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A trilingual key to genera and subgenera of the Scarabaeinae from the Brazilian Amazon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Chave trilíngue para gêneros e subgêneros de Scarabaeinae da Amazônia brasileira (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Abstract

Presented here is a trilingual (English, Portuguese, and Spanish) key to the 44 currently recognized genera and 37 subgenera of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) occurring in the Brazilian Amazon. Photographs of all taxa are included.

Keywords
Dung beetles; Identification; Morrone; Taxonomy

Resumo

Apresentamos aqui uma chave trilíngue (inglês, português e espanhol) dos 44 gêneros e 37 subgêneros atualmente reconhecidos de besouros rola-bosta (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) que ocorrem na Amazônia brasileira. Fotos de todos os táxons estão incluídas.

Palavras-chave
Besouros rola-bosta; Identificação; Morrone; Taxonomia

Introduction

The Amazon is the largest tropical forest on the planet, covering about 47% of South America and extending into nine countries. Brazil is the country with the largest area of this ecosystem, about 308 million hectares (73% of the total area) (Malhi et al 2008MALHI, Y., ROBERTS, J.T., BETTS, R.A., KILLEEN, T.J., Li, W. & NOBRE, C.A. 2008. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science 319(5860):169–72. doi: 10.1126/science.1146961. Epub 2007Nov 29. PMID: 18048654.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1146961...
, Von Solinge 2013VON SOLINGE, T.B. 2023. The Amazon Rainforest. A green criminological perspective. International Handbook of Green Criminology (2th ed). Routledge Handbooks Online., Mapbiomas 2022MAPBIOMAS. 2022. Land use change on threatened biomes in South America and Indonesia. Availabe from MBI-factsheet-COP22-EN-digital-rev4_1.pdf (mapbiomas.org) Accessed November 11, 2023.
MBI-factsheet-COP22-EN-digital-rev4_1.pd...
). Of all land ecosystems, tropical forests have the greatest species diversity (Halffter and Favila 1993HALFFTER, G. & FAVILA M.E. 1993. The Scarabaeinae an animal group for analyzing, inventorying and monitoring biodiversity in tropical rainforest and modified landscapes. Biology International 27:1521.). Hot and humid temperatures give the Amazon Forest a unique abiotic system, contributing to its high level of insect biodiversity (Sobral-Souza and Lima-Ribeiro 2017SOBRAL-SOUZA, T. & LIMA-RIBEIRO, M. 2017. De volta ao passado: revisitando a história biogeográfica das florestas neotropicais úmidas. Oecologia Australis 21(2):93107. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2017.2102.01.
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2017.2102.0...
) and making it the target of numerous studies. The Amazon has experienced a dramatic loss of forest cover over the last 35 years. It is estimated that about 20 to 25% of its extension has been lost, with the greatest loss concentrated in Brazil, where it is estimated that about 81% of the deforestation of this type of forest has occurred (Mapbiomas Brazil 2022MAPBIOMAS. 2022. Land use change on threatened biomes in South America and Indonesia. Availabe from MBI-factsheet-COP22-EN-digital-rev4_1.pdf (mapbiomas.org) Accessed November 11, 2023.
MBI-factsheet-COP22-EN-digital-rev4_1.pd...
).

The biogeographical regionalization of the Neotropics has a long and complex history (Morrone 2002MORRONE, J.J. 2002. Biogeographic regions under track and cladistic scrutiny. Journal of Biogeography 29:149–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00662.x.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002...
, 2014MORRONE, J.J. 2014. Biogeographical regionalisation of the neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782(1):1–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1....
). Based on land taxa, including previously defined areas, Morrone (2014)MORRONE, J.J. 2014. Biogeographical regionalisation of the neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782(1):1–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1....
presented the regionalization of the Neotropical region, with definitions of areas and standardized nomenclature in four hierarchical levels. The regionalization proposal of Morrone will be adopted in this work to determine the areas called “Brazilian Amazon” (Figure 1) (for more details on this delimitation, see Morrone 2002MORRONE, J.J. 2002. Biogeographic regions under track and cladistic scrutiny. Journal of Biogeography 29:149–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00662.x.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002...
, 2014MORRONE, J.J. 2014. Biogeographical regionalisation of the neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782(1):1–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1....
and 2022MORRONE, J.J., ESCALANTE, T., RODRÍGUEZ-TAPIA, G., CARMONA, A., ARANA, M. & MERCADO-GÓMEZ, J.D. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220211167.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652022202...
).

Figure 1
Brazilian Amazon based on Morrone et al. 2022MORRONE, J.J., ESCALANTE, T., RODRÍGUEZ-TAPIA, G., CARMONA, A., ARANA, M. & MERCADO-GÓMEZ, J.D. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220211167.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652022202...
.

