Rotheram-Borus et al. (11. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Weichle TW, Wynn A, Almirol E, Davis E, Stewart J, et al. Alcohol, But not depression or IPV, reduces HIV adherence among South African Mothers living with HIV over 5 years. AIDS Behav 2019; 23: 3247–3256, doi: 10.1007/s10461-019-02617-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02617...
) |
To analyze depression through the presence of comorbidities |
Cohort |
Alcohol abuse, income, and diseases like HIV influence depression development |
Mellick et al. (22. Mellick W, Hatkevich C, Venta A, Hill RM, Kazimi I, Elhai JD, et al. Measurement invariance of depression symptom ratings across African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Caucasian adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Psychol Assess 2019; 31: 833–838, doi: 10.1037/pas0000708. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000708...
) |
To analyze the invariance of classifications of depression symptoms in African American, Hispanic/Latin, and Caucasian adolescents that are psychiatric patients |
Cross-sectional |
Ethnicity is a risk factor for mental diseases |
Hazzard et al. (33. Hazzard VM, Hahn SL, Bauer KW, Sonneville KR. Binge eating-related concerns and depressive symptoms in young adulthood: Seven-year longitudinal associations and differences by race/ethnicity. Eat Behav 2019; 32: 90–94, doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.01.004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.01...
) |
To examine the association of mental disorders in adolescents with differences of skin color/race |
Longitudinal |
The early identification of these cognitions and early intervention may help reduce the risk of depression in the young adult age. |
Davis et al. (44. Davis JP, Dumas TM, Merrin GJ, Espelage DL, Tan K, Madden D, et al. Examining the pathways between bully victimization, depression, academic achievement, and problematic drinking in adolescence. Psychol Addict Behav 2018; 32: 605–616, doi: 10.1037/adb0000394. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000394...
) |
To examine the paths between victimization, depression, academic performance, and problematic consumption in adolescents |
Cross-sectional |
Results are discussed regarding the prevention interventions for problematic consumption, as well as screening for adolescent depression |
Earnshaw et al. (55. Earnshaw VA, Kidman RC, Violari A. Stigma, depression, and substance use problems among perinatally HIV-infected youth in South Africa. AIDS Behav 2018; 22: 3892–3896, doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2201-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2201-...
) |
To analyze the problems related to stigma, depression, and use of substances among young people |
Cross-sectional |
The internalized stigma is associated with a higher risk of depression, and the associative stigma is associated with a higher risk of depression and problems related to substance use |
Weller et al. (77. Weller BE, Blanford KL, Butler AM. Estimated prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in U.S. adolescents with depression by race/ethnicity, 2011-2012. J Adolesc Heal 2018; 62: 716–721, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201...
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To estimate the national prevalence of comorbidities for black, Hispanic, and white adolescents separately and compare the prevalence of comorbidities among adolescents with and without depression |
Cross-sectional |
This study found important differences in the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions by race/ethnicity. Results highlight the need of interventions directed to black and Hispanic adolescents with depression that are simultaneously treating anxiety and behavioral problems. |
Hussen et al. (88. Hussen SA, Easley KA, Smith JC, Shenvi N, Harper GW, Camacho-Gonzalez AF, et al. Social capital, depressive symptoms, and HIV viral suppression among young black, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men living with HIV. AIDS Behav 2018; 22: 3024–3032, doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2105-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2105-...
) |
To analyze social capital, depressive symptoms, and viral suppression of HIV among black, gay, bisexual, and other kinds of adolescents that have sexual intercourse with men living with HIV |
Cross-sectional |
Socioeconomic factors are a risk for the development of mental comorbidities |
Kilpatrick and Taylor (99. Kilpatrick QK, Taylor J. Racial/ethnic contrasts in the relationships between physical disability, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities 2018; 5: 1238–1246, doi: 10.1007/s40615-018-0470-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-018-0470-...
) |
To assess the importance of perceived prejudice in a multiethnic sample of study participants with and without physical disability |
Cross-sectional |
Results show race as a source of prejudice and health risk |
Mowbray et al. (1010. Mowbray O, Campbell RD, Kim I, Scott JA. Quitting mental health services among racial and ethnic groups of Americans with depression. J Behav Heal Serv Res 2018; 45: 269-279.) |
To analyze race as a depression determinant |
Cross-sectional |
Race is a risk factor for depression |
Assari et al. (1111. Assari S, Caldwell CH. High risk of depression in high-income african american boys. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities 2018; 5: 808–819, doi: 10.1007/s40615-017-0426-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0426-...
