Upper airway modifications after weight loss: a systematic review

Abstract

Objective:

Weight loss is one of the most often prescribed treatments to reduce the level of sleep apnea severity; however, objective assessment of airway alterations after loss of weight has only been studied in the last decades. This study aimed at evaluating alterations after weight loss reported in the literature.

Methods:

A literature review was performed in the medical databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. A total of 681 articles were found in the databases and after evaluation only 10 studies were selected for data extraction.

Results:

Most studies observed an increase of the area in the retropalatal region; some indicating that this increase occurred mostly in the lateral pharyngeal region. Studies with volumetric reconstruction showed a significant reduction in parapharyngeal fat deposits, lateral wall and tongue fat, and volumetric reduction in all soft tissues of the pharynx, pterygoid and genioglossus muscles. Studies evaluating craniofacial bone structures showed a reduction in the airway height by bringing the hyoid closer to the posterior nasal spine and a reduction in the distance from the hyoid to the chin.

Conclusion:

There is a limited number of studies with a good level of scientific evidence evaluating changes in the upper airways after weight loss and how these changes impact obstructive sleep apnea. The studies included in this review indicate that weight loss increases the airways space by reducing the volume of the parapharyngeal structures, particularly at the retropalatal site, where there is an apparent gain in the lateral area of the airway and hyoid relocation.

KEYWORDS
Upper airway; Weight loss; Obstructive sleep apnea

HIGHLIGHTS

Weight loss promotes an increase in the area of the retropalatal region, especially in the lateral pharyngeal region.

There is volumetric reduction of several soft structures of the pharynx, with emphasis on fat and tongue fat deposits.

The airway height decreased, moving the hyoid closer to the posterior nasal spine and reducing the distance between hyoid to chin.

Few studies with a good level of scientific evidence objectively describe the changes in the airways caused by weight loss.