Figure 1
Brazilian Amazon based on
Morrone et al. 2022MORRONE, J.J., ESCALANTE, T., RODRÍGUEZ-TAPIA, G., CARMONA, A., ARANA, M. & MERCADO-GÓMEZ, J.D. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220211167.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652022202...
.
Figure 2
(A) Malagoniella (Malagoniella) astyanax (Olivier, 1789), scutellum visible dorsally with the elytra closed (white arrow); (B) Ontherus sp., scutellum not visible dorsally with closed elytra. Scale bar: A – 5 mm; B – 3 mm.
Figure 3
(A-B) Eurysternus sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Mesocoxae parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body; (C-D) Malagoniella sp. (C) Habitus; (D) Mesocoxae perpendicular or oblique to the longitudinal axis of the body. Scale bar: A, B, C – 2 mm; D – 5 mm.
Figure 4
(A-B) Bdelyrus amazonensis Cook, 1998. (A) Habitus; (B) Pygidium horizontal (black arrow); Apical tarsomere with strong spiniform process above insertion of claws (black circle); (C) Trichillum sp., pygidium clearly vertical. Scale bar: A, B – 2 mm; C – 1 mm.
Figure 5
(A) Uroxys sp., anterior leg with anterior trochantofemoral fovea (white arrow); (B) Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787), anterior leg without anterior trochantofemoral fovea. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 6
(A) Trichillum sp., last abdominal ventrite greatly expanded in the middle (black arrow); (B) Uroxys sp., last abdominal ventrite not completely covering the disc (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 7
(A-B) Trichillum sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Pseudoepipleuron forming two lateral sinuosities’; (C) Genieridium cryptops (Arrow, 1913), pseudoepipleuron not forming two lateral sinuosities. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 8
(A) Eutrichillum sp., pseudoepipleuron abruptly narrowed posteriorly; (B) Genieridium cryptops (Arrow, 1913), pseudoepipleuron gradually narrowing towards the apex. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 9
(A-B) Eutrichillum sp. (A) Clypeogenal suture clearly indicated extending completely to outer head border, (black arrow); (B) Habitus; (C-D) Besourenga horacioi (Martinez, 1967) (C) Frontoclypeal and clypeogenal sutures indistinct; (D) Habitus; carinate elytral striae (white arrow) Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 10
(A) Bradypodidium adisi (Ratcliffe, 1980), protibia with two teeth confined to apical one-half or less of the lateral margin (black circle); (B) Feeridium woodruffi Vaz-de-Mello, 2008, protibia in general with three teeth occupying at least apical three-fifths of lateral margin. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Figure 11
(A) Bradypodidium adisi (Ratcliffe, 1980), habitus, clypeal border straight to weakly curved outwards (black circle); (B) Trichillidium quadridens (Arrow, 1932), habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 12
(A) Feeridium woodruffi Vaz-de-Mello, 2008, habitus; (B) Genieridium cryptops (Arrow, 1913), habitus. Scale bar: A – 2 mm; B – 1 mm.
Figure 13
(A) Agamopus unguicularis (Harold, 1883), pygidium with transverse sulcus in the middle of the disc (black arrow); (B) Uroxys sp., pygidium without transverse sulcus in the middle of the disc, sometimes a basal sulcus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 14
(A-C) Zonocopris gibbicollis (Harold, 1868) (A) Habitus; (B) Mesoventrite with two posterior foveae (white arrow); (C) Apical meso- and metatarsomere with dentiform process above claw insertion (black arrow); (D) Uroxys sp. Apical meso- and metatarsomere without dentiform process. Scale bar: A – 2 mm; B, C, D – 1 mm.
Figure 15
(A-B) Uroxys sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Side of the pronotum with a deep longitudinal sulcus; (C) Cryptocanthon sp., side of pronotum without a longitudinal sulcus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 16
(A) Scatimus simulator Martinez, 1988, habitus; (B) Cryptocanthon Balthasar, 1942. Scale bar 1 mm.
Figure 17
(A) Onthophagus sp., length of the basal metatarsomere (black arrow) longer than that of following three metatarsomeres combined (black circle); (B) Anomiopus sp., length of the basal metatarsomere (black arrow) less than that of following three metatarsomeres combined. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 18
(A-B) Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787). (A) Hypomeron with oblique carina reaching lateral margin next to the anterior angle, forming an anterolateral tooth; (B) Dorsal view; (C-D) Onthophagus Latreille, 1802. (C) Hypomeron without anterolateral tooth near the anterior angle; (D) dorsal view. Scale bar: A, C – 1 mm; B, D – 2 mm.
