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Checklist of Odonata (Insecta) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil with seven new records

Lista de especies de Odonata (Insecta) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil com sete novos registros

Abstract:

The regional knowledge of species diversity and distribution is important to support conservation strategies for species and their habitats. The main goal of this work is to present a checklist of Odonata species in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as their known locations in the municipalities. The preparation of the list was based in data gathered from collections of Museu de Ciências da Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES), Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução da Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES), Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoootânica, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) plus data extracted from 65 publications and the sites SpeciesLink, All Odonata and Puget Sound University. A total of 182 Odonata species were recorded, spanning nine families and 57 genera. The most representative family was Libellulidae (80 species) followed by Coenagrionidae (41 species) and seven species are new records for Rio Grande do Sul. The list of species presented here is a significant advance compared to previous counts for Rio Grande do Sul, however, our list is by no means a final one. Some regions of the state remain poorly explored, such as the border to Uruguay also in the northernmost part of the state. Several families remain poorly sampled, especially those that inhabit small forested streams and probably there are many specimens which are not cataloged and identified yet in scientific collections, both in the state and in the country.

Keywords:
Anisoptera; Atlantic Forest; Neotropical Region; Pampa; Zygoptera

Resumo:

O conhecimento regional da diversidade e da distribuição das espécies é importante para subsidiar estratégias de conservação tanto para as espécies e seus respectivos habitats. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma lista de espécies de Odonata que ocorrem no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como suas localizações conhecidas nos municípios. Para a elaboração da lista, foram utilizados dados das coleções do Museu de Ciências da UNIVATES, do Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução da Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES), do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoo-Botânica e do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) somados à dados extraídos de 65 publicações e dos sites SpeciesLink, All Odonata e Puget Sound University. Um total de 182 espécies de Odonata foram registradas, abrangendo nove famílias e 57 gêneros. A família mais representativa foi Libellulidae (80 espécies) seguida por Coenagrionidae (41 espécies). Além do mais, sete espécies são novos registros para o Rio Grande do Sul. A lista de espécies aqui apresentada demonstra um avanço significativo em relação às contagens anteriores para o Rio Grande do Sul, no entanto, nossa lista não é de forma alguma final. Algumas regiões do estado continuam pouco exploradas, como aquelas que fazem fronteira com o Uruguai ou estão mais ao norte do Estado. Várias famílias permanecem mal amostradas, especialmente aquelas que habitam pequenos córregos em florestas e, provavelmente, existem muitos exemplares que ainda não estão catalogados e identificados em coleções científicas, tanto no estado quanto no país.

Palavras-chave:
Anisoptera; Mata Atlântica; Região Neotropical; Pampa; Zygoptera

Introduction

Damselflies and dragonflies are a small group of aquatic insects classified as Odonata, which includes about 6280 species (Schorr & Paulson 2018SCHORR, M. & PAULSON, D. 2018. World Odonata List. Available in <https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/> (last access in 11/07/2018).
https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/aca...
). This order is spread in temperate, tropical and subtropical zones, with more than 600 genera and 39 families belonging to three suborders: Anisoptera, Anisozygoptera and Zygoptera (Schorr & Paulson 2018SCHORR, M. & PAULSON, D. 2018. World Odonata List. Available in <https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/> (last access in 11/07/2018).
https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/aca...
). Neotropical region is one of the most diverse, presenting 1727 species (Von Ellenrieder 2009VON ELLENRIEDER, N. 2009. Databasing dragonflies: state of knowledge in the Neotropical region. Agrion, 13(2): 58-72.), of which 854 species, 146 genera and 15 families were recorded in Brazil (data available in Pinto 2018PINTO, A. P. 2018. Odonata in Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Avaiable in: <http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/171>. (last acess in 11/07/2018).
http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobr...
).

The regional knowledge of species diversity and distribution is important to provide numerical data, related closely to the actual species richness and abundance numbers (Costa et al. 2000COSTA, J. M., MACHADO, A. B. M., LENCIONI, F. A. & SANTOS, T. C. 2000. Diversidade e distribuição dos Odonata (Insecta) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Parte I-Lista das espécies e registros bibliográficos. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional, 80(1): 1-27.), and support conservation strategies for species and their habitats. A quick survey on Brazilian studies concerning Odonata fauna reveals punctual works restricted to Southeastern and Mid-West regions, suggesting an unequal distribution of research regarding this group in Brazil (De Marco & Viana 2005DE MARCO, P. & VIANNA, D. M. 2005. Distribuição do esforço de coleta de Odonata no Brasil: subsídios para escolha de áreas prioritárias para levantamentos faunísticos. Lundiana, 6(1): 13-26.). This lack of information is the main dead-lock in the elaboration of faunal status list, as the IUCN Red list, which represents a serious problem for conservation programs in Brazil (Rodrigues & Roque 2017RODRIGUES, M. E. & ROQUE, F. O. 2017. Checklist de Odonata do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107: e2017117.). The states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro already have a list of species.

