TO UNDERSTAND LITERARY JOURNALISM AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS

Proceeding to a systematization carried out based on a bibliographical review, the article focuses on literary journalism, a practice situated at the confluence of journalism and literature, seeking to understand it in its manifestations. The conceptual possibilities and divergences that surround it, in the myriad of related terms, convey different notions and emphases. The background in Brazil, the U.S., and the world in general, and some ways to go deeper based on the guiding questions of the lead, according to Roberto Herrscher’s methodology. The distancing of literary journalism from the hegemonic pyramid journalism, without intending to replace it, as well as the two facets with which it expresses itself: realist/empiricist (narrator as an observer of reality) versus modernist/phenomenologist (narrator as co-creator of reality).

Key words
Literary Journalism; Pyramid Journalism; Roberto Herrscher; Literary Journalism History

Name	Origin or Author
Arts Journalism² 2 Another idea associated with the concept of Arts Journalism is artistic production, which involves journalistic practices such as interviews, documentary surveys, archival research and field observation. For more, see Moraes and Dos Anjos (2020).	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Creative Journalism	Bernal & Chillón, 1985Bernal, S., Chillón, L. A. (1985). Periodismo Informativo de Creación. Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Mitre.
Author Journalism	Medina, 1996Medina, C. (1996). Povo e personagem. Canoas, Brazil: Ulbra.
Tasteful Journalism	Sônia Brito (oral history)
Uneventful Journalism	Abib, 2015Abib, T. A. (2015). O Jornalismo de Desacontecimentos: proposições para um novo fazer noticioso. Saarbrücken, Germany: Novas Edições Acadêmicas.
Long-form Journalism	Longui & Winques, 2015
Literary Journalism	Pena, 2006Pena, F. (2006). Jornalismo Literário. São Paulo, Brazil: Contexto.
Book Journalism	Bulhões, 2007Bulhões, M. (2007). Jornalismo e literatura em convergência. São Paulo, Brazil: Ática.
Diversional Journalism	Melo & Assis, 2010Melo, J. M., Assis, F. (2010). Gêneros jornalísticos no Brasil. São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil: Umesp.
Book Journalism	Bulhões, 2007Bulhões, M. (2007). Jornalismo e literatura em convergência. São Paulo, Brazil: Ática.
In-depth Journalism	Moraes & Ijuim, 2009Moraes, V., Ijuim, J. (2009). Jornalismo de profundidade: O jornalismo literário de Realidade (1966-1968). PJ:BR, v.6, n.12. Retrieved from: https://pjbr.eca.usp.br/arquivos/artigos12_d.htm https://pjbr.eca.usp.br/arquivos/artigos...
Humanized Journalism	Ijuim, 2012Ijuim, J. (2012, May-August). Humanização e desumanização no jornalismo: algumas saídas. Revista Comunicação Midiática. v.7, n. 2, pp. 117-137. Retrieved from: https://www2.faac.unesp.br/comunicacaomidiatica/index.php/CM/article/view/290 https://www2.faac.unesp.br/comunicacaomi...
Informative Creative Journalism	Bernal & Chillón, 1985Bernal, S., Chillón, L. A. (1985). Periodismo Informativo de Creación. Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Mitre.
Narrative Journalism	Herrscher, 2012Herrscher, R. (2012). Periodismo narrativo: cómo contar la realidad con las armas de la literatura. 3. ed. Barcelona, Spain: UBe.
New Journalism	Wolfe & Johnson, 1973Wolfe, T., Johnson, E. (1973). The New Journalism. New York, NY: Harpercollins College Div.
Parajournalism	Wolfe & Johnson, 1973Wolfe, T., Johnson, E. (1973). The New Journalism. New York, NY: Harpercollins College Div.
In-depth Reporting	Moraes & Ijuim, 2009Moraes, V., Ijuim, J. (2009). Jornalismo de profundidade: O jornalismo literário de Realidade (1966-1968). PJ:BR, v.6, n.12. Retrieved from: https://pjbr.eca.usp.br/arquivos/artigos12_d.htm https://pjbr.eca.usp.br/arquivos/artigos...

Name	Origin or Author
Short Story	Fernando Sabino and João Antônio (Nicolato, 2015Nicolato, R. (2015, January-June). Retrato de uma nação: o conto-reportagem em “Ô Copacabana!”, de João Antônio. Revista UNINTER de Comunicação, v.3, n.4, pp. 61-83. Retrieved from: https://www.revistasuninter.com/revistacomunicacao/index.php/revista/article/view/580 https://www.revistasuninter.com/revistac... )
Chronicle³ 3 In Spanish, the term “crónica” refers to narrative reporting. There is also the first use of the term chronicle to designate historical records without narrative tension (also called “crónica” in Spanish and “chronicle” in English). In English, there is a genre similar to the Brazilian chronicle, called “sketch” (Sims, 2007).	Candido, 1992Candido, A. (1992). A Crônica: O gênero, sua fixação e suas transformações no Brasil. Campinas, Brazil: Unicamp.
Fiction Essay	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Realist Romance	Wolfe & Johnson, 1973Wolfe, T., Johnson, E. (1973). The New Journalism. New York, NY: Harpercollins College Div.
Romance Reporting	Cosson, 2001Cosson, R. (2001). Romance-reportagem: o gênero. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília; São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado.

