NOP14 inhibits melanoma proliferation and metastasis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Abstract

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a high mortality rate. Nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) has been implicated in cancer development. However, the role of NOP14 in malignant melanoma progression remains largely unclear. In this study, we observed that malignant melanoma tissue showed NOP14 down-regulation compared to melanocytic nevi tissues. Moreover, we observed that NOP14 expression was significantly associated with melanoma tumor thickness and lymph node metastasis. NOP14 overexpression in melanoma cells suppressed proliferation, caused G1 phase arrest, promoted apoptosis, and inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion. Further investigations revealed that NOP14 overexpression reduced the expression levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In summary, we demonstrated that NOP14 inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Malignant melanoma; Metastasis; NOP14; Proliferation; Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Introduction

The incidence of malignant melanoma, an aggressive cancer of the skin with a high mortality rate, has continued to increase in the past two decades (¹). Malignant melanoma ranks as the fifth and seventh most common malignant cancer for males and females, respectively (²). Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, fair skin, dysplastic nevi syndrome, age, and family history are the most common risk factors for the development of malignant melanoma (³). Early diagnosis of melanoma is associated with good prognosis; however, the median survival of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma is 6–9 months (⁴,⁵). The current therapeutic interventions for metastatic melanoma, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, are not sufficient, and only negligible improvement in survival has been achieved overall (⁶). Therefore, understanding the biology of malignant melanoma initiation and progression is imperative.

Nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) is a stress-response gene that encodes a nucleolar protein required for the maturation of 18S rRNA and production of 40S ribosome (⁷). Studies show that ribosomes are involved in DNA repair and regulation of cell development and differentiation, and perturbations in ribosome function may result in tumor formation (⁸). An increasing body of evidence indicates that NOP14 is involved in cancer development. For example, Zhou et al. (⁹) observed that NOP14 overexpression promoted pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Lei et al. (¹⁰) reported that NOP14 suppressed the tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer by inhibiting the NRIP1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, the role of NOP14 in melanoma progression remains largely unclear.

In this study, we investigated the roles of NOP14 in malignant melanoma development. We determined the expression levels of NOP14 in malignant melanoma tissues, and its association with clinicopathological features. We also studied the functional role of NOP14 overexpression in regulating melanoma growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism via which NOP14 suppresses melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis was investigated.

Material and Methods

Sample collection

Forty malignant melanoma tissues were collected from patients with malignant melanoma at the Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital. The diagnosis of malignant melanoma was confirmed pathologically. None of these patients had received radiation therapy or chemotherapy before surgical resection. Twenty melanocytic nevi tissue samples were collected as negative control. Written informed consents were obtained from patients involved in this study. The tissue samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after surgical resection and stored at –80°C for further use.

NOP14 immunohistochemistry (IHC)

IHC was performed to determine NOP14 expression in tissue samples. Four-micrometer sections cut from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were placed on charged slides, which were then dried and melted. After antigen retrieval in citrate buffer, IHC streptavidin-biotin complex was formed and 3,3′diaminobenzidine staining was performed. Results of IHC analysis were reviewed independently by two senior pathologists who were blinded to the outcome of the study. Semi-quantitative assessment of target proteins was performed by consensus, which involved determination of the staining intensity (negative, 0; light yellow, 1; brown, 2; tan, 3) of each cell and the extent of staining (ratio of the number of positive cells to the number of counted cells, being a ratio of 1, 25%; ratio of 2, 26–50%; ratio of 3, 51–75%; ratio of 4, >75%) in each random field. Scores for the intensity and extent of staining were multiplied to obtain weighted scores for each patient (maximum possible score was 12). For statistical analysis, the weighted scores were grouped into four categories, with a score of 0 considered negative, 1–4 (+) considered as weakly positive, and 5–8 (++), 9–12 (+++), and (++)–(+++) considered highly positive.

Cell culture and transfection

Human melanoma cell lines A375 and SK-ML110 were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (China). All cell lines were cultured in Hyclone Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 U/mL each of penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco, USA) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂. For NOP14 overexpression, full-length human NOP14 cDNA was amplified by PCR and inserted into the pcDNA3.1 vector (Realgene, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The forward and reverse primer sequences were F: 5′-CGGGGTACCGCCACCATGGCGAAGGCGAAGAAGGTCGGGGC-3′, and R: 5′-CTAGTCTAGATTATTTTTTGAACTTTTTCCTCTTC-3′. Cells (1×10⁵ cells/well) were seeded in 24-well plates, and the NOP14 overexpression and empty vectors were transfected into cells using the FuGENE® HD transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cells were then cultured at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator. After 48 h of transfection, the cells were harvested for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses.