Figure 19
(A) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, meso- and metatarsus lacking claws; (B) Anomiopus sp., meso- and metatarsus with claws (black arrow). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 20(A)
Dendropaemon (
Dendropaemon)
angustulusGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
, meso-and metatarsus with 2 tarsomeres (black arrow); (B)
Dendropaemon (
Glaphyropaemon)
angustipennis Harold, 1869, meso- and metatarsus with 3 tarsomeres (black arrow); (C)
Dendropaemon (
Eurypodea)
fredericki (Klages, 1906), meso- and metatarsus with 4 tarsomeres. (D)
Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891, meso- and metatarsus with five tarsomeres. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 21
(A) Dendropaemon (Titthopaemon) denticollis Felsche, 1909, anterior margin of pronotum with a small tubercle adjacent to each eye; (B) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, anterior margin of pronotum without tubercle adjacent to each eye. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 22(A)
Dendropaemon (
Nigropaemon)
nigritulusGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
,
habitus, completely black, shiny surface, and no metallic sheen; (B)
Dendropaemon (
Crassipaemon)
lydiaeGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
,
habitus, at least some metallic sheen on the pronotum and/or elytra. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 23
(A) Dendropaemon (Enicotarsus) viridipennis (Laporte, 1831), basal metatarsomere subcylindrical, about four times as long as the second; (B) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, basal metatarsomere flattened, less than three times as long as the second. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 24(A)
Dendropaemon (
Glaphyropaemon)
angustipennis Harold, 1869, posterior border of pronotum margined only medially (white arrow); (B)
Dendropaemon (
Coprophanaeoides)
furtadoiGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
, posterior margin of the pronotum usually complete, if margin more or less interrupted on each side then some setose punctures are present (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 25
(A) Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891, meso- and metatarsus with basal tarsomere expanded; (B) Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870, meso- and metatarsus with basal tarsomere elongated, always much longer than wide. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 26
(A) Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870, basal antennomere of the antennal club not concave apically to receive the apical lamellae; (B) Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) telamon (Erichson, 1847), basal antennomere of antennal club strongly concave apically to receive the apical lamellae. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 27
(A) Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) telamon (Erichson, 1847), clypeal margin with deep, acutely median emargination; (B) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) macleayi Nevinson, 1892, clypeal margin without deep, acutely emargination, with at most two conspicuous middle teeth. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Figure 28
(A) Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) lancifer (Linnaeus, 1767), elytral interstriae carinulate transversely, carinulae separated by transverse sulcus; (B) Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) dardanus (MacLeay, 1819), microsculpted elytral interstriae. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 29
(A) Diabroctis mimas (Linnaeus, 1758), head with transverse frontal carina in addition to frontoclypeal carina (white arrow); (B) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) macleayi Nevinson, 1892, head with single horn or carina, never booth. Scale bar: A – 1 mm; B – 2 mm.
Figure 30
(A) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) conspicillatum (Weber, 1801), metaventrite with long, acute spiniform process (white arrow); (B) Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) kirbyi Vigors, 1825, metaventrite simply angulate anteromedially, never spiniform (white arrow). Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 31
(A-B) Oxysternon (Mioxysternon) spiniferum Castelnau, 1840. (A) Clypeal process reduced to small tubercle (white circle); (B) Metaventrite with row of large points adjacent to the mesocoxae (white arrow); (C-D) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) silenum Castelnau, 1840. (C) Clypeal process spiniform or transverse ridge (white circle); (D) Metaventrite without row of large points. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 32
(A) Sulcophanaeus faunus (Fabricius, 1775), anterior portion of circumnotal carina entire (white arrow); (B) Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) chalcomelas (Perty, 1830), anterior portion of circumnotal carina interrupted behind each eye (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 33
(A-B) Anomiopus sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Tarsal claws reduced, almost straight or slightly curved (black arrow); (C-D) Canthonella Chapin, 1930, (C) Habitus; (D) Tarsal claws with strong basal tooth (black arrow); clypeus bidentate. Scale bar: A – 2 mm; B, C; D – 1 mm.