The state of Rio Grande do Sul, located in southern Brazil, stands out due to its extensive agricultural areas and large industrial parks near to the metropolitan region, which causes the state to face serious environmental problems, resulting in a long list of endangered species. Two biomes are recognized in Rio Grande do Sul: Pampa Biome which cover about 66% of the state's area, and Atlantic Forest covering 29% of the total state area. The Atlantic Forest is among the five main nature hotspots on Earth, given its high biodiversity levels and endemisms. However, it has been subject to big rates of deforestation, what makes it even more vulnerable ecologically. The Pampa Biome which is restricted to Rio Grande do Sul, has the greatest endemism rates among the brazilian biomes (39%). It is also heavily threatened by the expansion of monocultures and the introduction of exotic species, which in turn, led to the complete change of its natural landscapes (Oliveira et al. 2017OLIVEIRA, U., SOARES-FILHO, B.S., PAGLIA, A.P., BRESCOVIT, A.D., CARVALHO, C.J.B., SILVA, D.P., REZENDE, D.T., FORTES-LEITE, F.S., BATISTA, J.A.N., BARBOSA, J.P.P.P., STEMANN, J.R., ASCHER, J.S., DE MARCO, P., LÖWENBERG-NETO, P., GIANLUPPI FERRO, V. & SANTOS, A.J. 2017. Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas. Scientific reports, 7(1), 9141.).

Until now, works have been dedicated to improve the knowledge about Odonata fauna in the state (Consatti et al. 2014CONSATTI, G., SANTOS, D. M., RENNER, S. & PÉRICO, E. 2014. Presença de Odonata em áreas preservadas e não preservadas nas matas ciliares do Rio Taquari, RS. Revista de Iniciação Científica da ULBRA. 1(12): 57-65., Hanauer et al. 2014HANAUER, G., RENNER, S., & PÉRICO, E. 2014. Inventariamento Preliminar da Fauna de libélulas (Odonata) em quatro municípios do vale do Taquari/RS. Revista Destaques Acadêmicos. 6(3): 36-45., Kittel & Engel 2014KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2014. Diversity of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with four new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(3): 49-55., 2016KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2016. Diversity of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with five new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(8): 247-318., Renner et al. 2013RENNER, S., PÉRICO, E. & SAHLÉN, G. 2013. Dragonflies (Odonata) in subtropical Atlantic Forest fragments in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: seasonal diversity and composition. Scientia Plena. 9(1): 1-9., 2015RENNER, S., PÉRICO, E., SAHLÉN, G., DOS SANTOS, D. M. & CONSATTI, G. 2015. Dragonflies (Odonata) from the Taquari River valley region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Check List. 11(5): 1740., 2016RENNER, S., PÉRICO, E. & SAHLÉN, G. 2016. List of Odonates from the Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (FLONA-SFP), with two new distribution records for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 16 (3): e20150132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2015-0132 (last acess in 15/03/2018).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2...
, 2017RENNER, S., PÉRICO, E., ELY, G. J. & SAHLÉN, G. 2017. Preliminary dragonfly (Odonata) species list from the Pampa biome in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with ecological notes for 19 new records for the State. Biota Neotropica. 17 (4): e20170374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0374 (last acess in 15/03/2018).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2...
), however, such studies are restricted and do not provide information on total number of species. A recent attempt to estimate the diversity of the state (Kittel & Engel 2014KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2014. Diversity of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with four new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(3): 49-55., 2016KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2016. Diversity of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with five new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(8): 247-318.) recorded 108 species of Odonata, representing about 12% of the known species for Brazil (Pinto 2018PINTO, A. P. 2018. Odonata in Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Avaiable in: <http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/171>. (last acess in 11/07/2018).
http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobr...
), though the authors suggest that this number is much higher. Thus, the main goal of this work is to present the species diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as their known locations in the municipalities.

