The legacy of man-made organic compounds in surface sediments of Pina Sound and Suape Estuary, northeastern Brazil

Yogui, Gilvan Takeshi; Taniguchi, Satie; Silva, Josilene da; Miranda, Daniele de Almeida; Montone, Rosalinda Carmela

doi:10.1590/S1679-87592018148206601

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Oceanography

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original Article • Braz. j. oceanogr. 66 (1) • Jan-Mar 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592018148206601 copy

The legacy of man-made organic compounds in surface sediments of Pina Sound and Suape Estuary, northeastern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are man-made organic chemicals that have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, sometimes altering ecosystem functioning with potential consequences for the coastal carbon cycle. This study assessed PCBs and OCPs in surface sediments of two estuaries with distinct historical land use on the coast of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. OCPs such as HCB, aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, mirex, methoxychlor, endosulfans (α- and β-isomers), HCHs (α-, β-, γ- and δ-isomers) and chlordane-related compounds were below their respective limits of detection in all samples. Mean levels of PCBs in Pina Sound and Suape Estuary were 4.37 and 0.94 ng g^-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Average concentrations of DDTs in those same estuaries were 5.24 and 0.42 ng g^-1 dw, respectively. No significant correlations were found between mud and contaminants (either PCBs or DDTs) at Pina Sound. In contrast, PCBs were significantly associated with mud at Suape Estuary. The greater contamination found at Pina Sound is consistent with land use of the urban, densely populated city of Recife. Residues of DDTs found in sediments of both estuaries reflect past local usage. Occasional adverse biological effects may be expected due to the levels of DDTs at several sites in Pina Sound. Lower levels of chemicals such as PCBs in the newly industrialized Suape Estuary suggest that a similarly low impact of legacy pollutants may be expected for future industrial enterprises around the world.

Descriptors:
Pollution; Persistent organic pollutant; PCB; DDT; Sediment quality guideline; Pernambuco

	Concentration (ng g^-1 dry weight)
ID	OM00232	OM00228	OM00236	OM00224	OM00220	OM00216	OM00212	OM00208	OM00204
Site	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9
Σ PCBs	<0.51	2.14	<0.51	15.0	3.8	9.39	4.92	2.08	1.95
Σ DDTs	21.4	2.96	<0.27	6.01	3.00	5.77	3.86	2.99	1.13
Σ HCHs	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58
Σ CHLs	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94
HCB	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16
Mirex	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	< 0.48
Methoxychlor	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48
α-Endosulfan	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32
β-Endosulfan	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32
Aldrin	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26
Dieldrin	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32
Isodrin	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51

	Concentration (ng g^-1 dry weight)
ID	OM00028	OM00048	OM00024	OM00019	OM00044	OM00046	OM00040	OM00036
Site	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8
Σ PCBs	2.95	1.34	0.18	2.24	0.78	<0.02	<0.02	<0.02
Σ DDTs	<0.27	<0.27	2.20	1.14	<0.27	<0.27	<0.27	<0.27
Σ HCHs	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58	<0.58
Σ CHLs	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94	<1.94
HCB	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16	<0.16
Mirex	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48
Methoxychlor	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48	<0.48
α-Endosulfan	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32
β-Endosulfan	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32
Aldrin	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26	<0.26
Dieldrin	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32	<0.32
Isodrin	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51	<0.51