Figure 34
(A-B) Tarsal claws without basal tooth (second black arrow). (A) Deltochilum (Calhyboma) carinatum (Westwood, 1837), meso- and metatibia not appreciably widened apically, or only weakly and gradually (first black arrow); (B) Canthidium Erichson, 1847, mesotibia, and usually also metatibia, widened apically (first black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 35
(A) Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) cupreicolle (Blanchard, 1845), apex of elytral interstriae with short carinae or tubercle (white arrow); (B) Pseudocanthon sp., elytral interstriae without apical carinae or tubercles. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 36(A-B)
Deltochilum (
Aganhyboma)
schefflerorumSilva, Louzada & Vaz-de-Mello, 2015DA SILVA, J.M.C., RYLANDS, A.B. & DA FONSECA, G.A. 2005. The fate of the Amazonian areas of endemism. Conservation Biology 19(3):689–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00705.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005...
. (A) Head longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly; (B) Metatibiae sharply arched medially; (C-D)
Deltochilum (
Calhyboma)
carinatum (Westwood, 1837) (C) Head distinctly wider than long, not triangularly narrowed; (D) Metatibiae, when strongly arched, sinuous or widely arched, not sharply arched medially. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 37
(A) Deltochilum (Calhyboma) carinatum (Westwood, 1837), ninth elytral interstria (on pseudepipleuron) without carina, or with an inconspicuous carina; (B) Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) gp aspericolle, ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 38
(A) Deltochilum (Deltochilum) orbiculare Lansberge, 1874, habitus, elytra dorsally flattened; (B) Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) gp aspericolle, elytra not dorsally flattened or nearly smaller than 20 mm. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 39
(A-B) Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) gp aspericolle. (A) Clypeus bidentate; (B) Metaventrite disc without tubercles posteriorly; (C-D) Deltochilum (Hybomidium) orbignyi amazonicum Bates, 1887. (C) Clypeus quadridentate; (D) Metaventrite disc bituberculate posteriorly (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 40
(A-B) Pseudocanthon sp. (A) Posterior margin of the head not margined between eyes and clypeus with four or six teeth (B) Mesoventrite relatively long, not narrowed medially, completely horizontal (white arrow); (C-D) Hansreia sp. (C) Posterior margin of the head clearly and completely margined between eyes; (D) Mesoventrite shorter medially than laterally or positioned vertically and weakly visible from below (white arrow). Scale bar: A, B, D – 0.5 mm; C – 2 mm.
Figure 41
(A) Tetraechma liturata (Germar, 1813), habitus, clypeus bidentate; Protibia with three teeth, at least the apical tooth in the shape of half-moon (black circle) (B) Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887, habitus, clypeus quadridentate (black circle); Pronotum lateral edges nearly straight and subparallel (black arrow) (C) Sylvicanthon proseni, (Martínez, 1949) habitus, protibiae with two to four triangular teeth (black circle); Clypeus bidentate without emargination between the theeth (black circle); Pronotum with lateral edges forming a strong medial angle (black arrow). Scale bar: A – 2 mm, B, C – 1 mm.
Figure 42
(A) Hansreia sp., habitus, pronotum with sides explanate; (B) Scybalocanthon sp., habitus, sides of pronotum not explanate. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Figure 43
(A-B) Canthotrypes oberthuri Paulian, 1939. (A) Habitus, head shaped as elongate triangle; (B) Meso- and metatibia with transverse carina, most visible in mesotibia; (C) Scybalocanthon sp., meso- and metatibia without transverse carinae, at most with inconspicuous median tubercle. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 44
(A) Scybalocanthon sp., basal meso- and metatarsomeres about half as long as second tarsomere (black arrow); (B) Canthon sp., basal meso- and metatarsomeres subequal in length to second tarsomere (black arrow). Scale bar: A – 2 mm, B – 1 mm.
Figure 45
(A) Anisocanthon sp., dorsum with irregular sculpturing; (B) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, pronotum with evenly distributed sculpturing, at most with posteromedian depression, never with tubercles. Scale bar: A – 1 mm, B – 2 mm.