Material and Methods

Study area

The state of Rio Grande do Sul, which is located in southernmost portion of Brazil, borders the state of Santa Catarina to the North, the Atlantic ocean to the East, Uruguay to the South and Argentina to the West. With a total area of 281,730 km2, it covers the two subtropical biomes of Brazil: Atlantic Forest and Pampa. It presents, mostly, low relief, with 70% of its territory presenting less than 300m of altitude. The highest portion, of more than 600m altitude, is located in the Northeast, comprising 11% of the total surface. Two climatic types characterize Rio Grande do Sul: the humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with well distributed rainfall and hot summers, presenting average annual temperature between 18º and 20ºC, and the oceanic climate (Cfb), also with well distributed rains, but with mild summers, presenting an annual average temperature between 13º and 17ºC (Kuinchtner & Buriol, 2001).

The subtropical Atlantic Forest is located in the North and East half of the state, with an area of 103,505 km2, which corresponds to 37% of the total area of the state, and 1.54% of the total area of Brazil. The dominance of the Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Sul consists of dense ombrophylous forest, mixed ombrophylous forest (Araucaria forest), semideciduous seasonal forest, altitude and 'restinga' fields (Marcuzzo et al. 1998MARCUZZO, S., PAGEL, S. M. & CHIAPPETTI, M. I. S. 1998. Reserva da biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Rio Grande do Sul: situação atual, ações e perspectivas. In Reserva da biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Rio Grande do Sul: situação atual, ações e perspectivas. Conselho Nacional da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.). These subdivisions result from the great variation of altitude and climatic characteristics. In Rio Grande do Sul, there is an extremely rugged relief, between 0m and 1200m altitude. The climate presents well defined seasons of the year, and its vegetation is characterized by tall trees of broad crown in the upper stratum and by broad-leaved shrubs in the lower stratum.

The Pampa biome, located in the South and West half of the state (57° to 63° W and 34° to 30° S), presents 178,243 km2 of total area, corresponding to 63% of the state territory and 2.07% of the Brazilian territory (Crawshaw et al. 2007CRAWSHAW, D., DALLAGNOL, M., CORDEIRO, J. L. P. & HASENACK, H. 2007. Caracterização dos campos sul-rio-grandenses: uma perspectiva da ecologia da paisagem. Boletim Gaúcho de Geografia, 33(1): 233-252.). The relief in the southern fields is gently undulating, between 500m and 800m of altitude. Plains predominate, but some hills, in the region known as "coxilhas", may be found. Besides the coxilhas, there are also some plateaus. The climate presents the four seasons of the year well defined, and its vegetation is characterized by the presence of grasses, ground plants, shrubs and small trees.

Elaboration of the list

For the preparation of the list, we gathered data from collections of the Museu de Ciências da Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES), Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução da Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES) concerning 39 municipalities. All these specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol, and later determined to species level according to Garrison et al. (2006GARRISON, R. W. 2006. A synopsis of the genera Mnesarete Cowley, Bryoplathanon gen. nov., and Ormenoplebia gen. nov. (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County., 2010), Heckman (2006HECKMAN, C. W. 2006. Encyclopedia of South American aquatic insects: Odonata-Anisoptera: illustrated keys to known families, genera, and species in South America. Springer Science & Business Media., 2010) and Lencioni (2006). In addition, data were collected from 65 publications, from 1909 to 2018, of the material cataloged in the Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoootânica, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) and the sites SpeciesLink, All Odonata and Puget Sound University. In total, data were collected from 85 localities (Figure 1, Table 1) and 74 data sources. For systematic classification, we followed Dijkstra et al. (2013DIJKSTRA, K.-D.B., BECHLY, G., BYBEE, S.M., DOW, R.A., DUMONT, H.J., FLECK, G., GARRISON, R.W., HÄMALÄINEN, M., KALKMAN, V.J., KARUBE, H., MAY, M.L., ORR, A.G., PAULSON, D.R., REHN, A.C., THEISCHINGER, G., TRUEMAN, J.W.H., VAN TOL, J., VON ELLENRIEDER, N. & WARE, J. 2013. The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Zhang Z.-Q.eds.), Zootaxa 3703:1-82., 2014)DIJKSTRA, K.B., KALKMAN, V.J., DOW, R.A., STOKVIS, F.R. & VAN TOL, J. 2014. Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera. Syst. Entomol. 39:68-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12035.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12035...
.

Figure 1
Municipalities with Odonata´s recorded in Rio Grande do Sul State. For code numbers see Table 1.

Table 1
Numbers and codes for municipalities and references. *Municipalities sampled by Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução – UNIVATES.

