| Influenza |
Fever, chills, cough, sore throat, headaches, muscle or body aches, fatigue |
Pneumonia, bronchitis, and exacerbation ofchronic medical conditions |
Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests and Molecular Tests (PCR) |
1111 Chavarin DJ, Bobba A, Davis MG, et al. Comparative analysis of clinical outcomes for COVID-19 and influenza among cardiac transplant recipients in the United States. Viruses. 2023;15:1700.,1212 Sanchez-Gonzalez C, Párez BS, Reyes MP, Aguilar JLF, Villalba JS, Santoyo JS. Recipient with influenza A infection: contraindication to transplant? A case report. Transplant Proc. 2023;55:2299–300.,1313 Arentoft NS, Møller DL, Knudsen AD, et al. Influenza in liver and kidney transplant recipients: incidence and outcomes. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11:e0322622.,1414 Haddadin Z, Spieker AJ, Amarin JZ, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for influenza-associated hospital encounters in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2023;23:659–65.
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| Dengue |
Fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, rash, nausea, vomiting, fatigue |
Severe leucopenia and plaque-topenia, respiratory distress, higher mortality |
NS1 Antigen Test and IgM and IgG Antibody Tests |
1919 Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, et al. Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:S7–16.,2020 Pinsai S, Kiertiburanakul S, Watcharananan SP, Kantachuvessiri S, Boongird S, Bruminhent J. Epidemiology and outcomes of dengue in kidney transplant recipients: a 20-year retrospective analysis and comparative literature review. Clin Transplant. 2019;33:e13458.,2121 Thomas ETA, George J, Sruthi D, Vineetha NS, Gracious N. Clinical course of dengue fever and its impact on renal function in renal transplant recipients and patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology. 2019;24:564–8.,2222 Bansal SB, Rana A, Gadde A, Jha P, Kotton CN. Dengue infection immediately after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2022;106:e354–5.,2323 Weerakkody RM, Palangasinghe DR, Wijewickrama ES. Dengue fever in a kidney transplant recipient with complicated clinical course: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2018;12:260.
|
| West Nile virus |
Asymptomatic, mild, neuroin-vasive disease (rare) |
Fatal neuroinvasive disease (often) |
ELISA; RT-PCR |
2424 Mrzljak A, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Santini M, et al. West Nile Virus: an emerging threat in transplant population. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20:613–8., 2525 Abbas A, Qiu F, Sikyta A, Fey PD, Florescu DF. Neuroinvasive West Nile virus infections after solid organ transplantation: single center experience and systematic review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2022;24:e13929.
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| Zika |
Fever, rash, joint pain, muscle pain, headache, conjunctivitis |
Secondary bacterial infections and viral meningitis |
Zika Virus RNA Testing (PCR) and IgM/IgG Serology |
2828 Nogueira ML, Estofolete CF, Terzian ACB, et al. Zika virus infection and solid organ transplantation: a new challenge. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:791–5., 2929 Schwartzmann PV, Ramalho LNZ, Neder L, et al. Zika virus meningoencephalitis in an immunocompromised patient. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92:460–6.
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| Yellow fever |
Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue |
Liver failure, encephalopathy, and death |
Yellow Fever Virus RNA Testing (PCR) and IgM/IgG Serology |
3131 de Sousa MV, Zollner R de L, Stucchi RSB, Boin I de FSF, de Ataide EC, Mazzali M. Yellow fever disease in a renal transplant recipient: case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2019;21:e13151., 3232 Pierrotti LC, Duarte-Neto AN, Song ATW, Ventura CG, David-Neto E, Azevedo LS. Fatal yellow fever in a kidney transplant patient. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:144–8.
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| Chikungunya |
Fever, joint pain, muscle pain, rash, headache, fatigue |
Milder symptoms |
Chikungunya Virus RNA Testing (RT-PCR) and IgM/IgG Serology |
3636 Mourad O, Makhani L, Chen LH. Chikungunya: an emerging public health concern. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2022;24:217–28.,3737 Vairo F, Haider N, Kock R, Ntoumi F, Ippolito G, Zumla A. Chikungunya: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, management, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33:1003–25.,3838 Bonifay T, Prince C, Neyra C, et al. Atypical and severe manifestations of chikungunya virus infection in French Guiana: a hospital-based study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0207406.,3939 Pierrotti LC, Lopes MIBF, Nascimento AP do, Caiaffa-, et al. Chikungunya in kidney transplant recipients: a series of cases. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;64:96–9.,4040 Pimenta ES, Cavalcanti MG, Cabral-Castro MJ, Lima MA, Peralta JM, Santoro-Lopes G. Neuroinvasive chikungunya in a liver transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;23: e13554.,4141 Foresto RD, Santos DW de CL, Hazin MAA, et al. Chikungunya in a kidney transplant recipient: a case report. J Bras Nefrol. 2019;41:575-9.,4242 Rosso F, Rodríguez S, Cedano JA, Mora BL, Moncada PA, Velez JD. Chikungunya in solid organ transplant recipients, a case series and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2018;20:e12978.