Name	Origin or Author
Creative Non-Fiction Writing	Talese & Lounsberry, 1996Talese, G., Lounsberry, B. (1996). Writing Creative Nonfiction: The Literature of Reality. New York, NY: HarperCollins.; Gutkind, 1997Gutkind, L. (1997). The Art of Creative Nonfiction: Writing and Selling the Literature of Reality. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Factual Fiction	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Believable Fiction	Pinto, 2005Pinto, S. R. (2005). Tramas e Mentiras: Jogos de verossimilhança. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 7 Letras.
Non-Fiction Literature	Anderson, 1970Anderson, S. (1970). Puzzled America 1935. Mamaroneck, NY: Paul P. Appel.; Lounsberry, 1990Lounsberry, B. (1990). The Art of Fact: Contemporary Artists of Nonfiction. New York, NY: Greenwood.
Creative Non-Fiction	Talese & Lounsberry, 1996Talese, G., Lounsberry, B. (1996). Writing Creative Nonfiction: The Literature of Reality. New York, NY: HarperCollins.; Gutkind, 1997Gutkind, L. (1997). The Art of Creative Nonfiction: Writing and Selling the Literature of Reality. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Journalistic Non-Fiction	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Literary Non-Fiction	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Real-Life Narrative	Réche, 2009Réche, D. (2009). Narrativas da vida real: alternativa ao jornalismo tradicional? [Master’s Thesis in Literary Studies, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora]. Retrieved from: https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/bitstream/ufjf/3440/1/danielawerneckladeirareche.pdf https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/bitstr...
Non-Fiction Narrative	Hart, 2021Hart, J. (2021). Storycraft: The Complete Guide to Writing Narrative Nonfiction. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Non-Fiction Novel⁴ 4 The first to speak of Non-Fiction Novels (or Romances) was Truman Capote, when he classified his book In Cold Blood (1966) as an investigative report in the literary style (CAPOTE, 1966). Although he considered it “immaculately factual” (Clarke, 1993, p. 338), throughout his book the author “gave in to a few inventions” (p. 338).	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Non-Fiction Reporting	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.

Name	Origin or Author
Jornalit	Hartsock, 2000Hartsock, J. (2000). A history of American literary journalism: the emergence of a modern narrative form. Amherst, OR: University of Massachusetts Press.
Reality Literature	Lima, 1993Lima, E. P. (1993). Páginas ampliadas: o livro-reportagem como extensão do jornalismo e da literatura. Campinas, Brazil: Unicamp.; Talese & Lounsberry, 1996Talese, G., Lounsberry, B. (1996). Writing Creative Nonfiction: The Literature of Reality. New York, NY: HarperCollins.; Gutkind, 1997Gutkind, L. (1997). The Art of Creative Nonfiction: Writing and Selling the Literature of Reality. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Real Life Literature	Brum, 2017Brum, E. (2017). O olho da rua: uma repórter em busca da literatura da vida real. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Arquipélago Editorial.
Complexity Literature	Silva, 2010Silva, G. C. (2010). Jornalismo Literário: Uma introdução. Brasília, Brazil: Casa das Musas.
Factual Literature	Weber, 1980Weber, R. (1980). The Literature of Fact: Literary Nonfiction in American Writing. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Documentary Book	Lima, 1993Lima, E. P. (1993). Páginas ampliadas: o livro-reportagem como extensão do jornalismo e da literatura. Campinas, Brazil: Unicamp.

Question	WHY?
1^st level of deepening	What happened?
2^nd level of deepening	What really happened? Are we sure? How do we know? Who told us? What evidence is there?
3^rd level of deepening	What do we know happened? What do we report? Is this worthy of appearing in our media outlet? Is it news? How far does the journalist have the right and obligation to go and reveal in this case?

Question	WHO?
1^st level of deepening	Who did what to whom? Who said what to whom?
2^nd level of deepening	Who is this person really? Why is he or she interesting and unique? How well-known is this person? How much power, prestige, and influence does this person hold? What position(s) does this person hold? What group(s) is this person a part of? What reach do their attitudes and speeches have? Is this person speaking on behalf of someone else?
3^rd level of deepening	About who is the news? Who are we talking about? How do we know this person? What does this person identify with? What identifies this person? What does this person care about? What are their stories? Who is this person opposed to?

Question	WHERE?
1^st level of deepening	Where did the event occur?
2^nd level of deepening	What were the places where the events occurred and were announced?
3^rd level of deepening	How does one describe a place so that the reader is transported and feels like they are there? (descriptions, details, smells, noises…) Does this place remind you of any other place?

Question	WHEN?
1^st level of deepening	On what day and time did the event occur?
2^nd level of deepening	Identify objective and subjective time. Does the time of the event match with what those who reported the event remember, whether they witnessed it or not?
3^rd level of deepening	Capture the spirit of an era. What characterizes this historical moment in which the event occurred? Does it relate to an event from the past? How much is it remembered? Is it important because it occurred or because of the strength with which it is remembered?

Question	HOW?
1^st level of deepening	How were the facts produced? (details and chronology of events)
2^nd level of deepening	Delving deeper into the ‘how’ allows us to understand the ‘what’. Detail the facts, describe, tell, and give the context.
3^rd level of deepening	Tell the full story: how did it all happen? Tell me, go in-depth and submerge in the narration

Question	WHY?
1^st level of deepening	For what reason, does it serve an interest, purpose, or feeling?
2^nd level of deepening	What were the reasons given? Are there hidden reasons? What would they be? What would be the reasons for certain groups? The causes and consequences?
3^rd level of deepening	Why did those involved in the event act in this way? What logics operate for certain groups and at certain times? Why am I telling this story? Why am I telling it this way? What is understandable for different periods and groups?

Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Jornalismo (SBPJor) Secretaria da SBPJor, Faculdade de Comunicação, Universidade de Brasília(UnB)., ICC Norte, Subsolo, Sala ASS 633 - cep: 70910-900, Brasília - DF / Brasil - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: sbpjor.dir.adm@gmail.com

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[1] TRANSLATED BY: LEE SHARP