Activity of natural radionuclides and their contribution to the absorbed dose in the fish cubera snapper (lutjanus cyanopterus, cuvier, 1828) on the coast of Ceara, Brazil

Pereira, Wagner de S.; Kelecom, Alphonse; Py Júnior, Delcy de A.

Abstracts

A methodology was developed for converting the activity concentration of radionuclides (Bq kg-1) into absorbed dose rate (Gy y-1), aiming an approach to environmental radioprotection based on the concept of standard dose limit. The model considers only the internal absorbed dose rate. This methodology was applied to the cubera snapper fish (Lutjanus cyanopterus, Cuvier, 1828) caught off the coast of Ceará. The natural radionuclides considered were uranium-238, radium-226, lead-210, thorium-232 and radium-228. The absorbed dose rates were calculated for individual radionuclides and the type of emitted radiation. The average dose rate due to these radionuclides was 5.36 µGy y-1, a value six orders of magnitude smaller than the threshold value of absorbed dose rate used in this study (3.65 10³ mGy y-1), and similar to that found in the literature for benthic fish. Ra-226 and U-238 contributed 67% and 22% of the absorbed dose rate, followed by Th-232 with 10%. Ra-228 and Pb-210, in turn, accounted for less than 1% of the absorbed dose rate. This distribution is somewhat different from that reported in the literature, where the Ra-226 accounts for 86% of the absorbed dose rate.

Environmental radioactivity; Environmental radioprotection; Biota dose; Natural radionuclides; Cubera snapper

Visando a radioproteção ambiental, baseada no conceito de limite de taxa de dose absorvida, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de conversão da concentração de atividade de radionuclídeos (Bq kg-1) em taxa de dose absorvida (Gy a-1). O modelo considera apenas a taxa de dose absorvida interna. Essa metodologia foi aplicada ao peixe vermelho-caranho (Lutjanus cyanopterus, Cuvier, 1828) capturado na costa do Ceará e aos radionuclídeos naturais: urânio-238, rádio-226, chumbo-210, tório-232 e rádio-228. As taxas de dose absorvidas foram calculadas por radionuclídeo e por tipo de radiação emitida. A taxa de dose média devida a esses radionuclídeos foi de 5.36 µGy a-1, valor seis ordens de grandeza menor que o valor de limite de taxa de dose absorvida utilizada no presente trabalho (3.65 10³ mGy a-1), e similar ao encontrado na literatura para peixes bentônicos. Ra-226 e U-238 contribuíram com 67% e 22% da taxa de dose absorvida, seguidos de Th-232 com 10%. Já Ra-228 e Pb-210 respondem por menos de 1% da taxa de dose absorvida. Essa distribuição é um pouco diferente do relatado na literatura, onde Ra-226 responde por 86% da taxa de dose absorvida.

Radioatividade ambiental; Radioproteção ambiental; Dose na biota; Radionuclídeos naturais; Vermelho-caranho

