Piperacilin |
Shock septic patients (n=7) |
Muscle and adipose subcutaneous tissue |
Vsepsis= 40.7 ± 8.69 L* |
Muscle |
Joukhadar et al. 2001Joukhadar C, Derendorf H, Muller M. Microdialysis a novel tool for clinical studies of anti-infective agents. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001b;57:211-219.
|
Volunteers (n=6) |
Vhealthy= 9.61 ± 1.79 L |
fTsepsis = 0.19 ± 0.03* |
CLsepsis= 8.16 ± 1.98 L.h-1
|
fThealthy= 0.55 ± 0.09 |
CLhealthy= 7.86 ± 0.9 L.h-1
|
Subcutis |
fTsepsis = 0.10 ± 0.02* |
fThealthy= 0.31 ± 0.07 |
Cefpirome |
Sepsis patients (n=12) |
Skeletal muscle |
Vsepsis= 25.9 ± 7.1 L* |
fTsepsis = 0.63 ± 0.04 |
Joukhadar et al. 2002Joukhadar C, Klein N, Mayer BX, Kreischitz N, Delle-Karth G, Palkovits P, et al. Plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of cefpirome in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med . 2002;30(7):1478-82.
|
Volunteers (n=6) |
Vhealthy= 14.6 ± 1.3 L |
fThealthy = 0.83 ± 0.08 |
CLsepsis= 4.5 ± 0.66 L.h-1
|
Clhealthy = 4.68 ± 0.48 L.h-1
|
Cefpirome |
Sepsis patients (n=11) |
Adipose subcutaneous tissue |
Vsepsis= 21.9 ± 4.5 L* |
fTsepsis = 0.42 * |
Sauermann et al. 2005Sauermann R, Delle-Karth G, Marsik C, Steiner I, Zeirlinger M, Mayer-Helm BX, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefpirome in subcutaneous adipose tissue of septic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2005;49(2):650-655.
|
Volunteers (n=7) |
Vhealthy= 15.8 ± 5.6 L |
fThealthy = 0.80 |
CLsepsis= 4.8 ± 1.56 L.h-1
|
Clhealthy = 6.3 ± 1.86 L.h-1
|
Aztreonam |
Rats with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery (n=9) |
Skeletal muscle and intraperitoneal fluid |
Vsepsis= 0.503 ± 0.328 L |
Muscle |
Chauzi et al. 2018 |
Control of health rats (n=5) |
Vhealthy= 0.473 ± 0.075 L |
fTsepsis = 1.00 ± 0.30 |
CLsepsis= 0.702 ± 0.474 L.h-1.kg-1
|
fThealthy= 0.95 ± 0.12 |
CLhealthy= 0.768 ± 0.108 L.h-1.kg-1
|
Intraperitoneal fluid |
fTsepsis = 0.92 ± 0.41 |
fThealthy= 0.89 ± 0.14 |
Avibactam |
Rats with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery (n=9) |
Skeletal muscle and intraperitoneal fluid |
Vsepsis= 0.312 ± 0.040 L |
Muscle |
Chauzi et al. 2018 |
Control of health rats (n=5) |
Vhealthy= 0.285 ± 0.043 L |
fTsepsis = 1.01 ± 0.14 |
CLsepsis= 0.612 ± 0.072 L.h-1.kg-1
|
fThealthy= 0.91 ± 0.11 |
CLhealthy= 0.636 ± 0086 L.h-1.kg-1
|
Intraperitoneal fluid |
fTsepsis = 0.94 ± 0.21 |
fThealthy= 0.88 ± 0.11 |
Imipenem |
Rats with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery |
Intraperitoneal fluid |
Vsepsis= 0.310 ± 0.049 L |
fTsepsis = 0.89 ± 0.28 |
Lefeuvre et al. 2006Lefeuvre S, Marchand S, Lamarche I, Mimoz O, Couet W. Microdialysis Study of Imipenem Distribution in the Intraperitoneal Fluid of Rats with or without Experimental Peritonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2006;50(1):34- 37.
