Abrus precatorius
|
Leguminosae |
Kundumani |
Roots |
Unknown |
Orally for 5 days |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.) |
Abutilon indicum
|
Malvaceae |
Atibala |
Leaf |
Leaf juice Mixed with jiggery Fruits |
Oral (2days) |
(Uawonggul et al., 2006Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.) |
Acacia leucophloea
|
Mimosaceae |
White bark |
Bark |
Paste |
External (1 Week) |
(Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Achillea millefolium
|
Asteraceae |
Mountain yarrow |
Whole plant |
Paste |
Oral (6 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.) |
Achyranthes aspera
|
Amaranthaceae |
Nayuruvi |
Leaf |
Paste |
External (3Weeks) |
(Butt et al., 2015Butt MA, Ahmad M, Fatima A, Sultana S, Zafar M, Yaseen G et al. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of snake and scorpion bite in Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;168:164-181.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.) |
Acorus calamus
|
Araceae |
Vasambo |
Rhizome |
Paste |
External (7 days) |
(Verma, Singh, 2008Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vet World. 2008;1(11):347.) |
Aegle marmelos
|
Rutaceae |
Vilvam |
Root bark |
Aqueous Decoction |
Oral (2 Weeks) |
(Panghal et al., 2010Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6(1):4.) |
Aerva lanata
|
Amaranthaceae |
Poolapo |
Rhizome |
Unknown |
Oral (11 days) |
(Selvanayagam et al., 1995Selvanayagam ZE, Gnanavendhan SG, Balakrishna K, Rao RB. Antisnake venom botanicals from ethnomedicine. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1995;2(4):45-100.) |
Alangium salvifolium
|
Alangiaceae |
Alangi |
Root bark |
Decoction |
Oral (twice a day up to 4 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.: Alagesaboopathi, 2013Alagesaboopathi C. Ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of snake bites by Malayali tribal’s and rural people in Salem district, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Biosci. 2013;3(2):42-53.) |
Allium cepa
|
Liliaceae |
Venkayam |
Skin bulb |
Paste |
External application (5 days) |
(Butt et al., 2015Butt MA, Ahmad M, Fatima A, Sultana S, Zafar M, Yaseen G et al. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of snake and scorpion bite in Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;168:164-181.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Amaranthus dubius
|
Amaranthaceae |
Gusanito |
Leaves, root and seed |
Ointment |
Applied externally |
(Félix-Silva et al., 2017Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.) |
Andrographis paniculata
|
Acanthaceae |
Periyananghai |
Whole plant |
Decoction, Paste |
External (5-14 days) |
(Uawonggul et al., 2006Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.) |
Argemone mexicana
|
Papaveraceae |
Barahmathandu |
Leaf, Seed |
Decoction |
Oral (7 days) |
(Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.; Verma, Singh, 2008Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vet World. 2008;1(11):347.) |
Aristolochia indica
|
(Aristolochiaceae) |
Birthwort |
Whole plant |
Root extract |
Paste External (1 Week) |
(Meenatchisundaram, Parameswari, Michael, 2009Meenatchisundaram S, Parameswari G, Michael A. Studies on antivenom activity of Andrographis paniculata and Aristolochia indica plant extracts against Daboia russelli venom by in vivo and in vitro methods. Indian J Sci Technol. 2009;2(4):76-9.) |
Azadirachta indica
|
Meliaceae |
Neem, Wimpu |
Flower |
Decoction |
Oral (7 days) |
(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.) |
Calotropis gigantea
|
Asclipiadaceae |
Madar, Crown flower, Milkweed |
Latex, Leaf, Root |
Fresh latex Paste with ghee |
Oral (3-7 days) and externally |
(Félix-Silva et al., 2017Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.; Yogi, Gupta, Mishra, 2016Yogi B, Gupta SK, Mishra A. Calotropis procera (Madar): A medicinal plant of various therapeutic uses‒A review. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2016;5:74-81.; Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.) |
Cassia alata
|
Caesalpiniaceae |
Senna |
Leaf |
Paste |
Oral (21 days) |
