.H, Harding C.V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibits IFN-gamma-induced chromatin remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and MAPK signaling. J Immunol. 2006; 176:4323-30
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
LPS |
TLR4, TLR2 |
Outer membrane |
Induces TNF-α and IL-61818 McIsaac S.M, Stadnyk A.W, Lin T.J. Toll-like receptors in the host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection and cystic fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol. 2012; 92:977-85
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
Lipoprotein (OprI) |
TLR2, TLR4 |
Outer membrane |
Modulate allergen-specific Th2 effector cells1919 Revets H, Pynaert G, Grooten J, De Baetselier P. Lipoprotein I, a TLR2/4 ligand modulates Th2-driven allergic immune responses. J Immunol. 2005; 174:1097-103
|
|
Virus
|
Measles |
Hemagglutinin (HA) |
TLR2 |
Cytoplasm |
Suppresses IL-12 production2020 Hahm B, Cho J.H, Oldstone M.B. Measles virus-dendritic cell interaction via SLAM inhibits innate immunity selective signaling through TLR4 but not other TLRs mediates suppression of IL-12 synthesis. Virology. 2007; 358:251-7
|
Herpes |
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) |
TLR2 |
Golgi complex |
TNF-αand the IFN-stimulated gene CXCL92121 Sorensen L.N, Reinert L.S, Malmgaard L, Bartholdy C, Thomsen A.R, Paludan S.R. TLR2 and TLR9 synergistically control herpes simplex virus infection in the brain. J Immunol. 2008; 181:8604-12
|
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
F protein |
TLR4 |
Membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, etc.), type-1 interferons2222 Uematsu S, Akira S. Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008; 1-20
|
Mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) |
Envelope protein |
TLR4 |
Nucleolus |
Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, etc.), type-1 interferons2222 Uematsu S, Akira S. Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008; 1-20
|
|
Fungi
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
Zymosan |
TLR2 |
Cell wall |
Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, etc.), type-1 interferons2222 Uematsu S, Akira S. Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008; 1-20
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
Mannan |
TLR4 |
Cell wall |
Triggers TNF-α production2323 Tada H, Nemoto E, Shimauchi H, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida albicans-derived mannan induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human monocytes in a CD14- and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner. Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 46:503-12
|
Candida albicans
|
Mannan |
TLR4 |
Cell wall |
Induces secrction of tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α2323 Tada H, Nemoto E, Shimauchi H, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida albicans-derived mannan induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human monocytes in a CD14- and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner. Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 46:503-12
|
Candida albicans
|
Phospholipomannan |
TLR2 |
Cell wall |
Stimulate tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production2424 Jouault T, Ibata-Ombetta S, Takeuchi O, et al. Candida albicans phospholipomannan is sensed through toll-like receptors. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188:165-72
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) |
TLR4 |
Capsule |
Up-regulation of FasL2525 Monari C, Pericolini E, Bistoni G, Casadevall A, Kozel T.R, Vecchiarelli A. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan induces expression of fas ligand in macrophages. J Immunol. 2005; 174:3461-8
|
Aspergillus fumigatus
|
Galactomannan |
TLR4 |
Hyphae/Mycelium |
Downregulates the IL-6 and TNF-α production2626 Chai L.Y, Kullberg B.J, Vonk A.G, et al. Modulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 responses by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun. 2009; 77:2184-92
|
|
Protozoa
|
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
GPI anchor |
TLR2 |
Outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer |
Proinflammatory cytokine release, interleukin12 (IL-12), nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) production2727 Aoki M.P, Carrera-Silva E.A, Cuervo H, Fresno M, Girones N, Gea S. Nonimmune cells contribute to crosstalk between immune cells and inflammatory mediators in the innate response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Parasitol Res. 2012; 2012:737324 Cytokine induction |
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
Glycoinositolphospholipids |
TLR4 |
Outer leaflet of the membrane |
Induces IL12, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO) production2828 Coelho P.S, Klein A, Talvani A, et al. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes induce in vivo leukocyte recruitment dependent on MCP-1 production by IFN-gamma-primed-macrophages. J Leukoc Biol. 2002; 71:837-44
|
Plasmodium falciprum
|
GPI anchor |
TLR2, TLR4 |
Cell membrane |
Induces TNF-αand reduced IL-10 production2929 Gowda D.C. TLR-mediated cell signaling by malaria GPIs. Trends Parasitol. 2007; 23:596-604
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
GPI anchors |
TLR2, TLR4 |
Microneme |
Induces TNF-α production2222 Uematsu S, Akira S. Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008; 1-20
|
Leishmania donovani
|
Galbetal 1, 4Manalpha-po(4)-containing phosphoglycans |
TLR2 |
Surface |