qRT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA concentration was determined using the NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, USA). Total RNA (1 μg) was then reverse-transcribed to cDNA using Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). qRT-PCR was performed with SYBR Green (Takara, China) and 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA). The primers were synthesized by Takara, and their sequences were: NOP14-forward (F): ATCACTGGGCTGCTATTTCC, NOP14-reverse (R): CTCTGGGACAAAGCCACATA; Wnt3a-F CCCAAGAGCCCAAAAGAG, Wnt3a-R CAGTGGATATAGCAGCATCAG; β-catenin-F: TCTTGGCCATCCTTCTGTGT, β-catenin-R GGGCTTTTATGTGGGTTCTG; GSK-3β: FCTGCACCTTCTTTCCAGTGA, GSK-3β-R: GCATTGGTGCAGACAAGATG; 18s-F: CCTGGATACCGCAGCTAGGA, 18s-R: GCGGCGCAATACGAATGCCCC. The 18s rRNA was used as an internal control. Relative expression was calculated using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

Western blotting

Cells were lysed using ice-cold mammalian radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Beyotime, China), containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Invitrogen) and phenyl methanesulfonate (PMSF) (Invitrogen). Proteins were quantified by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Equal amounts of protein samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Thermo Fisher Scientific), followed by incubation with 10% nonfat milk overnight at 4°C. After washing thrice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing Tween 20 (PBST), the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature with the following primary antibodies: NOP14 (1:500), Wnt3a (1:800), β-catenin (1:1000), GSK-3β (1:500), and GAPDH (1:2000). After washing thrice with PBST, the membrane was incubated with 1:10,000 dilution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG H & L secondary antibodies (Southern Biotech, USA). The membrane was rinsed, and protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Thermo Scientific).

Cell proliferation assay

The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (Beyotime) was used to determine cell proliferation. Cells (5×10³ cells/well) were cultured in a 96-well plate, where each well contained 100 µL fresh serum-free medium. After culturing for 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, the cells were treated with 10 µL MTT and incubated at 37°C for 4 h. One hundred microliters of formazan solvent was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. The absorbance was read at 570 nm using a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). All assays were performed in triplicate.

Migration and invasion assays

Cell migration and invasion assays were performed using transwell chambers (Corning Co., USA) with or without Matrigel (BD Biosciences, USA). After 48 h of transfection, cells (2×10⁵) were seeded in the upper wells with or without 10 μg/mL Matrigel in DMEM, whereas the lower well contained the same medium with 10% FBS. After 48 h of incubation at 37°C in a humid atmosphere containing 5% CO₂, non-migrating cells on the upper side of the filter were removed by wiping with a cotton swab, whereas cells that migrated through the membranes were fixed with 70% cold ethanol, stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and counted under ×200 magnification of the microscope (Olympus, Japan). The experiment was performed in triplicate.

Cell cycle analysis

One million cells were harvested 48 h after transfection and washed in cold PBS, followed by fixing in 90% ice-cold ethanol for 1 h at room temperature. Before cell cycle analysis, the cells were washed thrice in cold PBS, followed by incubation with propidium iodide (PI, 50 μg/mL) and RNase A (2 μg/mL; Sigma, USA) for 20 min at 37°C in the dark. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry (BD Biosciences). Populations in the G1, S, and G2 phases are shown as percentages of total gated cells. Each experiment was repeated thrice.

Analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry

Apoptosis was assessed using an annexin V-FITC-PI dual staining kit (Biolegend, USA) followed by flow cytometry analysis per manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the cell pellet (5×10³ cells) was resuspended in 500 μL binding buffer. Next, 5 μL each of annexin V-FITC and PI were added to the cell suspension, and the cells were cultured in the dark for 15 min at room temperature, followed by flow cytometry analysis (BD Biosciences). Each experiment was repeated thrice.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 19.0 software (IBM, USA). Data are reported as means±SD. Data were analyzed using a Student's t-test for two-group comparison and one-way analysis of variance for multiple-group comparison. The chi-squared test was used to analyze the correlation between NOP14 protein levels and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with melanoma. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

NOP14 expression and clinicopathological characteristics

To investigate the relationship of NOP14 and human malignant melanoma development, we first analyzed NOP14 expression levels in 40 paired malignant melanoma tissues and melanocytic nevi tissues by IHC. As shown in Figure 1, NOP14 expression was significantly lower in malignant melanoma tissues than in melanocytic nevi. This indicated that abnormal NOP14 expression levels might be related to malignant melanoma pathogenesis. Moreover, the association between the NOP14 expression and the clinicopathological features of malignant melanoma were analyzed. As shown in Table 1, no significant association between NOP14 expression and age, gender, and lesion site were observed. Instead, NOP14 expression was significantly associated with an increase in tumor thickness and lymph node metastasis.

