<i>Moringa oleifera</i> Plant as potent alternate to Chemical Coagulant in Water Purification

Pandey, Pratibha; Khan, Fahad

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e201158

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e201158 copy

Moringa oleifera Plant as potent alternate to Chemical Coagulant in Water Purification

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Quality of groundwater is threatened due to pollution by industrial, domestic and agricultural waste. A large number of populations are residing in rural areas which are unable to afford high cost water purifiers due to their low income as well as limited awareness. However, limited availability of fresh water has become a critical issue in developing countries. Around 1.2 billion population is deprived of affordable and safe water for their domestic need. Additionally, chemical coagulants which are nowadays being used for water purification pose severe and numerous health hazards to human. Thus utilization of easily accessible natural coagulant for water purification might offer a sustainable, practical and cost effective solution to the current alarming situation in developing countries. Several experimental findings have shown strong efficiency of Moringa oleifera plant extracts obtained from different solvents in the improvement of water quality parameters including physicochemical (such as pH, hardness, turbidity, metallic impurities, total dissolved solid) and biological (E.coli count) parameter. We have also highlighted the limitations and advantages of chemical coagulation in water purification. Altogether, this review summarizes one such miracle tree which has shown significant potential as a natural coagulant and its associated underlying mechanism in water purification process.

Keywords:
Moringa Oleifera; Natural Coagulant; Chemical coagulant; Water treatment; Health Hazard

S. No.	Type of Water Sample	Dosage	Part of Plant	References
1	Synthetic Water	80 mg/L	Aqueous seed extract	Jadhav, Mahajan, 2014Jadhav MV, Mahajan YS. Assessment of feasibility of natural coagulants in turbidity removal and modeling of coagulation process. Desalin Water Treat . 2014;52(31-33):5812-21.
2	Synthetic Water	200 mg/L	Aqueous seed extract	*Arantes et al., 2015*Arantes CC, Paterniani JE, Rodrigues DS, Hatori PS, Pires MS. Diferentes formas de aplicação da semente de Moringa oleifera no tratamento de água. Rev Bras Eng Agríc Ambient. 2015;19(3):266-72.
3	Synthetic Water	70 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	*Mohamed et al., 2015*Mohamed EH, Mohammad TA, Noor MJ, Ghazali AH. Influence of extraction and freeze-drying durations on the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seeds powder as a natural coagulant. Desalin Water Treat . 2015;55(13):3628-34.
4	Surface Water	13.78 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract (Ultrafiltered)	*Baptista et al., 2015*Baptista AT, Coldebella PF, Cardines PH, Gomes RG, Vieira MF, Bergamasco R, Vieira AM. Coagulation-flocculation process with ultrafiltered saline extract of Moringa oleifera for the treatment of surface water. Chem Eng J. 2015;276:166-73.
5	Surface Water	50-100 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	Gamez, Luna-delRisco, Cano, 2015Gámez LL, Luna-delRisco M, Cano RE. Comparative study between M. oleifera and aluminum sulfate for water treatment: case study Colombia. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187(10):668.
6	Surface Water	1250 mg/L	Aqueous seed extract	Salazar Gámez, Luna-delRisco, Salazar Cano, 2016Salazar Gámez LL, Luna-delRisco M, Salazar Cano R. Effect of storage and preparation methods of Moringa oleifera seeds during the coagulation process. Desalin Water Treat . 2016;57(35):16376-83.
7	Synthetic Water	75 mg/L	Aqueous seed extract	*Garcia-Fayos et al., 2016a*Garcia-Fayos B, Arnal JM, Ruiz V, Sancho M. Use of Moringa oleifera in drinking water treatment: study of storage conditions and performance of the coagulant extract. Desalin Water Treat . 2016a;57(48-49):23365-71.
8	Synthetic Water	8.328 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	*Garcia-Fayos et al., 2016b*Garcia-Fayos B, Arnal JM, Sancho M, Rodrigo I. Moringa oleifera for drinking water treatment: influence of the solvent and method used in oil-extraction on the coagulant efficiency of the seed extract. Desalin Water Treat . 2016b;57(48-49):23397-404.
9	Surface Water	200, 400, 800 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	*Santos et al., 2016*Santos TR, Silva MF, Nishi L, Vieira AM, Klein MR, Andrade MB, et al. Development of a magnetic coagulant based on Moringa oleifera seed extract for water treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016;23(8):7692-700.
10	Surface Water	30 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	*dos Santos et al., 2016*dos Santos TR, Bongiovani MC, Silva MF, Nishi L, Coldebella PF, Vieira MF, Bergamasco R. Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/ sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration. Can J Chem Eng. 2016;94(7):1277-84.
11	Surface Water	50 mg/L	Seed oil extraction	*Camacho et al., 2017*Camacho FP, Sousa VS, Bergamasco R, Teixeira MR. The use of Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant in surface water treatment. Chem Eng J . 2017;313:226-37.
12	Surface Water	13 mg/L	Seed Protein	*Baptista et al., 2017*Baptista AT, Silva MO, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R, Vieira MF, Vieira AM. Protein fractionation of seeds of Moringa oleifera lam and its application in superficial water treatment. Sep Purif Technol. 2017;180:114-24.
13	Synthetic Water	100 mg/L	Seed Protein	Choudhary, Neogi, 2017Choudhary M, Neogi S. A natural coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera: isolation, characterization, and potential use for water treatment. Mater Res Express. 2017;4(10):105502.
14	Surface Water	40 mg/L	Seed Protein	Hoa, Hue, 2018Hoa NT, Hue CT. Enhanced water treatment by Moringa oleifera seeds extract as the bio-coagulant: role of the extraction method. J Water Supply Res Technology-Aqua. 2018;67(7):634-47.
15	Surface Water	50 mg/L	Seed Powder waste	*Landazuri et al., 2018*Landázuri AC, Villarreal JS, Núñez ER, Pico MM, Lagos AS, Caviedes M, Espinosa E. Experimental evaluation of crushed Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds and powder waste during coagulation-flocculation processes. J Environ Chem Eng. 2018;6(4):5443-51.
16	Surface Water	50 mg/L	Seed Extract (Aqueous, Saline and powder)	*Valverde et al., 2018*Valverde KC, Coldebella PF, Salcedo Vieira AM, Nishi L, Bongiovani MC, Baptista AT. Preparations of Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulant in water treatment. Environ Eng Manag J. 2018;17(5):1123-9.
17	Surface Water	200, 400, 800 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	*dos Santos et al., 2018*dos Santos TR, Silva MF, de Andrade MB, Vieira MF, Bergamasco R. Magnetic coagulant based on Moringa oleifera seeds extract and super paramagnetic nanoparticles: optimization of operational conditions and reuse evaluation. Desalin Water Treat. 2018;106:226-37.
18	Surface Water	100, 200, 400 mg/L	Saline solution seed extract	*Mateus et al., 2018*Mateus GA, Paludo MP, dos Santos TR, Silva MF, Nishi L, Fagundes-Klen MR, et al. Obtaining drinking water using a magnetic coagulant composed of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with Moringa oleifera seed extract. J Environ Chem Eng . 2018;6(4):4084-92.
19	Surface Water	0.75 mg/L	Seed Powder	*Zaid et al., 2019*Zaid AQ, Ghazali SB, Mutamim NS, Olalere OA. Experimental optimization of Moringa oleifera seed powder as bio-coagulants in water treatment process. SN Appl Sci. 2019;1(5):504.
20	Ground Water	50, 100, 150 mg/L	Leaves extract	*Pandey et al., 2020*Pandey P, Khan F, Ahmad V, Singh A, Shamshad T, Mishra R. Combined efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera leaves extract as a potential coagulant in ground water treatment. SN App Sci. 2020a;2(7):1-8.
21	Ground Water	25, 50, 100 mg/L	Seed+Leaves extract	*Alam et al., 2020*Alam MW, Pandey P, Khan F, Souayeh B, Farhan M. Study to Investigate the Potential of Combined Extract of Leaves and Seeds of Moringa oleifera in Groundwater Purification. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7468.