Induces nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory Cytokines3030 Flandin J.F, Chano F, Descoteaux A. RNA interference reveals a role for TLR2 and TLR3 in the recognition of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by interferon-gamma-primed macrophages. Eur J Immunol. 2006; 36:411-20
|
Leishmania major
|
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) |
TLR2, TLR4 |
Entire surface of the parasite |
Induces IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO production3131 Faria M.S, Calegari-Silva T.C, de Carvalho Vivarini A, Mottram J.C, Lopes U.G, Lima A.P. Role of protein kinase R in the killing of Leishmania major by macrophages in response to neutrophil elastase and TLR4 via TNFalpha and IFNbeta. FASEB J. 2014; 28:3050-63
|
Leishmania major
|
Ecotin-like serine peptidase inhibitor |
TLR2, TLR4 |
Cytosol |
Up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines3131 Faria M.S, Calegari-Silva T.C, de Carvalho Vivarini A, Mottram J.C, Lopes U.G, Lima A.P. Role of protein kinase R in the killing of Leishmania major by macrophages in response to neutrophil elastase and TLR4 via TNFalpha and IFNbeta. FASEB J. 2014; 28:3050-63
|
Leishmana sp. |
SHP-1 |
TLR2 |
Nuclear envelope |
Inhibition of pro inflammatory gene expression3232 Abu-Dayyeh I, Shio M.T, Sato S, Akira S, Cousineau B, Olivier M. Leishmania-induced IRAK-1 inactivation is mediated by SHP-1 interacting with an evolutionarily conserved KTIM motif. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008; 2:e305
|
Leishmania mexicana
|
SHP-1 |
TLR2 |
Nuclear envelope |
Block IFN-γmediated nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages3333 Abu-Dayyeh I, Hassani K, Westra E.R, Mottram J.C, Olivier M. Comparative study of the ability of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes to alter macrophage signaling and functions. Infect Immun. 2010; 78:2438-45
|
Entamoeba histolytica
|
Lipopeptidophosphoglycans (LPPG) |
TLR2, TLR4 |
Cell surface of the trophozoites |
Leads to TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, and nitric oxide release in phagocytes3434 Wong-Baeza I, Alcantara-Hernandez M, Mancilla-Herrera I, et al. The role of lipopeptidophosphoglycan in the immune response to Entamoeba histolytica. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010; 2010:254521
|
|
Nematode
|
Filarial nematode |
Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII) |
TLR4 |
Surface |
Promote type 2 responses3535 Diaz A, Allen J.E. Mapping immune response profiles the emerging scenario from helminth immunology. Eur J Immunol. 2007; 37:3319-26
|
Acanthocheilonema Viteae
|
Phosphatidyl Choline moiety (ES-62) |
TLR4 |
Surface |
Blockade of IL-12 and TNF-α Production3636 Goodridge H.S, Marshall F.A, Else K.J, et al. Immunomodulation via novel use of TLR4 by the filarial nematode phosphorylcholine-containing secreted product, ES-62. J Immunol. 2005; 174:284-93
|
Ascaris lumbricoides
|
phospholipids |
TLR2 |
Muscle, cuticle |
Induces Th2 response3737 van Riet E, Everts B, Retra K, et al. Combined TLR2 and TLR4 ligation in the context of bacterial or helminth extracts in human monocyte derived dendritic cells molecular correlates for Th1/Th2 polarization. BMC Immunol. 2009; 10:9
|
|
Trematode
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
Lysophosphatidylserine (lyso-PS) |
TLR2 |
Tegumental surface membrane |
Induce the development of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells3838 van der Kleij D, Latz E, Brouwers J.F, et al. A novel host-parasite lipid cross-talk. Schistosomal lyso-phosphatidylserine activates toll-like receptor 2 and affects immune polarization. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277:48122-9
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
Glycolipid (LFNPIII) |
TLR2 |
Surface membrane |
Induction of Treg& IL-103535 Diaz A, Allen J.E. Mapping immune response profiles the emerging scenario from helminth immunology. Eur J Immunol. 2007; 37:3319-26
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
Schistosoma soluble egg antigen (SEA) |
TLR2 |
Egg and adult tegument |
Up-regulation of OX40L in DC and block the Th2 response3535 Diaz A, Allen J.E. Mapping immune response profiles the emerging scenario from helminth immunology. Eur J Immunol. 2007; 37:3319-26
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
Lysophosphatidylserine [LPhS (SWA)] |
TLR2 |
Surface membrane |
Generation of IL-10-producing Treg cells3535 Diaz A, Allen J.E. Mapping immune response profiles the emerging scenario from helminth immunology. Eur J Immunol. 2007; 37:3319-26
|
Schistosoma japonicum
|
HSP60 (SjHSP60)-derived peptide SJMHE1 |
TLR2 |
Surface membrane |
InducesTreg with immunosuppressive activity3939 Wang X, Zhou S, Chi Y, et al. CD4+CD25+ Treg induction by an HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 from Schistosoma japonicum is TLR2 dependent. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39:3052-65
|
|
Cestode
|
Taenia crassiceps
|
Taeniacrassiceps excreted/secreted antigens (TcES) |
TLR4 |
Excretory or secretory products |
Impaired pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increased Th2 biasing ability of dendritic cells4040 Terrazas C.A, Gomez-Garcia L, Terrazas L.I. Impaired pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increased Th2-biasing ability of dendritic cells exposed to Taenia excreted/secreted antigens: a critical role for carbohydrates but not for STAT6 signaling. Int J Parasitol. 2010; 40:1051-62
|
Taenia solium
|
N-linkedglycans |
TLR2 |
Membrane surface |
Diminish the production of proinflammatory cytokines4141 Johnston M.J, MacDonald J.A, McKay D.M. Parasitic helminths a pharmacopeia of anti-inflammatory molecules. Parasitology. 2009; 136:125-47
|