Results

The total number of Odonata species recorded for Rio Grande do Sul is 182 (Table 2). Additionally, there are five species cited by Kittel and Engels (2014)KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2014. Diversity of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with four new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(3): 49-55. which are probably erroneous records: Hetaerina laesa Hagen in Selys, 1853 (Calopterygidae) known only from Northern Brazil; Leptagrion acutum Santos, 1961 and Leptagrion capixabae Santos, 1965 known only from Espirito Santo (Coenagrionidae); Heteragrion ictericum Williamson, 1919 (Heteragrionidae) known only from Amazonian Biome and Teinopodagrion meridionale De Marmels, 2001 (Megapodagrionidae) also cite by Marins et al. (2005)MARINS, A., ROMANOWSKI, H. P. & DE MARCO JUNIOR, P. 2005. Espécies de Odonata (Insecta) registradas no Parque Estadual de Itapuã-Viamão, RS, Brasil. In Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil (7.: 2005: Caxambu, MG). Avanços nos estudos de ecossistemas terrestres, marinhos e de águas continentais: programa e resumos [recurso eletrônico]. São Paulo, SP: Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil, 2015., however this species is not recorded from Brazil, just from to mountainous and cloud forest of Andes (IUCN Red List 2018The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. Avaiable in <www.iucnredlist.org.> (last acess in 12/03/2018).
www.iucnredlist.org...
). Both studies didn't cite the source of the information, so we decide to not add these species to final checklist to avoid mistakes.

Table 2
Species recorded for Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. For references and municipalities codes, please check Table 1.

The total number of genera recorded for the state is 57, distributed in nine families. Libellulidae is the family with the highest number of records, with 22 genera and 80 species, followed by Coenagrionidae with 13 genera and 41 species. Aeshnidae with nine genera and 20 species, and Gomphidae with seven genera and 18 species. Other families recorded are: Corduliidae (one genera, three species), Calopterygidae (two genera, seven species), Heteragrionidae (one genera, three species), Lestidae (one genera, nine species), Megapodagrionidae (one genera, one species).

Seven species are new records for Rio Grande do Sul state: Erythemis credula (Hagen, 1861), Erythrodiplax avittata Borror, 1942, Lestes dichrostigma Calvert, 1909, Nephepeltia berlai Santos, 1950, Oxyagrion chapadense Costa, 1978, Oxyagrion sulmatogrossenseCosta, Souza & Santos, 2000COSTA, J. M. & SANTOS, T. C. 2000. A biodiversidade de Odonata do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil registrada na literatura de 1853 a 1999 e de coleções. In XXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, p. 161. and Progomphus intricatus Hagen in Selys, 1858.

Discussion

The 182 species listed from RS representing about 22% of the species known to occur in Brazil (Pinto 2018PINTO, A. P. 2018. Odonata in Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Avaiable in: <http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/171>. (last acess in 11/07/2018).
http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobr...
). This number increases the species records for the state by 73% (Kittel & Engels 2014KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2014. Diversity of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with four new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(3): 49-55., 2016KITTEL, R.N. & ENGELS, W. 2016. Diversity of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with five new records for the state. Notulae odonatologicae. 8(8): 247-318.). Odonata fauna of Rio Grande do Sul is similar to the known fauna, published in species lists, of other states. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo are the states with the highest number of records, presenting 251 and 280 species respectively (Costa & Santos 2000COSTA, J. M., MACHADO, A. B. M., LENCIONI, F. A. & SANTOS, T. C. 2000. Diversidade e distribuição dos Odonata (Insecta) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Parte I-Lista das espécies e registros bibliográficos. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional, 80(1): 1-27., Costa et al. 2000COSTA, J. M., MACHADO, A. B. M., LENCIONI, F. A. & SANTOS, T. C. 2000. Diversidade e distribuição dos Odonata (Insecta) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Parte I-Lista das espécies e registros bibliográficos. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional, 80(1): 1-27.). Minas Gerais recorded 218 species (Machado 1998MACHADO, A.B.M. 1998. Insetos. In: Livro Vermelho das Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção da Fauna de Minas Gerais (A.B.M. MACHADO, G.A.B. DA FONSECA ; R.B. MACHADO, L.M.S. AGUIAR & L.V. LINS, eds.). Belo Horizonte, Fundação Biodiversitas, pp. 495-497.), Mato Grosso do Sul recorded 199 species (Koroiva et al. 2017KOROIVA, R., RODRIGUES, M. E., VALENTE-NETO, F. & ROQUE, F. D. O. 2017. Odonates from Bodoquena Plateau: checklist and information about endangered species. Biota Neotropica, 17(3)., Rodrigues & Roque 2017RODRIGUES, M. E. & ROQUE, F. O. 2017. Checklist de Odonata do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107: e2017117.) and Goiás, 152 species (Nóbrega & De Marco 2011NÓBREGA, C. C. & DE MARCO, P. 2011. Unprotecting the rare species: a niche‐based gap analysis for odonates in a core Cerrado area. Diversity and Distributions, 17(3): 491-505.).

