Adamovic et al. (2010)2020 Masuda T, Kaga K. Relationship between acquisition of motor function and vestibular function in children with bilateral severe hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134:672–8.
|
Serbia |
To assess the vestibular apparatus function and its pathways in newborns |
Observational |
Up to 29 days of life |
100 |
Vestibular apparatus function and its pathways in newborns |
NR |
OAA, VOR and MR |
It is suggested that vestibular pathways are normal after the child is born when the eyes are positioned in the midline with VOR and MR present. |
Bernard et al. (2015)2424 Golz A, Netzer A, Angel-Yeger B, Westerman ST, Gilbert LM, Joachims HZ. Effects of middle ear effusion on the vestibular system in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;119:695–9.
|
Montreal |
To assess the incidence of vestibular disorders in children with CMV infection |
Observational |
Mean age: 34.7 months |
52 |
CMV |
NR |
Bithermal caloric stimulation, vertical axis rotation, off-vertical axis rotation and cVEMP |
Vestibular disorders are frequent and severe in children infected with CMV |
Brookhouser et al. (1991)2929 Young Y-H, Chen C-N, Hsieh W-S, Wang S-J. Development of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in early life. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009;13:235–9.
|
USA |
To assess the vestibular development in the first year of life |
Observational |
Up to 06 months |
65 |
Low- and high-risk full-term infants |
NR |
RCT, ABR and oculomotor test |
The importance of establishing correlations between vestibular results and variables such as brainstem auditory results, birth history and postnatal evolution is highlighted. |
Chen et al. (2007)3636 Erbek S, Erbek SS, Gokmen Z, Ozkiraz S, Tarcan A, Ozluoglu LN. Clinical application of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in healthy newborns. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1181–5.
|
Taiwan |
To investigate the maturation of the sacculo-collic reflex in newborns |
Case study |
02 to 05 days of life de |
40 |
Maturation of the sacculo-collic reflex in newborns |
NR |
DPOAE and cVEMP with head rotation |
The VEMP in newborns can be easily recorded by the head rotation method. Prolonged or absent CVEMPs in newborns may reflect incomplete maturity of the sacculo-collic reflex pathway. |
Dhondt et al. (2020)2626 Rehagen SK, Valente M, Lieu JEC. Vestibular screening in pediatric patients with otitis media. J Am Acad Audiol. 2020;31:209–16.
|
Belgium |
To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of vestibular loss in children infected with CMV |
Observational |
6 months to 3 years |
93 |
CMV |
NR |
vHIT, rotation test and cVEMP |
Vestibular assessment should be part of the standard otorhinolaryngological follow-up in children with CMV, as CMV can impair vestibular function. |
Ecevit et al. (2012)1111 Murad MH, Asi N, Alsawas M, Alahdab F. New evidence pyramid. BMJ Journals. 2016;21:125–7.
|
Turkey |
Measure cVEMP in late preterm and full term infants and compare results |
Randomized clinical trial |
Between 4 and 8 week of life |
34 |
Late preterm and full-term infants |
NR |
cVEMP |
Abnormal cVEMP results may be related to a delay in the maturation of sacculo-collic pathways in late preterm infants |
Erbek et al. (2007)3535 Zhang D, Fan Z, Han Y, Wang M, Xu L, Luo J, et al. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood: Diagnostic value of vestibular test and high stimulus rate auditory brainstem response test. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76:107–10.
|
Turkey |
To determine cVEMP normality parameters for vestibular dysfunction in newborns |
Case study |
21 toa 28 days of life |
24 |
Universal vestibular screening |
NR |
Tympanometry, EOA, ABR, cVEMP |
cVEMP can be easily used for early assessment of vestibular dysfunction in newborns. It is suggested that services have their own normative standards, as values may differ according to technique and age. |
Franco et al. (2007)3333 Franco ES, Panhoca I. Vestibular function in children underperforming at school. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;74:815–25.
|
Brazil |
To study vestibular function in children with academic difficulties and associated symptoms. |
Observational |
7 to 12 years |
50 |
Academic difficulties |
Dizziness, nausea, |
Audiological exams and VENG |
All identified vestibular alterations were of peripheral origin and dizziness, nausea, reading and copying difficulties showed a statistically significant relationship between the studied variables. |
Franco et al. (2008)3232 Mitchell T, Cambon K. Vestibular response in the neonate and infant. Arc Otolaryngol. 1969;90:556–7.
