Aim
Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement is an endodontic biomaterial; however, enhancing its physical/mechanical properties remains a challenge. This in vitro study investigates the influence of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the setting time, microhardness, and compressive strength of CEM cement.
Methods
Four different groups of CEM cement were prepared: a control group without nanoparticles, two groups with ZrO2 or ZnO, and a group with a combination of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were added to the powder in predetermined concentrations. The setting time was evaluated using the Gilmore needle method, while microhardness and compressive strength were determined using Vickers hardness and a universal testing machine, respectively.
Results
The incorporation of ZnO slightly reduced the setting time, while the addition of ZrO2 significantly prolonged it compared to the control group. Interestingly, the combination of both nanoparticles exhibited a setting time comparable to that of the control group. Regarding the microhardness and compressive strength, both ZrO2 and ZnO significantly improved these properties compared to the control group. The combination of both nanoparticles showed the highest microhardness and compressive strength values among all groups.
Conclusions
The addition of nanoparticles to CEM cement effectively modifies its physical and mechanical properties. The optimal combination of these nanoparticles can potentially achieve an improved balance between setting time and enhanced mechanical performance.
Calcium-enriched mixture cement; Nanoparticles; Chemical phenomena