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To investigate the association between family income and risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) in black young individuals, based on ethnicity, gender |
Cross-sectional |
Results suggest that ethnicity and gender influence how socioeconomic resources, like income, are associated with risk of MDD |
Bromberger et al. (1212. Bromberger JT, Schott LL, Matthews KA, Kravitz HM, Harlow SD, Montez JK. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and depressive symptom burden across 15 years of follow-up during midlife: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Arch Womens Ment Health 2017; 20: 495–504, doi: 10.1007/s00737-017-0747-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0747-...
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To analyze childhood socioeconomic circumstances and depressive load of symptoms throughout 15 years of follow-up in midlife |
Cohort |
Socioeconomic factors can be mental health determiners |
Youssef et al. (1313. Youssef NA, Belew D, Hao G, Wang X, Treiber FA, Stefanek M, Yassa M, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in the association of childhood adversities with depression and the role of resilience. J Affect Disord 2017; 208: 577–581, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.02...
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To examine: 1) if there is a dose-response relation between trauma and depressive symptoms; 2) if the initial trauma affected European Americans (AE) and African Americans (AA) in a similar way; and 3) if resilience reduces the trauma effect |
Cross-sectional |
Even though the adverse experiences have been significantly associated with the depression severity of the dose-response form, a higher resilience mitigated the impact of childhood adversities in depressive symptoms in young adults |
Jesse et al. (1414. Jesse DE, Bian H, Banks EC, Gaynes BN, Hollon SD, Newton ER. Role of Mediators in reducing antepartum depressive symptoms in rural low-income women receiving a culturally tailored cognitive behavioral intervention. Issues Ment Heal Nurs 2016; 37: 811–819, doi: 10.1080/01612840.2016.1229821. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2016.12...
) |
To analyze the role of routine events in depression |
Cross-sectional |
Impact on mental health of being young and black is significant |
Montalvo-Liendo et al. (1515. Montalvo-Liendo N, Grogan-Kaylor A, Graham-Bermann S. Ethnoracial variation in depression symptoms. Hisp Heal Care Int 2016; 14: 81–88, doi: 10.1177/1540415316647033. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415316647033...
) |
To analyze the ethnical-race variation for depression |
Cross-sectional |
Even though it is important to assess the mental health needs of all women who are victims of abuse, these results show an additional need of Latin women, those with low income and high exposure to violence. |
Mereish et al. (1616. Mereish EH, N'cho HS, Green CE, Jernigan MM, Helms JE. Discrimination and depressive symptoms among black american men: moderated-mediation effects of ethnicity and self-esteem. Behav Med 2016; 42: 190–196, doi: 10.1080/08964289.2016.1150804. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2016.11...
) |
To examine ethnicity as the moderator of the mediator effects of self-esteem about the relationship between prejudice and depressive symptoms |
Cross-sectional |
Important ethnic differences are highlighted among black men |
Duffy et al. (1717. Duffy S, Brown TM, Katsonga-Phiri T, Bouris A, Grant KE, Keenan K. Development of an empirically based preventive intervention for depression in preadolescent african american girls. Prev Sci 2016; 17: 503–512, doi: 10.1007/s11121-016-0634-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0634-...
) |
Describe the development, feasibility, and acceptability of a novel preventive intervention for depression in African American girls living in urban poverty |
Clinical trial |
Results indicate that the viability of a novel preventive intervention for depression in African Americans was weak, considering that satisfaction and usability were high. Future directions to test the efficacy are discussed |
Mrug et al. (1818. Mrug S, King V, Windle M. Brief report: explaining differences in depressive symptoms between African American and European American adolescents. J Adolesc 2016; 46: 25–29, doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.20...
) |
To explain the differences in depressive symptoms among African American and European adolescents |
Cross-sectional |
The family's socioeconomic factors reduced this difference in 29%; all the risk factors were reduced in 88%. Exposure of adolescents to violence, antisocial behavior, and low connection to school, as well as lower education of parents and parenthood quality, appeared as significant mediators of the differences between groups in depressive symptoms |
Smith et al. (1919. Smith NR, Clark C, Smuk M, Cummins S, Stansfeld SA. The influence of social support on ethnic differences in well-being and depression in adolescents: findings from the prospective Olympic Regeneration in East London (ORiEL) study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015: 50: 1701–1711, doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1098-y. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1098-...
) |
To examine to what extent the positive mental well-being of adolescents and depressive symptoms vary between the ethnic groups and to examine prospectively if social support is a protection against low/poor well-being and depression. |
Longitudinal |
Bangladeshi and Black African adolescents in East London may have a positive advantage in mental health compared to their white counterparts from the United Kingdom, even though social support does not completely explain the results. |