|
Brazil |
To study the vestibular function in children with poor academic performance |
Observational |
7 to 12 years |
88 |
Poor academic performance |
NR |
Audiological exams and VENG |
All vestibular alterations found had an irritative peripheral origin. There was a significant statistic association between vestibular alteration and school performance. |
Golz et al. (1998)2323 Shinjo Y, Jin Y Kaga K. Assessment of vestibular function of infants and children with congenital and acquired deafness using the ice-water caloric test, rotational chair test and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential recording. Acta Otolaryngol. 2007;127:736–47.
|
Israel |
To determine the incidence of balance-related symptoms in children with ME effusion and to find out whether these symptoms resolved after insertion of ventilation tubes |
Observational |
4 to 9 years |
136 |
ME effusion |
NR |
ENG and motor test |
Balance-related symptoms found in young children may result from chronic ME effusion. These symptoms will resolve after evacuating the effusion and inserting ventilation tubes. |
Horak et al. (1988)1414 Mierzwiński J, Pawlak-Osińska K, Kazmierczak H, Korbal P, Muller M, Piziewicz A, et al. The vestibular system and migraine in children. Otolaryngol Pol. 2000;54:537–40.
|
USA |
To determine whether vestibular function can explain deficits in motor coordination in children with HL and learning deficits. |
Randomized clinical trial |
7 to 12 years |
45 |
Hearing impairment and learning deficit |
HL |
RCT and caloric stimulation |
Reduced or absent vestibular function in children with hearing impairment did not affect the development of motor proficiency, except in specific balance-related activities. Moreover, sensory organization deficits in the group with learning disability and in three of the hearing-impaired children were associated with generalized deficits in motor proficiency. |
Kimura et al. (2018)3030 Brookhouser PE, Cyr DG, Peters JE, Schulte LE. Correlates of vestibular evaluation results during the first year of life. Laryngoscope. 1991;101:687–94.
|
Japan |
To evaluate the relationship between vestibular function and gross motor development in children with IE malformations |
Observational |
3 months to 6 years |
195 |
Children with IE malformation |
HL |
RCT |
Structural malformations of the IE are associated with vestibular dysfunction and delayed gross motor development. |
Kolkaila et al. (2015)1717 Sheykholesami K, Kaga K, Megerian CA, Arnold JE. Vestibularevoked myogenic potentials in infancy and early childhood. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1440–4.
|
Egypt |
To assess vestibular function in children with OME |
Nonrandomized clinical trial |
5 to 12 years |
55 |
OME |
CHL |
Postural control and gait test, observation of spontaneous nystagmus and cVEMP. |
Vestibular tests are valuable tools to detect vestibular dysfunction in children. Bone conduction cVEMPs are useful for the assessment of the vestibular system |
Lotfi et al. (2017)3737 Chen C-N, Wang S-J, Wang C-T, Hsieh W-S, Young Y-H. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in newborns. Audiol Neurootol. 2007;12:59–63.
|
Iran |
To assess vestibular function in children with ADHD |
Case study |
7 to 12 years |
60 |
ADHD |
NR |
cVEMP, VOR and RCT |
Children with ADHD should undergo vestibular assessment, as high gains in VOR and decreased suppression capacity may result in symptoms of reading and writing difficulties, learning deficits, vertigo, and nausea. |
Mailloux et al. (2014)3838 Lotfi Y, Rezazadeh N, Moossavi A, Haghgoo HA, Rostami R, Bakhshi E, et al. Rotational and collic vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing in normal developing children and children with combined attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ear Hear. 2017;38:e352–8.
|
USA |
To analyze the post-rotatory nystagmus test in children with learning disabilities |
Case study |
02 months to 09 years |
81 |
Learning difficulty |
NR |
PRN test |
Given the importance of the vestibular system in early development, the PRN test should be considered for infants and young children. |
Mäki-Torkko et al. (2005)4040 Valente LM, Goebel JA, Sinks B. Pediatric vestibular evaluation: two children with sensorineural hearing loss. J Am Acad Audiol. 2012;23:283–90.
