Probiotic |
Live microorganisms that confer a health benefit when consumed in adequate amounts (6666. Vallianou N, Stratigou T, Christodoulatos GS, Tsigalou C, Dalamaga M. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and obesity: current evidence, controversies, and perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9: 179-192, doi: 10.1007/s13679-020-00379-w. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00379...
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Genus Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. brevis, L. johnsonii, L. plantarum and L. fermentum (6767. Walter J. Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: Implications for fundamental and biomedical research. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 4985-4996, doi: 10.1128/AEM.00753-08. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00753-08...
), genus Bifidobacterium: Bifidobacterium infantis, B. adolescentis, B. animalis subsp animalis, B. animalis subsp lactis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve (6868. Fijan S. Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 4745-4767, doi: 10.3390/ijerph110504745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110504745...
), Saccharomyces: S. boulardii (6969. Choi CH, Jo SY, Park HJ, Chang SK, Byeon JS, Myung SJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in irritable bowel syndrome: effect on quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 679-683, doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318204593e. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e318204...
,7070. Guslandi M, Giollo P, Testoni PA. A pilot trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 697-698, doi: 10.1097/00042737-200306000-00017. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042737-2003060...
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Diarrhea (7171. Lai H, Chiu CH, Kong MS, Chang CJ, Chen CC. Nutrients probiotic Lactobacillus casei: effective for managing childhood diarrhea by altering gut microbiota and attenuating fecal inflammatory markers. Nutrients 2019; 11: 1150, doi: 10.3390/nu11051150. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051150...
,7272. Zhao R, Wang Y, Huang Y, Cui Y, Xia L, Rao Z, et al. Effects of fiber and probiotics on diarrhea associated with enteral nutrition in gastric cancer patients: a prospective randomized and controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96: e8418, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008418. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008...
), irritable bowel syndrome (7373. Ishaque SM, Khosruzzaman SM, Ahmed DS, Sah MP. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of a multi-strain probiotic formulation (Bio-Kult®) in the management of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18: 71, doi: 10.1186/s12876-018-0788-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0788-...
), constipation (7474. Kommers MJ, Rodrigues RAS, Miyajima F, Zavala AAZ, Ultramari VRLM, Fett WCR, et al. Effects of probiotic use on quality of life and physical activity in constipated female university students: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25: 1163-1171, doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0134. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0134...
), diabetes (7575. Kijmanawat A, Panburana P, Reutrakul S, Tangshewinsirikul C. Effects of probiotic supplements on insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10: 163-170, doi: 10.1111/jdi.12863. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12863...
), depression (7676. Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, Azam K, Eskandari MH, Djafarian K. Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 522-528, doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.0...
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Paraprobiotic |
Inactivated microbial cells or cell fractions that confer health benefit to the host (7777. Teame T, Wang A, Xie M, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Ding Q, et al. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics of probiotic Lactobacilli, their positive effects on the host and action mechanisms: a review. Front Nutr 2020; 7: 570344, doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.570344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.570344...
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Lactobacillus casei (5959. Salas-Lais AG, Robles-Contreras A, Balderas-López JA, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Immunobiotic and paraprobiotic potential effect of Lactobacillus casei in a systemic toxoplasmosis murine model. Microorganisms 2020; 8: 113, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8010113. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms80...
,6060. Arai S, Iwabuchi N, Takahashi S, Xiao JZ, Abe F, Hachimura S. Orally administered heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 enhances antigen-specific IgA secretion and induces follicular helper T cells in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0199018, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
), Lacticaseibacillus casei (6161. Brandão LR, Alves JLB, da Costa WKA, Ferreira GDAH, de Oliveira MP, da Cruz AG, et al. Live and ultrasound-inactivated: Lacticaseibacillus casei modulate the intestinal microbiota and improve biochemical and cardiovascular parameters in male rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2021; 12: 5287-5300, doi: 10.1039/D1FO01064F. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1FO01064F...
), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (7878. Orlando A, Refolo MG, Messa C, Amati L, Lavermicocca P, Guerra V, et al. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of viable or heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei IMPC2.1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in HGC-27 gastric and DLD-1 colon cell lines. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64: 1103-1111, doi: 10.1080/01635581.2012.717676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.71...
), Saccharomyces boulardii (6464. Generoso SV, Viana ML, Santos RG, Arantes RME, Martins FS, Nicoli JR, et al. Protection against increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation induced by intestinal obstruction in mice treated with viable and heat-killed Saccharomyces boulardii. Eur J Nutr. 2011; 50: 261-269, doi: 10.1007/s00394-010-0134-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-010-0134-...
), Lactobacillus gasseri (6363. Sugawara T, Sawada D, Ishida Y, Aihara K, Aoki Y, Takehara I, et al. Regulatory effect of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 on gut environment and function . Microb Ecol Heal Dis 2016; 27: 30259, doi: 10.3402/mehd.v27.30259. https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v27.30259...
), Enterococcus faecalis (7979. Chung IC, OuYang CN, Yuan SN, Lin HC, Huang KY, Wu PS, et al. Pretreatment with a heat-killed probiotic modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome and attenuates colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice. Nutrients 2019; 11: 516, doi: 10.3390/nu11030516. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030516...