AARKROG, A.; BAXTER, M. S.; BETTENCOURT, A. O.; BOJANOWSKI, R.; BOLOGA, A.; CHARMASSON, S.; CUNHA, I.; DELFANTI, R. A comparison of doses from ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Po in marine food: A major international study. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 34, n. 1, p. 69-90, 1997.
AMIRO, B. D. Radiological dose conversion factor for generic non-human biota used for screening potential ecological impacts. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 35, n. l, p. 35-51. 1997.
BEGON, M.; TOWNSEND, C. R.; HARPER, J. L. Ecologia: do indivíduo ao ecossistema, 4.ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2007. Reimpressão, 2008. 740 p.
BIRD, G. A.; THOMPSON, P. A.; MACDONALD, C. R.; SHEPPARD, S. C. Ecological risk assessment approach for the regulatory assessment of the effects of radionuclides released from nuclear facilities. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FROM IONIZING RADIATION (SPEIR 3), 3., 2003. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2003. p.241–247.
BRECHIGNAC, F. Protection of the environment: how to position radioprotection in an ecological risk assessment perspective. Sci. tot. Environment, v. 307. p. 35–54. 2003.
BROWN, J. E.; JONES, S. R.; SAXÉN, R.; THORRING, R ; BATLLE, J. V. Radiation dose rates to aquatic organisms from natural radionuclides. J. Radiol. Protect., v. 24, p. A24-, 2004.
BROWN, J. E.; HOSSEINI, A.; BØRRETZEN, P; THØRRING, H. Development of a methodology for assessing the environmental impact of radioactivity in Northern Marine environments. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 52, p1127-1137, 2006.
CHERRY, R. D.; SHANNON, L. V. The alpha radioactivity of marine organisms. Atomic Energy Rev., v.12, n. 1, p. 3-45. 1974.
CNEN (COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR). Norma CNEN-NE-6.05, Gerência de rejeitos radioativos em instalações radiativas, 36 p. 1985.
CNEN (COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR). Norma CNEN-NN-3.01, Diretrizes básicas de proteção radiológica. Rio de Janeiro: 2005. 34 p.
COPPLESTONE, D.; BIELBY, S.; JONES, S. R.; PATTON, D.; DANIEL, P.; GIZE, I. Impact assessment of ionizing radiation on wildlife. R&D Public.., n. 128, 134 p., 2001
COPPLESTONE, D.; HINGSTON, J.; REAL, A. The development and purpose of the FREDERICA radiation effects database, J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 99, p. 1456-1463, 2008.
ENVIRONMENT CANADA. Releases of radionuclides from nuclear facilities (impact on non-human biota). Priority Substance List Assessment Report. Environment Canada/Health Canada, 2001. 164 p.
GODOY, J. M.; LAURIA, D. C.; GODOY, M. L. P.; CUNHA, R. Development of a sequential method for determination of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³²Th, ²³⁰Th, ²²⁸Th, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Pb in environmental samples. J. radioanalyt. nucl. Chem., v. 182, n. 1, p. 165-169, 1994.
HINTON, T. G.; BEDFORD, J. S.; CONGDON, J. C.; WHICKER, F.W. Effects of radiation on the environment: a need to question old paradigms and enhance collaboration among radiation biologists and radiation ecologists. Radiat. Res, v. 162, p. 332–338, 2004.
HIGLEY, K. A.; DOMOTOR, S. L.; ANTONIO, E. J.; KROCHER, D.C.. A derivation of a screening methodology for evaluating radiation dose to aquatic and terrestrial biota. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 66, p. 41-59, 2003a.
IAEA (INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY). Methodology for assessing impacts of radioactivity in aquatic ecosystems. Tech. Rep. Ser., Vienna, n. 190, 1979.
ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977. ICRP Publication 26.
ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Radionuclide transformations energy and intensity of transmissions. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983. ICRP Publication 38.
ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Recommendations of the Intentional Commission on Radiological Protection Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991. 201 p. ICRP Publication 60.
ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). A framework for assessing the impact of ionising radiation on non-human species Elsevier, 2003. ICRP Publication 91.
ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection Elsevier, 2007. ICRP Publication 103.
ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Environmental protection: concept and use of reference animals and plants Elsevier, 2008. ICRP publication 108.
IUCN (INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2010.1. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/>, accessed on January 5, 2010.
JIMONET, C.; METIVIER, H. Personne competente en radioprotection - Principles de radioprotection, reglementation. 2. ed. Paris: EDP Sciences, 2007. 389 p.
LARSON, C-M. The Fasset Framework for assessment of environmental impact of ionizing radiation in European ecossistems – an overview. J. Radiol. Prot n. 24, p. A1-A12. 2004.
MARGALEF, R. Ecologia 1a ed. Barcelona: Omega, 1982. 951 p.
MARQUES JÚNIOR, A. N. et al. Poluição marinha. In: PEREIRA, R. C.; SOARES–GOMES, A. (Org.). Biologia Marinha 2.ed. rev. e ampl. Rio de Janeiro: INTERCIÊNCIA, 2009. 631 p.
NCRP (NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS). Effects of ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms, NCRP rep. n.109, Bethesda, MD, USA, 1991.
ODUM, E. P. Ecologia. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara, 1986. 433 p.
ODUM, E. P.; BARRETT, G. W. Fundamentos de ecologia Tradução da 5º edição norte Americana, Thompson, São Paulo: Cengage Learning, 2007. 612 p. Trad.de: Fundamentals of Ecology.
PENTREATH, R. J. A system for radiological protection of the environment: some initial thoughts and ideas. J. Radiol. Protect. v. 19, p. 117-128. 1999.
PENTREATH R. J.; WOODHEAD D. S. A system for protecting the environment from ionizing radiation: selecting reference fauna and flora, and the possible dose models and environmental geometry that could be applied to them. Sci. total Environment, v. 277. p. 33-43. 2001.
PENTREATH. R. J. Radiation protection of people and environment developing a common approach. J. Radiol. Protect. v. 22, p.1-12. 2002.
PEREIRA, W. S. Distribuição corpórea de polônio-210 em três espécies de peixes da Baía de Sepetiba Monografia (Especialização) - UFF, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, 1995. 62 p.
PEREIRA, W. S. Macrodon Alguns aspectos da bioacumulção de Polônio-210 e Chumbo-210 em ancylodon (Block & Schenneider, 1864). Dissertação (Mestrado) - UFF, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, 1999. 124 p.
PEREIRA, W. S.; KELECOM, A.; PY JUNIOR, D. A. Utilização de peixes como biomonitor para fins de radioproteção ambiental em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Um modelo conceitual. Oecol. Brasiliensis, v. 12. n. 3. P. 542-552. 2008.
SANTOS, I. R.; BURNETT, W. C.; GODOY, J. M. Radionuclides as tracers of coastal process in Brazil: Review, synthesis, and perspectives. Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 56, n. 2, p. 115-131, 2008
SAVVIN, S. B. Analytical use of arsenazo III: Determination of thorium, zirconium, uranium and rare earth elements, Talanta, v. 8, n. 9. p. 673-685. 1961.
SAVVIN, S. B. Analytical applications of arsenazo III—II: Determination of thorium, uranium, protactinium, neptunium, hafnium and scandium, Talanta, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-6. 1964
US DoE (UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY). A graded approach for evaluating radiation dose rate to aquatic and terrestrial biota. DOE-std-1153 module 3 methods derivation. 2002. 58 p.
USEPA (UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY). Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F, Risk Assessment Forum. USEPA, Washington, DC, USA, 1998. 223 p.
WOODHEAD, D. S. Methods of dosimetry for aquatic organisms, in methodology for assessing impacts of radioactivity in aquatic ecosystems. IAEA Tech. Rep., v.190, p. 43-96, 1979.
WOODHEAD, D. S. A possible approach for the assessment of radiation effects on populations of wild organisms in radionuclide-contaminated environments. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 66, p. 181-213. 2003.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
14 Feb 2011
Date of issue
2010