(Rahmatullah et al., 2009Rahmatullah M, Ferdausi D, Mollik MA, Azam MN, Rahman MT, Jahan R. Ethnomedicinal survey of Bheramara area in Kushtia district, Bangladesh. Am Eurasian J Sustainable Agric. 2009;3(3):534-41.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Cassia tora
|
Caesalpiniaceae |
Tagarai |
Leaf |
Decoction |
Topical (14 days) |
(Mors et al., 1989Mors WB, Do Nascimento MC, Parente J, Da Silva MH, Melo PA, Suarez-Kurtz G. Neutralization of lethal and myotoxic activities of South American rattlesnake venom by extracts and constituents of the plant Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae). Toxicon. 1989;27(9):1003-1009.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Citrus limon
|
Rutaceae |
Elumichai |
Ripe skin |
Paste |
External (3 days) |
(Gomes et al., 2010Gomes A, Das R, Sarkhel S, Mishra R, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(9):865-878.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Curcuma longa
|
Zingiberaceae |
Haldi |
Whole plant |
Paste |
Paste is taken orally and applied |
(Kumar et al, 2016Kumar SS, Padhan B, Palita SK, Panda D. Plants used against snakebite by tribal people of Koraput district of Odisha, India. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;38(46):38-42.) |
Dalbergia melanoxylon
|
Fabaceae |
Veelipruthi |
Stem bark |
Decoction |
Oral (6 days) |
(Kala, 2009Kala CP. Aboriginal uses and management of ethnobotanical species in deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh state in India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2009;5(1):20.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Dracontium spruceanum
|
Araceae |
Chupa, Chupadera |
Roots, Leaves |
Direct heating decoction |
Externally |
(Félix-Silva et al., 2017Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.) |
Dracontium spruceanum
|
Araceae |
candelillachupadera |
Rhizome, Stem, Leave |
Extract, Poultice |
Internally, externally |
(Giovannini, Howes, 2017Giovannini P, Howes MJ. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:240-256.) |
Ehretia buxifolia
|
Ehretiaceae |
Thelchedi |
Root |
Paste |
External (7 days) |
(Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.; Selvanayagam et al., 1996Selvanayagam ZE, Gnanavendhan SG, Balakrishna K, Rao RB, Sivaraman J, Subramanian K et al. Ehretianone, a novel quinonoid xanthene from Ehretia buxifolia with antisnake venom activity. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(7):664-667.) |
Feronica limonia
|
Rutaceae |
Elephant apple |
Root |
Juice |
Oral (3 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.) |
Gloriosa superba
|
Liliaceae |
Kalappaih kilangu |
Tuber |
Paste |
External (2-5 days) |
(Jana, Shekhawat, 2011Jana S, Shekhawat GS. Critical review on medicinally potent plant species: Gloriosa superba. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(3):293-301.; Minu et al., 2012Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.) |
Gymnema sylvestre
|
Asclepiadaceae |
Gurmarbuti |
Root |
Tincture |
Oral (4 days) |
(Kini, Gowda, 1982Kini RM, Gowda TV. Studies on snake venom enzymes: Part II--Partial characterization of ATPases from Russell's viper (Vipera russelli) venom & their interaction with potassium gymnemate. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1982;19(5):342.; Sajon, Sana, Rana, 2017Sajon SR, Sana S, Rana S. Anti-venoms for snake bite: A synthetic and traditional drugs review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6:190-7.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Hemidesmus indicus
|
Asclepiadaceae |
Anantamul |
Root |
Decoction |
Oral (7 days) |
(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.; Uawonggul et al., 2006Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.) |
Madhuca longifoila
|
Sapotaceae |
Saathikkai |
Nut |
Paste |
External (2-3 days) |
(Akshatha, Murthy, Lakshmidevi, 2013Akshatha KN, Murthy SM, Lakshmidevi N. Ethnomedical uses of Madhuca longifolia: A review. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res. 2013;3(1):44-53.; Minu et al., 2012Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.) |
Mimosa pudica
|
Leguminosae |
Touch-me-not, Chui mui |
Creeper Root |
Paste |