Figure 1.
Expression level of nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) in malignant melanoma tissues and melanocytic nevi tissues. Scale bar: 50 μm.

Table 1.
Correlation between nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) protein levels and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with melanoma.

Characteristic	n	NOP14 protein levels		P-value
		Low expression (-, +)	High expression (++, +++)
Age (years)				0.427
<60	21	8	13
≥60	19	5	14
Gender				0.919
Male	18	6	12
Female	22	7	15
Tumor thickness (mm)				0.002
<1	14	9	5
≥1	26	4	22
Site				0.427
Sun-exposed	21	8	13
Sun-protected	19	5	14
Lymph node metastasis				0.010
No	11	7	4
Yes	29	6	23

• Statistical analyses were carried out with the chi-squared test. Bold type indicates statistical significance (P<0.05).

NOP14 overexpression suppressed melanoma cell proliferation

To assess the biological function of NOP14 in melanoma cell lines A375 and SK-ML110, NOP14 overexpression and empty vectors were transiently transfected into cells. As shown in Figure 2A and B, the mRNA and protein levels of NOP14 were significantly increased in melanoma cell lines harboring the NOP14 overexpression vector compared to those containing the empty vector (P<0.01).

Figure 2.
Effect of nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) overexpression on melanoma cell proliferation. NOP14 mRNA levels (A) and protein levels (B) in melanoma cell lines transfected with NOP14 overexpression and empty vectors. C and D, Cell proliferation analysis of melanoma cells after transfection of NOP14 overexpression and empty vectors. Data are reported as means±SD. **P<0.01 vs empty vector (ANOVA).

Next, we investigated the role of NOP14 in the regulation of cell proliferation. As shown in Figure 2C and D, the NOP14 overexpression vector significantly suppressed cell proliferation after 72 h of transfection compared to cells transfected with the empty vector. These results suggested that NOP14 may be involved in the regulation of melanoma cell proliferation.

NOP14 overexpression promoted apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest

To investigate the underlying mechanism that NOP14 overexpression suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, we assessed the effect NOP14 overexpression on apoptosis in A375 and SK-ML110 cell lines. As shown in Figure 3A and B, NOP14 overexpression significantly promoted apoptosis in both melanoma cell lines. In addition, results of flow cytometry showed that the proportion of cells in the G1 phase increased, whereas those in the G2 phase decreased after overexpression of NOP14 in A375 and SK-ML110, indicating that NOP14 induced G1 arrest (Figure 3C and D).

Figure 3.
Apoptosis and cell cycle analysis of melanoma cells transfected with nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) overexpression or empty vector. A and B, Apoptosis analysis of melanoma cells. C and D, Cell cycle analysis of melanoma cells. Data are reported as means±SD. **P<0.01 vs empty vector (t-test).

NOP14 overexpression inhibited migration and invasion of melanoma cells

We further examined the effects of NOP14 overexpression on melanoma cell migration and invasiveness. The transwell assay revealed that NOP14 overexpression remarkably reduced the number of A375 and SK-ML110 cells that passed through the transwell membrane compared to the control group (Figure 4). These results suggested that NOP14 overexpression significantly inhibited the migratory ability and invasiveness of melanoma cells (P<0.01).

Figure 4.
Migratory ability and invasiveness of melanoma cells determined by transwell assay. NOP14: nucleolar protein 14. Scale bar: 50 μm. Data are reported as means±SD. **P<0.01 vs empty vector (t-test).

NOP14 overexpression suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in melanoma cells

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in tumor progression, including in melanoma. Hence, we assessed the changes in mRNA and protein levels of genes encoding various components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, such as Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β, by overexpressing NOP14 in melanoma cell lines. qRT-PCR showed that compared to the empty vector control, the mRNA levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β were decreased by NOP14 overexpression in both melanoma cell lines (Figure 5A to C). Moreover, western blot analysis showed that the levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β were reduced by overexpressing NOP14 in both melanoma cell lines (Figure 5D). These results indicated that NOP14 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Figure 5.
Expression level of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in melanoma cells. A to C, Relative expression and D, protein levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in melanoma cells transfected with nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) overexpression and empty vectors. Data are reported as means±SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs empty vector (ANOVA).