History

Reviewed
14 Apr 2010
Received
03 June 2009
Accepted
07 June 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AARKROG, A.; BAXTER, M. S.; BETTENCOURT, A. O.; BOJANOWSKI, R.; BOLOGA, A.; CHARMASSON, S.; CUNHA, I.; DELFANTI, R. A comparison of doses from ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Po in marine food: A major international study. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 34, n. 1, p. 69-90, 1997.

[2] AMIRO, B. D. Radiological dose conversion factor for generic non-human biota used for screening potential ecological impacts. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 35, n. l, p. 35-51. 1997.

[3] BEGON, M.; TOWNSEND, C. R.; HARPER, J. L. Ecologia: do indivíduo ao ecossistema, 4.ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2007. Reimpressão, 2008. 740 p.

[4] BIRD, G. A.; THOMPSON, P. A.; MACDONALD, C. R.; SHEPPARD, S. C. Ecological risk assessment approach for the regulatory assessment of the effects of radionuclides released from nuclear facilities. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FROM IONIZING RADIATION (SPEIR 3), 3., 2003. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2003. p.241–247.

[5] BRECHIGNAC, F. Protection of the environment: how to position radioprotection in an ecological risk assessment perspective. Sci. tot. Environment, v. 307. p. 35–54. 2003.

[6] BROWN, J. E.; JONES, S. R.; SAXÉN, R.; THORRING, R ; BATLLE, J. V. Radiation dose rates to aquatic organisms from natural radionuclides. J. Radiol. Protect., v. 24, p. A24-, 2004.

[7] BROWN, J. E.; HOSSEINI, A.; BØRRETZEN, P; THØRRING, H. Development of a methodology for assessing the environmental impact of radioactivity in Northern Marine environments. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 52, p1127-1137, 2006.

[8] CHERRY, R. D.; SHANNON, L. V. The alpha radioactivity of marine organisms. Atomic Energy Rev., v.12, n. 1, p. 3-45. 1974.

[9] CNEN (COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR). Norma CNEN-NE-6.05, Gerência de rejeitos radioativos em instalações radiativas, 36 p. 1985.

[10] CNEN (COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR). Norma CNEN-NN-3.01, Diretrizes básicas de proteção radiológica. Rio de Janeiro: 2005. 34 p.

[11] COPPLESTONE, D.; BIELBY, S.; JONES, S. R.; PATTON, D.; DANIEL, P.; GIZE, I. Impact assessment of ionizing radiation on wildlife. R&D Public.., n. 128, 134 p., 2001

[12] COPPLESTONE, D.; HINGSTON, J.; REAL, A. The development and purpose of the FREDERICA radiation effects database, J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 99, p. 1456-1463, 2008.

[13] ENVIRONMENT CANADA. Releases of radionuclides from nuclear facilities (impact on non-human biota). Priority Substance List Assessment Report. Environment Canada/Health Canada, 2001. 164 p.

[14] GODOY, J. M.; LAURIA, D. C.; GODOY, M. L. P.; CUNHA, R. Development of a sequential method for determination of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³²Th, ²³⁰Th, ²²⁸Th, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Pb in environmental samples. J. radioanalyt. nucl. Chem., v. 182, n. 1, p. 165-169, 1994.

[15] HINTON, T. G.; BEDFORD, J. S.; CONGDON, J. C.; WHICKER, F.W. Effects of radiation on the environment: a need to question old paradigms and enhance collaboration among radiation biologists and radiation ecologists. Radiat. Res, v. 162, p. 332–338, 2004.

[16] HIGLEY, K. A.; DOMOTOR, S. L.; ANTONIO, E. J.; KROCHER, D.C.. A derivation of a screening methodology for evaluating radiation dose to aquatic and terrestrial biota. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 66, p. 41-59, 2003a.

[17] IAEA (INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY). Methodology for assessing impacts of radioactivity in aquatic ecosystems. Tech. Rep. Ser., Vienna, n. 190, 1979.

[18] ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977. ICRP Publication 26.

[19] ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Radionuclide transformations energy and intensity of transmissions. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983. ICRP Publication 38.

[20] ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Recommendations of the Intentional Commission on Radiological Protection Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991. 201 p. ICRP Publication 60.

[21] ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). A framework for assessing the impact of ionising radiation on non-human species Elsevier, 2003. ICRP Publication 91.

[22] ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection Elsevier, 2007. ICRP Publication 103.

[23] ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION). Environmental protection: concept and use of reference animals and plants Elsevier, 2008. ICRP publication 108.

[24] IUCN (INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2010.1. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/>, accessed on January 5, 2010.

[25] JIMONET, C.; METIVIER, H. Personne competente en radioprotection - Principles de radioprotection, reglementation. 2. ed. Paris: EDP Sciences, 2007. 389 p.