|
Control of health rats |
Vhealthy= 0.289 ± 0.047 L |
fThealthy= 1.01 ± 0.19 |
CLsepsis = 0.654 ± 0.126 L.h-1 .kg-1
|
CLhealthy= 0.714 ± 0.138 L.h-1.kg-1
|
Meropenem |
Shock septic patients (n=6) |
Intraperitoneal fluid |
Vsepsis= 7.11 ± 2.36 L |
fTsepsis = 0.73 ± 0.15 |
Karjagin et al. 2007 |
CLsepsis= 6.72 ± 4.2 L.h-1
|
Meropenem |
Sepsis patients (n=10) |
Adipose subcutaneous tissue |
For intermittent infusion and continuous infusion |
Intermittent infusion |
Roberts et al. 2009bRoberts JA, Kirkpatrick CMJ, Roberts MS, Robertson TA, Dalley AJ, Lipman J. Meropenem dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis and without renal dysfunction: intermittent bolus versus continuous administration? Monte Carlo dosing simulations and subcutaneous tissue distribution. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2009b;64(1):142-50.
|
V = 7.9 L |
fTday1= 0.73 |
CL = 13.6 (CV 95%: 12.2-14.9) L.h-1
|
fTday3= 0.45 |
Continuous infusion |
fTday1= 0.15 |
fTday3= 0.67 |
Levofloxacin |
Sepsis patients (n=7) |
Skeletal muscle |
Vsepsis= 124.6 ± 39 L |
fTsepsis = 0.85 |
Zeitlinger et al. 2003Zeitlinger MA, Dehghanyar P, Mayer BX, Schenk BS, Neckel U, Heinz G, et al. Relevance of Soft-Tissue Penetration by Levofloxacin for Target Site Bacterial Killing in Patients with Sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2003;47(11):3548- 3553.
|
CLsepsis= 8.79 ± 5.50 L.h-1
|
Moxifloxacin |
Shock septic patients (n=10) |
Muscle and adipose subcutaneous tissue |
Vday1= 131.1 ± 28.7 L |
Muscle |
Nowak et al. 2019Nowak H, Weidemann C, Martini S, Oesterreicher ZA, Dorn C, Adamzik M, et al. Repeated determination of moxifloxacin concentrations in interstitial space fluid of muscle and subcutis in septic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother . 2019;74(9):2681-2689.. |
Vday3= 121.2 ± 23.2 L |
fTday1= 0.90 |
Vday5= 118.6 ± 39.8 L |
fTday3= 0.95 |
CLday1 = 16.2 ± 5.9 L.h-1
|
fTday5 = 1.14 |
CLday3 = 15.7 ± 7.4 L.h-1
|
Subcutis |
CLday5 = 14.9 ± 4.2 L.h-1
|
fTday = 1.05 |
fTday3 = 0.91 |
fTday5 = 0.93 |
Linezolid |
Sepsis patients (n=12) |
Adipose subcutaneous tissue |
IV single |
Muscle |
Buerger et al. 2006Buerger C, Plock N, Dehghanyar P, Joukhadar C, Kloft C. Pharmacokinetics of unbound linezolid in plasma and tissue interstitium of critically ill patients after multiple dosing usingmicrodialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(7):2455-63.