|
Sweden |
To report the vestibular evaluation of a consecutive series of children with profound SNHL. |
Case study |
12 to 90 months |
6 |
SNHL |
SNHL |
Head impulse test and |
The preliminary results show that the applied tests can be successfully performed in young children, as they provide useful information about vestibular function in pediatric patients. |
Masuda et al. (2014)1818 Pignataro O, Rossi L, Gaini R, Oldini C, Sambataro G, Nino L. The evolution of the vestibular apparatus according to the age of the infant. Int J Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol. 1979;1:165–70.
|
Japan |
To assess the relationship between motor function acquisition and vestibular function in children with severe bilateral HL |
Observational |
03 months to 04 years |
97 |
HL |
HL |
ASSR, AEP, COR, RCT and ENG |
Vestibular function can be acquired with maturation of the vestibular system |
Mierzwiński et al. (2000)1313 Zagólski O. Caloric stimulation in infants. Przegl Lek. 2005;62:20–3.
|
Poland |
To describe vestibular function in children with migraine |
Randomized clinical trial |
Not reported |
35 |
Migraine |
NR |
Threshold tonal audiometry, SVR, Romberg, Unterberger, Fukuda, Dix-Halpike and VENG tests |
The pathological findings mainly suggest the central location of vestibular dysfunction in children with migraine, and the number of pathological VENG findings does not seem to be correlated with the type of migraine. |
Mitchell et al. (1969)3131 Kimura Y, Masuda T, Kaga K. Vestibular function and gross motor development in 195 children with congenital hearing loss – assessment of inner ear malformations. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39:196–205.
|
Canada |
To determine the vestibular response in full-term neonates |
Observational |
Newborns up to 6 months |
45 |
Normal full-term infants |
NR |
ENG, RCT and caloric stimulation |
Absence of response is strongly suggestive of impaired vestibular function in all, except neonates in whom it is inconclusive. |
Ornitz et al. (1979)2727 Dhondt C, Maes L, Rombaut L, Martens S, Vanaudenaerde S, Hoecke H, et al. Vestibular function in children with a congenital cytomegalovirus infection: 3 years of follow-up. Ear Hear. 2020;42:76–86.
|
USA |
To describe the maturation process of the vestibular system |
Observational |
1 month to 11 years |
460 |
Normal children in infancy and childhood |
NR |
RCT and ENG |
The infant has a higher amplitude and beat velocity than an older child, with the velocity of the slow component being more significant in early childhood. |
Pignataro et al. (1979)1616 Singh S, Gupta RK, Kumar P. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in children with sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76:1308–11.
|
Italy |
To check the vestibular response in infants at neurological risk |
Nonrandomized clinical trial |
15 to 30 days of life |
83 |
Neurological risks |
NR |
Rotatory test |
The vestibular test appears as one of the most useful in the evaluation of the sensory sensitivity of infants at neurological risk. |
Singh et al. (2012)1515 Horak FB, Shumway-Cook A, Crowe TK, Black FO. Vestibular function and motor proficiency of children with impaired hearing, or with learning disability and motor impairments. DevMed Child Neurol. 1988;30:64–79.
|
India |
To assess saccular function in severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) |
Randomized clinical trial |
4 to 12 years |
15 |
SNHL |
NR |
CVEMP |
Vestibular function plays an important role in gross motor development in children. Thus, speech therapists and otologists must recognize and understand vestibular dysfunction in children with hearing loss and be prepared to perform adequate assessments. |
Rehagen et al. (2020)2525 Bernard S, Wiener-Vacher S, Van Den Abbeele T, Teissier N. Vestibular disorders in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e887–95.
|
USA |
To develop a screening protocol for children with OME |
Observational |
4 to 8 years |
30 |
OME |
CHL and SNHL |
Tests of coordination and balance, oculomotor function and nystagmus |
Children with CHL due to OME have more oculomotor abnormalities than their normal peers. |
Sheykholesami et al. (2005)1919 Kolkaila EA, Emara AA, Gabr TA. Vestibular evaluation in children with otitis media with effusion. J Laryngol Otol. 2015;129:326–36.