[26] LARSON, C-M. The Fasset Framework for assessment of environmental impact of ionizing radiation in European ecossistems – an overview. J. Radiol. Prot n. 24, p. A1-A12. 2004.

[27] MARGALEF, R. Ecologia 1a ed. Barcelona: Omega, 1982. 951 p.

[28] MARQUES JÚNIOR, A. N. et al. Poluição marinha. In: PEREIRA, R. C.; SOARES–GOMES, A. (Org.). Biologia Marinha 2.ed. rev. e ampl. Rio de Janeiro: INTERCIÊNCIA, 2009. 631 p.

[29] NCRP (NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS). Effects of ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms, NCRP rep. n.109, Bethesda, MD, USA, 1991.

[30] ODUM, E. P. Ecologia. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara, 1986. 433 p.

[31] ODUM, E. P.; BARRETT, G. W. Fundamentos de ecologia Tradução da 5º edição norte Americana, Thompson, São Paulo: Cengage Learning, 2007. 612 p. Trad.de: Fundamentals of Ecology.

[32] PENTREATH, R. J. A system for radiological protection of the environment: some initial thoughts and ideas. J. Radiol. Protect. v. 19, p. 117-128. 1999.

[33] PENTREATH R. J.; WOODHEAD D. S. A system for protecting the environment from ionizing radiation: selecting reference fauna and flora, and the possible dose models and environmental geometry that could be applied to them. Sci. total Environment, v. 277. p. 33-43. 2001.

[34] PENTREATH. R. J. Radiation protection of people and environment developing a common approach. J. Radiol. Protect. v. 22, p.1-12. 2002.

[35] PEREIRA, W. S. Distribuição corpórea de polônio-210 em três espécies de peixes da Baía de Sepetiba Monografia (Especialização) - UFF, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, 1995. 62 p.

[36] PEREIRA, W. S. Macrodon Alguns aspectos da bioacumulção de Polônio-210 e Chumbo-210 em ancylodon (Block & Schenneider, 1864). Dissertação (Mestrado) - UFF, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, 1999. 124 p.

[37] PEREIRA, W. S.; KELECOM, A.; PY JUNIOR, D. A. Utilização de peixes como biomonitor para fins de radioproteção ambiental em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Um modelo conceitual. Oecol. Brasiliensis, v. 12. n. 3. P. 542-552. 2008.

[38] SANTOS, I. R.; BURNETT, W. C.; GODOY, J. M. Radionuclides as tracers of coastal process in Brazil: Review, synthesis, and perspectives. Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 56, n. 2, p. 115-131, 2008

[39] SAVVIN, S. B. Analytical use of arsenazo III: Determination of thorium, zirconium, uranium and rare earth elements, Talanta, v. 8, n. 9. p. 673-685. 1961.

[40] SAVVIN, S. B. Analytical applications of arsenazo III—II: Determination of thorium, uranium, protactinium, neptunium, hafnium and scandium, Talanta, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-6. 1964

[41] US DoE (UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY). A graded approach for evaluating radiation dose rate to aquatic and terrestrial biota. DOE-std-1153 module 3 methods derivation. 2002. 58 p.

[42] USEPA (UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY). Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F, Risk Assessment Forum. USEPA, Washington, DC, USA, 1998. 223 p.

[43] WOODHEAD, D. S. Methods of dosimetry for aquatic organisms, in methodology for assessing impacts of radioactivity in aquatic ecosystems. IAEA Tech. Rep., v.190, p. 43-96, 1979.

[44] WOODHEAD, D. S. A possible approach for the assessment of radiation effects on populations of wild organisms in radionuclide-contaminated environments. J. environ. Radioactivity, v. 66, p. 181-213. 2003.

Brasil

Brasil

Activity of natural radionuclides and their contribution to the absorbed dose in the fish cubera snapper (lutjanus cyanopterus, cuvier, 1828) on the coast of Ceara, Brazil

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History