Location, State	Survey	n	Ʃ PCBs	HCB	Ʃ DDTs	Ʃ HCHs	Ʃ CHLs	Ʃ DRNs	Ʃ SFNs	Mirex	DMDT	Reference
			(ng g^-1 dry weight)
Jaguaribe Estuary, CE	2011	5		1.95	7.53	1.58	28.9	nd	67.8		2.29	Oliveira et al. (2016)OLIVEIRA, A. H. B., CAVALCANTE, R. M., DUAVI, W. C., FERNANDES, G. M., NASCIMENTO, R. F., QUEIROZ, M. & MENDONÇA, K. V. 2016. The legacy of organochlorine pesticide usage in a tropical semi-arid region (Jaguaribe River, Ceará, Brazil): implications of the influence of sediment parameters on occurrence, distribution and fate. Science of The Total Environment, 542, 254-263. ^a a ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE; ∑HCH = sum of α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH; ∑CHL = heptachlor; ∑SFN = sum of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan; riverine sediments were excluded.
Pina Sound, PE	2011	9	4.37	<0.16	5.24	<0.58	<1.94	<0.51	<0.32	<0.48	<0.48	This study^b b ∑PCB = sum of 51 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE.
Suape Estuary, PE	2011	8	0.94	<0.16	0.42	<0.58	<1.94	<0.51	<0.32	<0.48	<0.48	This study^b b ∑PCB = sum of 51 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE.
Guanabara Bay, RJ	2003-04	5	80.6	0.24	16.1	1.06	3.61	4.52	1.27			Souza et al. (2008)SOUZA, A. S., TORRES, J. P. M., MEIRE, R. O., NEVES, R. C., COURI, M. S. & SEREJO, C. S. 2008. Organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments and crabs (Chasmagnathus granulata, Dana, 1851) from mangroves of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Chemosphere, 73, S186-S192. ^c c ∑PCB = sum of 7 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE; ∑HCH = γ-HCH; ∑CHL = sum of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide; ∑DRN = sum of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin; ∑SFN = α-endosulfan.
Santos Estuary, SP	2000	9	36.0	3.15	3.27	0.10	<0.10	<0.10		<0.10		Bícego et al. (2006)BÍCEGO, M. C., TANIGUCHI, S., YOGUI, G. T., MONTONE, R. C., SILVA, D. A. M., LOURENÇO, R. A., MARTINS, C. C., SASAKI, S. T., PELLIZARI, V. H. & WEBER, R. R. 2006. Assessment of contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Santos and São Vicente Estuary System, São Paulo, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1804-1816. ^d d ∑PCB = sum of 30 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE; ∑HCH = γ-HCH and δ-HCH.
Guaratuba Bay, PR	2010	22	0.87	<LQ	0.08	<LQ	0.06	<LQ	<LQ	<LQ	<Q	Combi et al. (2013)COMBI, T., TANIGUCHI, S., FIGUEIRA, R. C. L., MAHIQUES, M. M. & MARTINS, C. C. 2013. Spatial distribution and historical input of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from a subtropical estuary (Guaratuba Bay, SW Atlantic). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70, 247-252. ^e e ∑PCB = sum of 51 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE; ∑CHL= sum of α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor trans-epoxide and heptachlor cis-epoxide; individual limits of quantitation (LQ) are not specified in the paper.
Florianópolis Bay, SC	2009	5	<0.51	<0.14	4.27	0.17	<0.03	<0.13	<0.34	<0.16		Souza et al. (2012)SOUZA, D. S. M., RAMOS, A. P. D., NUNES, F. F., MORESCO, V., TANIGUCHI, S., LEAL, D. A. G., SASAKI, S. T., BICEGO, M. C., MONTONE, R. C., DURIGAN, M., TEIXEIRA, A. L., PILOTTO, M. R., DELFINO, N., FRANCO, R. M. B., MELO, C. M. R., BAINY, A. C. D. & BARARDI, C. R. M. 2012. Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 76, 153-161. ^f f ∑DDT and ∑HCH are not specified in the paper.