|
Japan |
To demonstrate that vestibular function can be assessed by cVEMP in infants |
Observational |
01 to 12 months |
12 |
EAC Atresia, Treacher-Collins Syndrome, and failure at the NHS |
NR |
COR, audiometry, OAE, ABR and CVEMP |
cVEMP can be used as an objective test in infants and young children to explore the vestibular system and sacculo-collic pathways |
Shinjo et al. (2007)2222 Vatovec J, Veličkovič M, Šmid L, Gros A, Zargi M. The etiology of vestibular disorder in infants at risk. Int Con Series. 2003;1240:1339–41.
|
Japan |
To evaluate the vestibular function of babies and children with congenital and acquired deafness |
Observational |
31 to 97 months |
20 |
Congenital and acquired deafness |
HL |
Cold water caloric test, RCT and CVEMP. |
It is suggested that the presence of vestibular dysfunction is quite common in babies and young children with congenital and/or acquired deafness. |
Valente et al. (2012)3939 Mailloux Z, Leão M, Becerra TA, Mori AB, Soechting E, Roley SS, et al. Modification of the postrotary nystagmus test for evaluating young children. AJOT. 2014;68:514–21.
|
|
To report different vestibular cases in children |
Case study |
5 to 6 years |
2 |
SNHL |
SNHL |
RCT, CVEMP and posturography |
The early identification of vestibular alterations and intervention will help to optimize the child’s function in daily life. |
Vatovec et al. (2003)2121 Adamović T, Ribarić-Jankes K, Sovilj M, Ljubic A, Antonovic O. The vestibular function in newborn. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010;121:e14.
|
Slovenia |
To assess the function of the vestibular apparatus |
Observational |
10 to 12 months |
110 |
At-risk infants |
NR |
Frenzel goggles and caloric stimulation with cold water. |
It is suggested that the vestibular system function should be tested in all children with HL, being very often found together with motor development delay. |
Verrecchia et al. (2019)55 Verrecchia L, Karpeta N, Westin M, Johansson A, Aldenklint S, Brantberg K, et al. Methodological aspects of testing vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in infants at universal hearing screening program. Sci Rep. 2019;9:17225.
|
Sweden |
To assess the feasibility of cVEMP together with the universal newborn hearing screening program |
Observational |
2.3± 1.9 months |
50 |
Universal vestibular screening |
NR |
OAE, ABR, cVEMP |
cVEMP has shown a high level of feasibility when used together with the regional newborn hearing screening program |
Young et al. (2009)2828 Ornitz EM, Atwell CW, Walter DO, Hartmann EE, Kaplan AR. The maturation of vestibular nystagmus in infancy and childhood. Acta Otolaryngol. 1979;88:244–56.
|
Taiwan |
To investigate the maturation and development of the sacculo-collic reflex in newborns |
Observational |
2 to 13 days |
45 |
Full-term infants |
NR |
DPOAE and cVEMP |
cVEMP shows a prevalence of responses from the 5th day onwards, maintaining a stable latency, and can be used to evaluate the sacculo-collic reflex |
Zagólsk (2005)1212 Ecevit A, Anuk-Ince D, Erbek S, Ozkiraz S, Kurt A, Erbek S, et al. Comparison of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials between late preterm and term infants. Turk J Pediatr. 2012;54:509–14.
|
Poland |
Evaluate high-risk hearing impaired children through caloric stimulation |
Randomized clinical trial |
3 to 6 months |
58 |
High risk hearing impairment |
HL |
Caloric stimulation |
Caloric stimulation is one of the few clinically-proven tests that assess the function of each vestibule separately in neonates. Its results represent the continuity of the VOR, starting in the lateral vestibular canal. |
Zhang et al. (2012)3434 Franco ES, Panhoca I. Otoneurologic Evaluation in children with school difficulties: vestibular function investigation. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;73:803–15.
|
China |
Investigate the diagnostic value of the vestibular test and the high auditory stimulus rate of the ABR and the possible mechanism responsible for BPCV |
Observational |
3 to 12 years |
56 |
Benign paroxysmal childhood vertigo |
NR |
Audiometry, ABR, CVEMP and bithermal caloric stimulation |
Vascular mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of benign paroxysmal childhood vertigo and there is strong evidence for its close relationship with migraine. |