|
V = 61.4 L |
fT= 0.99 |
CL = 9.91 L.h-1
|
Subcutis |
IV multiple |
fT= 0.89 |
V = 79.8 L |
CL = 8.44 L.h-1
|
Linezolid |
Severe Sepsis patients (n=8) |
Muscle and adipose subcutaneous tissue |
Severe sepsis |
Severe sepsis |
Thallinger et al. 2007 |
Shock septic patients (n=16) |
V = 57.15 ± 17.8 L |
fTmuscle= 1.0 |
Volunteers (n=10) |
CL = 14.83 ± 7.55 L.h-1
|
fTsubcutanous = 1.35 |
Shock septic |
Shock septic |
V = 60.37 ± 13.92 L |
fTmuscle= 1.0 |
CL = 9.81 ± 4.32 L.h-1
|
fTsubcutanous = 0.9 |
Volunteers |
Volunteers |
V = 51.47 ± 9.51 L |
fTmuscle= 1.22 |
CL = 8.59 ± 3.38 L.h-1
|
fTsubcutanous = 1.71 |
Fosfomycin |
Sepsis patients(n=9) |
Skeletal muscle |
Vsepsis= 31.5 ± 4.5 L |
fTsepsis = 0.7 (0.4-1.0) |
Joukhadar et al. 2003Joukhadar C, Klein N, Dittrich P, Zeitlinger M, Geppert A, Skhirladze K, et al. Target site penetration of fosfomycin in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother . 2003;51(5):1247-52.
|
Clsepsis = 7.2 ± 1.33 L.h-1
|
Fosfomycin |
Shock septic patients (n=5) |
Lung |
Vhealthy= 18.1 L |
fTsepsis = 0.63 ± 0.31 |
Matzi et al. 2010Matzi V, Lindenmann J, Porubsky C, Kugler SA, Maier A, Dittrich P, et al. Extracellular concentrations of fosfomycin in lung tissue of septic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother . 2010;65(5):995-998.
|
Volunteers (n=7) |
Clhealthy = 5.24L.h-1
|
fThealthy = 0.53 ± 0.31 |
Vancomycin |
Sepsis patients (n=7) |
Adipose subcutaneous tissue |
Vsepsis= 10.87 ± 3.73 5 L |
fTsepsis = 0.37 (0.3-0.53) |
Abraham et al. 2018Abraham J, Sinollareddy M, Roberts MS, Willians P, Peake SL, Lipman J, et al. Plasma and interstitial ßuid population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically patients with sepsis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018.
|
CLsepsis= 3.33 ± 1.19 L.h-1
|
Metronidazole |
Shock septic patients (n=6) |
Skeletal muscle |
Vsepsis= 53.5 ± 4.0 L |
fTsepsis = 0.87 |
Karjagin et al. 2005Karjagin J, Pahkla JR, Karki T, Starkopf J. Distribution of metronidazole in muscle tissue of patients with septic shock and its efficacy against Bacteroides fragilis in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother . 2005;55(3):341-346.
|
CLsepsis= 3.37 ± 1.61 L.h-1
|
Fluconazole |
LPS-induced sepsis model (n=12) |
Skeletal muscle and Lung |
Vsepsis= 0.17 L |
Muscle |
Mauric et al. 2011Mauric O, Thallinger C, Kugler SA, Joukhadar SM, Kovar FM, Konz KH, et al. The Ability of Fluconazole to Penetrate into Ventilated, Healthy and Inflamed Lung Tissue in a Model of Severe Sepsis in Rats. Pharmacology. 2011;87(3- 4):130-134.
|
Control of health rats (n=16) |
CLsepsis= 0.0118L.h |
fTsepsis = 1.18 |
fThealthy= 1.12 |
Lung |
fTsepsis = 1.32 ± 0.04 |
fThealthy= 1.38 ± 0.39 |
Metronidazole |
Shock septic patients (n=6) |
Adipose subcutaneous tissue |
Vsepsis= 20.4 (15.5-26.7) L |
fTsepsis = 0.53 ± 0.30 |
Sinnollareddy et al. 2015Sinnollareddy MG, Roberts MS, Lipman J, Lassing-Smith M, Starr T, Robertson T, et al. Determination of Subcutaneous Interstitial Fluid Penetration and Pharmacokinetics of Fluconazole in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Sepsis Using In Vivo Microdialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2015;60(2):827-832.
|
CLsepsis= 0.5 (0.2-0.6) L.h-1
|