The list of species presented here represents a significant advance compared to previous counts for Rio Grande do Sul, however, our list is by no means a final one. Some regions of the state remain poorly explored, such as southernmost parts, in cities bordering Uruguay, such as Jaguarão or Santa Vitória do Palmar, or even in the northernmost part of the state (Figure 1). Several families remain poorly sampled, especially those that inhabit small forested streams, such as Corduliidae, Heteragrionidae or Megapodagrionidae, and probably there are many specimens which are still not cataloged and identified in scientific collections, both in the state and in the country.

We found seven species that had not yet been recorded for Rio Grande do Sul. Erythemis credula, Erythrodiplax avittata and Progomphus intricatus were recorded for native areas of coastal plain of RS. The coastal plain is the region which suffers the most due to the advance of urbanization, and protected areas are scarce in this region too. All species were recorded in places with high degree of preservation, as Erythrodiplax avittata sampled in Itapeva Conservation Unit. Lestes dichrostigma, Oxyagrion sulmatogrossense and Nephepeltia berlai were recorded on montane forest (600 m), in the center-east portion of state (Perau de Janeiro, Arvorezinha, Anta Gorda). Lastly, Oxyagrion chapadense was recorded for seven municipalities of the Pampa bioma (see Table 2). These new records emphasize the need of faunal studies for the state and remark the risk of species loss due to the reduction of natural areas and the lack of areas under protection.

In the list, we verified the presence of one species mentioned as endemic to the Pampa biome Cyanallagma bonariensis (Ris, 1918). Until recently, there was no record of this species for Brazil, only for localities in Argentina and Uruguay. However, Pires et al. (2018)PIRES, M. M., PÉRICO, E., RENNER, S., & SAHLÉN, G. 2018. Predicting the effects of future climate change on the distribution of an endemic damselfly (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) in subtropical South American grasslands. Journal of Insect Conservation, 22(2): 303-319., in a recent work about future climate changes on species distribution in Pampa region, also made its first record, which confirms its endemism for the Pampa region. Cyanallagma corbeti described in 2009 by Costa, Santos & Souza occurred only in high altitude fields of São Francisco de Paula and Bom Jesus, being probably endemic from this region. We detected also that some species mentioned as endemic of Pampa biome, were found in Atlantic forest as well, such as Tibiagomphus noval (Rodrigues, 1985) and Castoraeschna decurvata Dunkle & Cook, 1984 (Pires et al., 2018PIRES, M. M., PÉRICO, E., RENNER, S., & SAHLÉN, G. 2018. Predicting the effects of future climate change on the distribution of an endemic damselfly (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) in subtropical South American grasslands. Journal of Insect Conservation, 22(2): 303-319.).

In conclusion, the order Odonata in Rio Grande do Sul State still needs special attention, mostly in non-explored parts of the Pampa Biome and Seasonal forest. These biomes are under intense pressure and species may quickly disappear. Additionally, for most species, the conservation status is not known (IUCN Red List 2018The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. Avaiable in <www.iucnredlist.org.> (last acess in 12/03/2018).
www.iucnredlist.org...
), which makes it difficult to adopt environmental policies. Thus, we highlight the need of information regarding diversity, distribution, biogeography and ecology of species since biodiversity inventories play a key role in the development of conservation strategies (Renner et al. 2017RENNER, S., PÉRICO, E., ELY, G. J. & SAHLÉN, G. 2017. Preliminary dragonfly (Odonata) species list from the Pampa biome in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with ecological notes for 19 new records for the State. Biota Neotropica. 17 (4): e20170374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0374 (last acess in 15/03/2018).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2...
).

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for a post-doctoral fellowship (to MSD) and a PVE cooperation program between UNIVATES and Halmstad University (88881.068147/2014-01 #1); to FAPERGS (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, #2) for support. Logistical support was provided by Universidade do Vale do Taquari (UNIVATES). We also would like to thank Hilda Alice Gastal (MCN/FZB) e Mateus Marques Pires (MZU/UNISINOS) who provided the information regarding material listed as well as SisBio and IBAMA for the collecting permit. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    08 Oct 2018
  • Date of issue
    2018

History

  • Received
    28 Mar 2018
  • Reviewed
    24 Aug 2018
  • Accepted
    02 Sept 2018
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