Figure 46
(A) Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) luteicollis Erichson, 1847, ventral surface of metafemora carenated anteriorly (white arrow); (B) Canthon (Trichocanthon) sordidus Harold, 1868, ventral surface of metafemora not carenated anteriorly; (C) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, ventral surface of metafemora with fine carinae anteriorly (sometimes vanishing apically) (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 47
(A) Canthon (Goniocanthon) fulgidus Redtenbacher, 1868, pygidium strongly convex, very shiny; (B) Canthon (Trichocanthon) sordidus Harold, 1868, pygidium flat or slightly convex, dull, or slightly shiny. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 48
(A) Canthon (Trichocanthon) sordidus Harold, 1868, habitus, dorsum with distinct and dense uniform pubescence, protibial teeth closely set near the apex of tibia (black arrow); (B) Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) luteicollis Erichson, 1847, habitus, dorsum either glabrous or with minute sparse pubescence, protibial teeth widely spaced along apical half of lateral margin (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 49
(A) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, pygidium and propygidium not separated by transverse carina; (B) Canthon (Canthon) aff. mutabilis, pygidium and propygidium at least partially separated by transverse carina (white arrow Scale bar). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 50
(A) Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martinez, 1954, head anteriorly either sinuous or slightly emarginated, sometimes without clypeal teeth; scutellar area of the elytra depressed (white arrow); (B) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, clypeus with at least two (sometimes more) well-defined clypeal teeth (black circle); elytra not depressed over the scutellum. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 51
(A) Sinapisoma minuta Boucomont, 1928, inner apical angle of meso- and metatibia produced beyond insertion of tarsus, bearing spur (black arrow); (B) Ateuchus substriatus (Harold, 1868), metatibia strongly dilated apically, apical width clearly greater than one-fifth length of tibia, inner apical tibial angle not prolonged (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 52
(A) Ateuchus substriatus (Harold, 1868), hypomeron deeply excavated anteriorly, excavation shaped posteriorly as vertical wall topped by strong carina (black arrow); (B) Canthidium sp., hypomeron only weakly excavated anteriorly, excavation not clearly defined posteriorly; transverse propleural carina almost always absent. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 53
(A) Deltorhinum genieri Montoya-Molina & Vaz-de-Mello, 2019, pronotum anteriorly transversely uni-or bilobed over anterior margin or just behind it; head always with strong transverse carina and clypeus clearly triangular in shape; (B) Ateuchus substriatus (Harold, 1868), pronotum anteriorly simply convex behind anterior margin. Head with or without transverse carina. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 54
(A) Ateuchus (s. l.), sixth abdominal ventrite lacking posterior process; (B) Ateuchus (Lobidion) punctatissimum Génier, 2010, sixth abdominal ventrite bearting one or two posterior processes. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 55
(A-B) Canthidium sp. (A) Inner apical angle of protibia ~ 90° or acute (black arrow); (B) Mesoventrite usually very short, positioned almost vertically (white arrow); metaventrite usually convex (white arrow); (C-D) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), (C) Inner apical angle of protibia usually > 90° (black arrow); (D) Mesoventrite well developed, horizontal; metaventrite usually flat. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 56
(A-B) Canthidium (Neocanthidium) barbacenicum (Preudhomme de Borre, 1886). (A) Posterior edge pronotum almost always paralleled by row of punctures distinctly larger than any adjacent punctures on pronotum, sometimes interrupted in the middle (white arrow); (B) First and second elytral striae joined apically to lateral striae.; (C-D) Canthidium (Canthidium) sp. (C) Pronotum may be punctate posteriorly but lacks distinct row of larger punctures along posterior edge; (D) First and second elytral striae not joined apically to lateral striae. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 57
(A) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), clypeal process transverse, obtusely triangular or nearly rectangular, never dentate; (B) Dichotomius (Selenocopris) nisus (Olivier, 1789), clypeal process usually conical with bifurcate apex, sometimes embedded in longitudinal carina; rarely configured otherwise, but never a simple transverse ridge (white circle and arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 58
(A) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), ventromedial carina of protibia with intervening setae; (B-C) Copris (Copris) amazonicus Darling & Génier, 2018 (B) Ventromedial carina of protibia lacking intervening setae (white arrow); (C) Habitus. Scale bar: A, B – 1 mm, C – 5 mm.
Figure 59
(A) Ontherus (Caelontherus) laminifer Balthasar, 1938, mesometaventral suture straight or feebly curved, never angulate (white arrow); (B) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), mesometaventral suture usually angulate medially (white arrow) Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 60
(A) Isocopris nitidus (Luederwaldt, 1922), antenna with eight antennomeres; (B) Dichotomius (Dichotomius) boreus (Olivier, 1789), antenna with nine antennomeres. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 61
(A) Dichotomius (Dichotomius) melzeri (Luederwaldt, 1922), clypeal margin rounded or weakly emarginated; (B) Dichotomius (Selenocopris) cuprinus (Felsche, 1901), margined clypeal teeth; clypeogenal junction not angled; (C) Dichotomius (Cephagonus) sp., clypeal teeth well-defined; clypeogenal junction strongly angled (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.
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