Continent	Location	Survey	n	Ʃ PCBs (ng g^-1)		Ʃ DDTs (ng g^-1)		Reference
				Mean	Range	Mean	Range	Reference
Americas	Pina Sound, northeastern Brazil	2011	9	4.37	<0.51 - 15.0	5.24	<0.27 - 21.4	This study^a a ∑PCB = sum of 51 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE.
	Suape Estuary, northeastern Brazil	2011	8	0.94	<0.02 - 2.95	0.42	<0.27 - 2.20	This study^a a ∑PCB = sum of 51 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE.
	Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina	2005-06	49			0.32	<LD - 1.93	Arias et al. (2011)ARIAS, A. H., PEREYRA, M. T. & MARCOVECCHIO, J. E. 2011. Multi-year monitoring of estuarine sediments as ultimate sink for DDT, HCH, and other organochlorinated pesticides in Argentina. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 17-32. ^b b ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE; limit of detection (LD) is not specified in the paper.
	Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina	2005-06	29	24.2	1.00 - 160			Arias et al. (2013)ARIAS, A. H., VAZQUEZ-BOTELLO, A., DIAZ, G. & MARCOVECCHIO, J. E. 2013. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in navigation channels, harbors and industrial areas of the Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina. International Journal Of Environmental Research, 7, 925-936. ^c c ∑PCB = sum of 7 congeners.
	Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba	2005	17	6.20	1.90 - 16.0	2.00	<0.01 - 9.60	Tolosa et al. (2010)TOLOSA, I., MESA-ALBERNAS, M. & ALONSO-HERNANDEZ, C. M. 2010. Organochlorine contamination (PCBs, DDTs, HCB, HCHs) in sediments from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 1619-1624. ^d d ∑PCB = sum of 11 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE.
Africa	Mediterranean coast, Egypt	2005	12	50.9	2.29 - 377	17.0	0.07 - 81.5	Barakat et al. (2013)BARAKAT, A. O., MOSTAFA, A., WADE, T. L., SWEET, S. T. & EL SAYED, N. B. 2013. Distribution and ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt. Chemosphere, 93, 545-554. ^e e ∑PCB = sum of 96 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE; coastal lagoons were excluded.
	Red Sea coast, Egypt	200 9	17	2.09	0.40 - 6.17	0.080	0.003 - 0.46	El Nemr et al. (2013)EL NEMR, A., MONEER, A. A., KHALED, A. & EL-SIKAILY, A. 2013. Levels, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorines in surficial sediments of the Red Sea coast, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 4835-4853. ^f f ∑PCB = sum of 10 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE.
	Monastir Bay, Tunisia	2007-08	10	4.03	1.10 - 9.30			Nouira et al. (2013)NOUIRA, T., RISSO, C., LASSAAD, C., BUDZINSKI, H. & BOUSSETTA, H. 2013. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface sediments from Monastir Bay (Tunisia, central Mediterranean): occurrence, distribution and seasonal variations. Chemosphere, 93, 487-493. ^g g ∑PCB = sum of 7 congeners.
Asia	Yangtze Estuary, China	2010-11	25	0.13	0.02 - 0.34			Duan et al. (2013)DUAN, X., LI, Y., LI, X., LI, M. & ZHANG, D. 2013. Distributions and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the coastal East China Sea sediments. Science of the total environment, 463-464, 894-903. ^h h ∑PCB = sum of 23 congeners; surface sediments only.
	Hugli Estuary, India	1998-2000	30			57.8	3.00 - 119	Bhattacharya et al. (2003)BHATTACHARYA, B., SARKAR, S. K. & MUKHERJEE, N. 2003. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments of a tropical mangrove estuary, India: implications for monitoring. Environment International, 29, 587-592. ⁱ i ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE.
	Gwangyang Bay, South Korea	2006	3			0.13	0.061 - 0.20	Kim et al. (2008)KIM, Y. S., EUN, H., CHO, H. S., KIM, K. S., SAKAMOTO, T., WATANABE, E., BABA, K. & KATASE, T. 2008. Organochlorine pesticides in the sediment core of Gwangyang Bay, South Korea. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54, 386-394. ^j j ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDT.
Europe	Scheldt Estuary, Belgium/Netherlands	2010	36	31.5	1.91 - 368	0.15	0.010 - 12.1	Van Ael et al. (2012)VAN AEL, E., COVACI, A., BLUST, R. & BERVOETS, L. 2012. Persistent organic pollutants in the Scheldt estuary: environmental distribution and bioaccumulation. Environment International, 48, 17-27. ^k k ∑PCB = sum of 33 congeners; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE.
	Coast of Portugal	2007-08	11			5.57	0.72 - 14	Carvalho et al. (2009)CARVALHO, P. N., RODRIGUES, P. N. R., BASTO, M. C. P. & VASCONCELOS, M. T. S. D. 2009. Organochlorine pesticides levels in Portuguese coastal areas. Chemosphere, 75, 595-600. ^l l ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD; only 5-15 cm of sediment was computed.
	Estuaries of Cantabria, Spain	2006	108			0.60	0.50 - 0.90	Gómez et al. (2011)GÓMEZ, S., GORRI, D. & IRABIEN, A. 2011. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from coastal environment of Cantabria (northern Spain) and evaluation of the Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176, 385-401. ^m m ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE.
Oceania	Port Jackson, Australia	1995	247	164	<0.50 - 1921	77.0	<0.050 - 4875	Birch and Taylor (2000)BIRCH, G. F. & TAYLOR, S. E. 2000. Distribution and possible sources of organochlorine residues in sediments of a large urban estuary, Port Jackson, Sydney. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47, 749-756. ⁿ n ∑PCB = mixture of Aroclors 1242 and 1254; ∑DDT = sum of DDT, DDD and DDE.
	Tauranga Harbour, New Zeland	1991-92	15	13.7	<0.10 - 73.8	2.62	<0.060 - 19.2	Burggraaf et al. (1994)BURGGRAAF, S., LANGDON, A. G. & WILKINS, A. L. 1994. Organochlorine contaminants in sediments of the Tauranga Harbor, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 28, 291-298. ^o o ∑PCB = sum of Aroclor 1260 equivalent; ∑DDT = sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE.

Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico Praça do Oceanográfico, 191 , 05508-120 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-6501, Fax: (55 11) 3032-3092 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: io@usp.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] *Corresponding author: gilvan.yogui@ufpe.br