Discussion

NOP14 is highly conserved in eukaryotes (⁷), and its down-regulation inhibits ribosome biogenesis after DNA damage (¹¹). In recent years, increasing evidence shows that NOP14 participates in cancer progression, cellular proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis (¹² –¹⁵). However, the role of NOP14 in melanoma was unknown. In this study, we showed that compared to melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma tissues showed down-regulation of NOP14 expression. Moreover, we observed that NOP14 expression was significantly associated with melanoma tumor thickness and lymph node metastasis. These results indicated that abnormal NOP14 expression might be related to malignant melanoma pathogenesis in human. Upon further assessment of the biological function of NOP14 in melanoma cell lines A375 and SK-ML110, we observed that NOP14 overexpression inhibited melanoma cell proliferation. Cell proliferation is association with protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis (¹⁶). Analysis of cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in melanoma cells overexpressing NOP14 showed that NOP14 overexpression induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and promoted apoptosis in both melanoma cell lines. Malignant cancer cells are characterized by their ability to migrate and invade tissues into blood vessels, where they initiate metastasis (¹⁷). Lei et al. (¹⁰) showed that NOP14 suppressed tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The transwell assay in this study revealed that NOP14 overexpression reduced the migratory ability and invasiveness of A375 and SK-ML110 cells. These results suggested that NOP14 might be an important regulatory molecule for melanoma formation and development and a potential predictor of melanoma.

Tumor progression is driven by molecular changes that confer proliferative advantage and promote invasive and metastatic phenotypes. Reports show that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is important for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, including cell migration, proliferation, hematopoiesis, and wound repair (¹⁸). Deregulation or mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are implicated in both tumor formation and progression of various types of cancer. β-catenin accumulates in the nucleus, binds to T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer binding factor (TCF/LEF), and activates its target genes such as cyclin D1 (CCND1) and the cellular myelo-cytomatosis (MYC) oncogene (¹⁹). β-catenin levels are subjected to tight regulation, particularly through the GSK3β-dependent phosphorylation of exon3, which plays a key role in controlling proteasomal degradation (²⁰). Moreover, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been reported not only to be a predisposing factor for melanoma, but also to contribute to the progression and deterioration of melanoma (²¹). In the present study, we observed that NOP14 overexpression suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results indicated that NOP14 exerted its functions on melanoma cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and suggested that targeting of NOP14 may constitute a novel therapeutic approach for treating patients with melanoma or abnormally activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

In conclusion, we showed that NOP14 was down-regulated in malignant melanoma tissue. NOP14 overexpression suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, promoted apoptosis, and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Additionally, overexpression of NOP14 decreased Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β expression. Our findings show that overexpression of NOP14 reduced melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These observations may provide new insights into the development of targeted therapeutic agents for melanoma.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Guangzhou General Science and Technology Project of Health and Family Planning (No. 20181A010005) and Guangdong Medical Science and Research Foundation (No. A2018556).

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• Erratum
  Erratum for: Braz J Med Biol Res | doi: 10.1590/1414-431X20187952.
  The authors notified the Editors of the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research that there are errors in Table 1 (titles of columns 3 and 4) and that the name of one cell line in the text and in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 is incorrect (‘SK-ML110’) in the published article.
  The correct cell line in all citations should be ‘SK-MEL-1’ and the correct Table 1 is shown below.
  Table 1
  Correlation between nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) protein levels and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with melanoma.
  

  Characteristic	n	NOP14 protein levels		P-value
  		High expression (++, +++)	Low expression (-, +)
  Age (years)				0.427
  <60	21	8	13
  ≥60	19	5	14
  Gender				0.919
  Male	18	6	12
  Female	22	7	15
  Tumor thickness (mm)				0.002
  <1	14	9	5
  ≥1	26	4	22
  Site				0.427
  Sun-exposed	21	8	13
  Sun-protected	19	5	14
  Lymph node metastasis				0.010
  No	11	7	4
  Yes	29	6	23

  • Statistical analyses were carried out with the chi-squared test. Bold type indicates statistical significance (P<0.05).
  The correct Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 are as follows:
  

  Figure 2
  Effect of nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) overexpression on melanoma cell proliferation. NOP14 mRNA levels (A) and protein levels (B) in melanoma cell lines transfected with NOP14 overexpression and empty vectors. C and D, Cell proliferation analysis of melanoma cells after transfection of NOP14 overexpression and empty vectors. Data are reported as means±SD. **P<0.01 vs empty vector (ANOVA).
  

  

  Figure 3
  Apoptosis and cell cycle analysis of melanoma cells transfected with nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) overexpression or empty vector. A and B, Apoptosis analysis of melanoma cells. C and D, Cell cycle analysis of melanoma cells. Data are reported as means±SD. **P<0.01 vs empty vector (t-test).
  

  

  Figure 4
  Migratory ability and invasiveness of melanoma cells determined by transwell assay. NOP14: nucleolar protein 14. Scale bar: 50 μm. Data are reported as means±SD. **P<0.01 vs empty vector (t-test).
  

  

  Figure 5
  Expression level of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in melanoma cells. A to C, Relative expression and D, protein levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in melanoma cells transfected with nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) overexpression and empty vectors. Data are reported as means±SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs empty vector (ANOVA).
  

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Nov 2018
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  9 July 2018
• Accepted
  27 Sept 2018