Conventional method	Specifications	Limitations	Advantages
Precipitation method	Pollutants uptake with product separation	Chemical consumption, pH variation, unable to remove metals at low doses	Simple techniques and equipment, Cost effective, combat with wide range of pollutants including fluoride and metals
Evaporation method	Concentration technique, Thermal and separation process	Costlier method for wastewater purification, high investment costs for medium and small industries, corrosion issues	Versatile technique, Efficient process of water production for recycling of distillates, good for phenol separation by steam distillation, organic removal from water
Flocculation or Coagulation method	Pollutants uptake with product separation	Needs adjunction of coagulants and flocculants, pH variation, and Increased sludge generation, Low arsenic removal ability	Simple process, Cost effective, Highly efficient for colloidal particles, Efficient sludge removal and Significant reduction in the COD (chemical oxygen Demand), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and total organic carbon
Membrane filtration method	Nondestructive separation with semipermeable barrier	High Investment costs, high maintenance, high energy requirements, high operation costs, variations in membrane design, Low throughput, faster membrane clogging	Wider range of availability of commercial membrane, wider module configurations and applications, smaller and simple space requirement, no chemicals requirement, limited solid waste generation
Flotation method	Separation method	High initial capital, Energy and maintenance and operation costs pH dependent	Needs physicochemical process with various types of nonionic or ionic collectors, Efficient for removal of low density particles, Metal selective and Low retention time
Chemical method	Use of oxidants such as Cl2, O3, KMnO4, ClO2, H2O2,	Costlier method, needs high doses of ozone , intermediates formation No BOD, COD reduction, Release of high sludge	Efficient and rapid process, no storage associated dangers, effective pollutants destruction and efficient color reduction, color and odor elimination, efficient for sulfide and cyanide removal, efficient product biodegradability, No sludge generation
Biological methods	Use of pure or mixed biological cultures	Needs favorable environment and proper maintenance of microorganisms and non degradable compounds, Slow process, Low dye biodegradability, Poor BAS decolorization and foaming, biological sludge generation and uncontrolled product degradation, need of detailed enzymatic processes knowledge	Contaminants (Organic) biodegradation with microorganisms, economically effective, wide range of species are used in mixed or pure cultures, high biodegradability, High BOD and BAS removal from water
Filtration or Adsorption method	Non destructive method involving usage of solid material	High investment and material cost, Nondestructive and non selective process, Performance is based on material type, adsorbents type, Rapid saturation and clogging issues, inefficient with dye, Expensive regeneration, Economically non viable	Simple Technology and equipment, Wide variety of commercial products, target contaminants, effective adsorption process, Excellent separation of wide range of Pollutants, COD removal, efficient for suspended solids and turbidity
Ion exchange Method	Nondestructive method	Economic problems such as costlier resin, high maintenance cost, regeneration, time effective, Rapid clogging of reactors, needs physicochemical pretreatment for the removal of contaminants, pH dependent process, limited efficacy for certain pollutants	Simple Technology, Well established techniques, easy maintenance and control, Flexible with filtration and precipitation, High resin regeneration, Efficient and Rapid process, Produces high quality treated effluent, Least expensive and good for metal removal

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: P. Pandey. Department of Biotechnology. Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida. Phone: 9452292537. E mail: shukla.pratibha1985@gmail.com.