Paste is mixed with raw rice water and given orally |
(Krishna et al., 2014; Alam et al., 2003Alam MI, Gomes A. Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica officinalis) root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86(1):75-80.; Kumar et al, 2016Kumar SS, Padhan B, Palita SK, Panda D. Plants used against snakebite by tribal people of Koraput district of Odisha, India. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;38(46):38-42.) |
Momordica charantia
|
Curcubitaceae |
Karela |
Leaf, Stem, Fruit |
Extract |
Oral |
(Asad et al., 2014Asad MH, Sabih DE, Chaudhory BA, Ahmad I, Hussain MS, Izhar N et al. Anti-hemolytic property of local medicinal plant (s) upon Pakistani cobra venom induced hemolysis. J Anim Plant Sci. 2014;24:1701-8.; Giovannini, Howes, 2017Giovannini P, Howes MJ. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:240-256.) |
Moringa oleifera
|
Moringaceae |
Murunghai |
Bark, Root |
Tincture |
External (3 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Minu et al., 2012Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.) |
Morus alba
|
Moreaceae |
Mulberry llai |
Leaf |
Juice |
Oral (3 Weeks) |
(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.; Uawonggul et al., 2006Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.) |
Ocimum sanctum
|
Lamiaceae |
Tulasi |
Leaf |
Juice |
Oral (8 days) |
(Panghal et al., 2010Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6(1):4.) |
Ophiorrhiza mungos
|
Rubiaceae |
Napali |
Root |
Juice |
Oral (Twice a day for 6 days) |
(Krishnan et al., 2014Krishnan SA, Dileepkumar R, Nair AS, Oommen OV. Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia russelii venom. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):543-7.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Rauvolfia serpentine
|
Apocynaceae |
Sarpgandha |
Root |
Unknown |
External (10 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Sansevieria trifasciata
|
Asparagaceae |
Lirio de tigre |
Ariel parts |
Decoction |
External |
(Félix-Silva et al., 2017Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.) |
Sapindus emargiatus
|
Sapindaceae |
Puvam kottai |
Bark |
Paste |
Bark Paste |
(Minu et al., 2012Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.; Penchalapratap et al., 2010Penchalapratap G, Sudarsanam G, Pushpan R, Prasad GP. Herbal remedies for snake bites in ethnic practices of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. Anc Sci Life. 2010;29(4):13.) |
Strychnos nux-vomica
|
Loganiaceae |
Visakkotai |
Bark |
Paste |
External (12 days) |
(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004Chatterjee I., Chakravarty AK, Gomes, A. Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extract of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42(5):468-475.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Syzygium cumini
|
Myrtaceae |
Naeralae |
Stem bark |
Decoction |
Oral (14 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |
Tapirira guianensis
|
Anacardiaceae |
Fresmo |
Oil |
Ointment |
Applied externally |
(Félix-Silva et al., 2017Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.) |
Terminalia arjuna
|
Combretaceae |
Marutham |
Bark |
Paste |
External (5 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Minu et al., 2012Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.) |
Trichodema zeylanicum
|
Boraginaceae |
Camel bush |
Root |
Aqueous extract |
Oral and External (3 days) |
(Asad et al., 2011Asad MH, Murtaza G, Siraj S, Khan SA, Azhar S, Sik M et al. Enlisting the scientifically unnoticed medicinal plants of Pakistan as a source of novel therapeutic agents showing anti-venom activity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(20):2292-305.) |
Wedelia calendulae
|
Asteraceae |
Karisilangkanni |
Leaf |
Juice |
Internally (14 days) |
(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Girish, Kemparaju, 2011Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Overlooked issues of snakebite management: time for strategic approach. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(20):2494-508.; Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.) |