), Lactobacillus paracasei (8080. Karimi Ardestani S, Tafvizi F, Tajabadi Ebrahimi M. Heat-killed probiotic bacteria induce apoptosis of HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line via the regulation of Bax/Bcl2 and caspases pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38: 1069-1081, doi: 10.1177/0960327119851255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327119851255...
), Lactobacillus crispatus (8181. Motevaseli E, Khorramizadeh MR, Hadjati J, Bonab SF, Eslami S, Ghafouri-Fard S. Investigation of antitumor effects of Lactobacillus crispatus in experimental model of breast cancer in BALB/c mice. Immunotherapy 2018; 10: 119-129, doi: 10.2217/imt-2017-0088. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2017-0088...
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Intestinal mucositis (6565. Nobre LMS, Lopes MHS, Geraix J, Cajado AG, Silva JMR, Ribeiro LR, et al. Paraprobiotic Enterococcus faecalis EC-12 prevents the development of irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Life Sci 2022; 296: 120445, doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2022.12044...
), modulation of the microbiota and improvement of intestinal function (6363. Sugawara T, Sawada D, Ishida Y, Aihara K, Aoki Y, Takehara I, et al. Regulatory effect of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 on gut environment and function . Microb Ecol Heal Dis 2016; 27: 30259, doi: 10.3402/mehd.v27.30259. https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v27.30259...
), obesity (8282. Seo KH, Jeong J, Kim H. Synergistic effects of heat-killed kefir paraprobiotics and flavonoid-rich prebiotics on western diet-induced obesity. Nutrients 2020; 12: 2465, doi: 10.3390/nu12082465. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082465...
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Postbiotic |
Soluble factors (metabolites, metabiotics, supernatants, or cell extracts) released by the lysis of bacteria or secreted by live bacteria, causing benefits to the host (5757. Aguilar-Toalá JE, Garcia-Varela R, Garcia HS, Mata-Haro V, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, et al. Postbiotics: an evolving term within the functional foods field. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 75: 105-114, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.0...
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Lactobacillus amylovorus (8383. Sugawara T, Sawada D, Yanagihara S, Aoki Y, Takehara I, Sugahara H, et al. Daily intake of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus CP1563 improves pre-obese conditions and affects the gut microbial community in healthy pre-obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Microorganisms 2020; 8: 304, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8020304. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms80...
), Escherichia coli (8484. Kiencke P, Viehmann K, Rychlik R. Cost-effectiveness analysis, prevention of atopic dermatitis by oral application of bacterial lysate in newborns/small children. Eur J Health Econ 2013; 14: 995-1002, doi: 10.1007/s10198-012-0448-x. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-012-0448-...
), Enterococcus faecalis (8484. Kiencke P, Viehmann K, Rychlik R. Cost-effectiveness analysis, prevention of atopic dermatitis by oral application of bacterial lysate in newborns/small children. Eur J Health Econ 2013; 14: 995-1002, doi: 10.1007/s10198-012-0448-x. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-012-0448-...
), Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus sanguinis and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (Broncho-Vaxom®) (8585. Heintz B, Schlenter WW, Kirsten R, Nelson K. Clinical efficacy of Broncho-Vaxom in adult patients with chronic purulent sinusitis--a multi-centric, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27: 530-534.-86. Lu Y, Li Y, Xu L, Xia M, Cao L. Bacterial lysate increases the percentage of natural killer T cells in peripheral blood and alleviates asthma in children. Pharmacology 2015; 95: 139-144, doi: 10.1159/000377683. https://doi.org/10.1159/000377683...
8787. Zhang M, Luan H, Zhang Q, Wang L, Lv YM, He F, et al. Prevention of infection in immunosuppressive patients with autoimmune nephrosis by using an immunostimulating bacterial lysate Broncho-vaxom. Hum Vaccines Immunother 2012; 8: 1802-1807, doi: 10.4161/hv.21874. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21874...
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Obesity 98383. Sugawara T, Sawada D, Yanagihara S, Aoki Y, Takehara I, Sugahara H, et al. Daily intake of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus CP1563 improves pre-obese conditions and affects the gut microbial community in healthy pre-obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Microorganisms 2020; 8: 304, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8020304. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms80...
), atopic dermatitis (8484. Kiencke P, Viehmann K, Rychlik R. Cost-effectiveness analysis, prevention of atopic dermatitis by oral application of bacterial lysate in newborns/small children. Eur J Health Econ 2013; 14: 995-1002, doi: 10.1007/s10198-012-0448-x. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-012-0448-...
), sinusitis (8585. Heintz B, Schlenter WW, Kirsten R, Nelson K. Clinical efficacy of Broncho-Vaxom in adult patients with chronic purulent sinusitis--a multi-centric, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27: 530-534.), asthma (8686. Lu Y, Li Y, Xu L, Xia M, Cao L. Bacterial lysate increases the percentage of natural killer T cells in peripheral blood and alleviates asthma in children. Pharmacology 2015; 95: 139-144, doi: 10.1159/000377683. https://doi.org/10.1159/000377683...
), prevention of respiratory infections (8787. Zhang M, Luan H, Zhang Q, Wang L, Lv YM, He F, et al. Prevention of infection in immunosuppressive patients with autoimmune nephrosis by using an immunostimulating bacterial lysate Broncho-vaxom. Hum Vaccines Immunother 2012; 8: 1802-1807, doi: 10.4161/hv.21874. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21874...
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