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| Hepatitis E |
Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea |
Fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis |
Hepatitis E RNA Detection (PCR) and IgM/IgG Serology |
4444 Lhomme S, Marion O, Abravanel F, Izopet J, Kamar N. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis E virus infections. J Clin Med. 2020;9:331.,4545 Nimgaonkar I, Ding Q, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. Hepatitis E virus: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15:96-110.,4646 Ruggeri FM, Di Bartolo I, Ponterio E, Angeloni G, Trevisani M, Ostanello F. Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus in industrialized countries. New Microbiol. 2013;36:331–44.,4747 Geng Y, Zhang H, Huang W, et al. Persistent hepatitis e virus genotype 4 infection in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hepat Mon. 2014;14:e15618.,4848 Hering T, Passos AM, Perez RM, et al. Past and current hepatitis E virus infection in renal transplant patients. J Med Virol. 2014;86:948–53.,4949 de Oliveira JMNS, Freitas NR de, Teles SA, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus RNA and antibodies in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients in Central Brazil. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;69:41–3.,5050 Kamar N, Rostaing L, Legrand-Abravanel F, Izopet J. How should hepatitis E virus infection be defined in organ-transplant recipients? Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1935–6.,5151 Damiris K, Aghaie Meybodi M, Niazi M, Pyrsopoulos N. Hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals. World J Hepatol. 2022;14:482–94.
|
| Rabies virus |
Fatal encephalitis |
Fatal encephalitis |
Microscopy; Direct fluorescent antibody; Immunohis-tochemistry; RT-PCR |
5353 Chen J, Liu G, Jin T, et al. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of rabies virus transmitted through organ transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:86., 5454 Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, et al. Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1103–11.
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| SARS-CoV-2 |
Fever, cough, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea |
Severe outcome, respiratory insufficiency, and death |
Antigen test and RT-PCR |
5555 Kadam SB, Sukhramani GS, Bishnoi P, Pable AA, Barvkar VT. SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic coronavirus: molecular and structural insights. J Basic Microbiol. 2021;61:180–202.,5656 Fernandes Q, Inchakalody VP, Merhi M, et al. Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines. Ann Med. 2022;54:524–40.,5757 Cavalcante JR, Cardoso-Dos-Santos AC, Bremm JM, et al. COVID-19 in Brazil: evolution of the epidemic up until epidemiological week 20 of 2020. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020;29:e2020376.,5858 OPAS OMS. Transmissão do SARS-CoV-2 : implicações para as precauções de prevenção de infecção. Organ Pan. 2020.
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| BKV polyomavirus |
Asymptomatic |
Ureteral stenosis and kidney dysfunction and inflammation |
Urinary Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and renal biopsy |
7777 Varella RB, Almeida JR, Lopes P de F, Matos JPS de, Menezes P, Lugon JR. BK polyomavirus in kidney transplant recipients: screening, monitoring and clinical management. J Bras Nefrol. 2014;36:529–34.,7878 Hirsch HH, Babel N, Comoli P, et al. European perspective on human polyomavirus infection, replication and disease in solid organ transplantation. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:74–88.,7979 Blackard JT, Davies SM, Laskin BL. BK polyomavirus diversity-why viral variation matters. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30:e2102.
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| Cytomegalovirus |
Fever, indisposition, loss of appetite |
Increased incidence ofmorbidity and mortality |
PCR, IgM/IgG Serology, ELISA method, Western Blot |
8080 Zuhair M, Smit GSA, Wallis G, et al. Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29:e2034.,8181 Gupta M, Shorman M. Cytomegalovirus. Treasure Island; 2023.,8282 Fulkerson HL, Nogalski MT, Collins-McMillen D, Yurochko AD. Overview of human cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2244:1–18.,8383 Kotton CN. CMV: prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:24–40. quiz 40.,8484 Razonable RR, Inoue N, Pinninti SG, et al. Clinical diagnostic testing for human cytomegalovirus infections. J Infect Dis. 2020;221:S74–85.
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