Popularly known in English as dung beetles, the Scarabaeinae have a well-known functional and morphological diversity, contributing worldwide to the maintenance of ecosystems (Halffter and Edmonds 1982HALFFTER, G. & EDMONDS, W.D. 1982. The nesting behavior of dung beetles (Scarabaeinae). An ecological and evolutive approach. Instituto de Ecología, Mexico., Hanski and Cambefort 1991). Currently, more than 6.500 species are recognized worldwide, belonging to 270 genera (Schoolmeesters 2023SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2023. World Scarabaeidae Database. Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2023-05-30). Available from https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dataset/1027 Accessed August 29, 2023.
https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dat...
). The latest reference for Amazonia is the work of Vulcano and Pereira (1967)VULCANO, M.A. & PEREIRA, F.S. 1967. Sinopse dos Passalidae e Scarabaeidae S. STR. da região amazônica (Insecta, Coleoptera). Atas do Simpósio sobre a Biota Amazônica 3:533–603., who considered the entire Amazon region and recorded about 400 species of dung beetles for the region. In recent years, countless ecological works have been carried out with the Scarabaeinae fauna of the Amazon, including conservation monitoring, pasture species, forest management (e.g. Tissiani, Vaz-de-Mello and Campelo-Júnior 2007, Barlow et al. 2010BARLOW, J., LOUZADA, J., PARRY, L., HERNANDEZ, M.I., HAWES, J., PERES, C.A., VAZ-DE-MELLO, F.Z. & GARDNER, T.A. 2010. Improving the design and management of forest strips in human-dominated tropical landscapes: a field test on Amazonian dung beetles. Journal of Applied Ecology 47(4):779–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01825.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010...
, Silva et al. 2014SILVA, R.J., COLETTI, F., COSTA, D.A. & VAZ-DE-MELLO, F.Z. 2014. Rola-bostas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) de florestas e pastagens no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira: Levantamento de espécies e guildas alimentares. Acta Amazonica 44:345–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201304472.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922013044...
, França et al. 2016FRANÇA, F., BARLOW, J., ARAÚJO, B. & LOUZADA, J. 2016. Does selective logging stress tropical forest invertebrates? Using fat stores to examine sublethal responses in dung beetles. Ecology and evolution 6(23): 526–8533. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2488.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2488...
, Matavelli et al. 2018MATAVELLI, R.A. & LOUZADA, J.N.C. 2008. Invasão de áreas de savana intra-amazônicas por Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Acta Amazonica 38:153–158. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672008000100017.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-5967200800...
, Carvalho et al. 2020CARVALHO, R.L., ANDRESEN, E., BARÔNIO, G.J., OLIVEIRA, V.H., LOUZADA, J. & BRAGA R.F. 2020. Is dung removal a good proxy for other dung beetle functions when monitoring for conservation? A case study from the Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Indicators 109:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105841.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.1...
, Mora-Aguilar et al. 2023MORA-AGUILAR, E.F., ARRIAGA-JIMÉNEZ, A., CORREA, C., DA SILVA, P.G., KORASAKI, V., LÓPEZ-BEDOYA, P.A., ... & NORIEGA, J.A. 2023. Toward a standardized methodology for sampling dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in the Neotropics: A critical review. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11:1096208.). To carry out works like these, it is necessary to correctly identify the genera and species. For this reason, in this paper we present a trilingual dichotomous key, adapted from others (see material and methods), for the genera and subgenera occurring in the Brazilian Amazon, together with high resolution photographs. Of 127 Scarabaeinae genera and subgenera listed for the Neotropics (Schoolmeesters 2023SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2023. World Scarabaeidae Database. Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2023-05-30). Available from https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dataset/1027 Accessed August 29, 2023.
https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dat...
), 81 (genera and subgenera) are listed for the Brazilian Amazon.

As with any key, this contribution reflects our current knowledge and taxonomic opinions. It will certainly change as we discover more about the Brazilian Amazon fauna and reassess our taxonomic point of view.

Material and Methods

The material examined for the preparation of the key is deposited in two Brazilian collections. The names of the curators are given in parentheses:

CEMT = Coleção Entomológica de Mato Grosso Eurides Furtado, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello)

INPA = Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coleção de Invertebrados, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (José Albertino Rafael, Marcio Oliveira)

A literature review was carried out and catalogs were used (Catalogue of life, Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian fauna), in addition to CEMT databases and analysis of material in the collections to confirm the number of genera and subgenera in the Brazilian Amazon. This key is an adaptation of Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011)VAZ DE MELLO, F.Z., EDMONDS, W.D., OCAMPO, F.C. & SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2011. A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa 2854:1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1....
, Chamorro et al. (2018)CHAMORRO, W., MARÍN ARMIJOS, D., GRANDA, V. & VAZ DE MELLO, F.Z. 2018. Checklist with a key to genera and subgenera of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) present and supposed for Ecuador. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 44(1):72–100. https://hdl.handle.net/10893/20672.
https://hdl.handle.net/10893/20672...
and Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2020)VAZ-DE-MELLO, F.Z., NUNES, L.G.D.O.A. & Costa-Silva, V.D. 2020. A new species of the genus Canthon Hoffmannsegg (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Deltochilini) from central Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.special-issue.04.
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020....
. In case of doubt about basic external morphology of dung beetles, see the final section of Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011)VAZ DE MELLO, F.Z., EDMONDS, W.D., OCAMPO, F.C. & SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2011. A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa 2854:1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1....
, which includes diagrams for general orientation. The characters used in the key are external and easily assessed using a stereomicroscope.

Photographs were prepared using a Leica model M205C (7.8× −160.0×) stereomicroscope with image capture system MC190 HD. The set of images was subsequently edited using Adobe Photoshop. Scale bars and body measurements (in mm) were made using Leica software. Photographs not prepared by the authors are indicated in the figure captions with their respective copyrights. The map was prepared using ArcGIS ver. 10.8 software.

Preceding the key, there is an alphabetical list of all 44 genera and 37 subgenera included with their authorship and year. Names with “asterisks” have important comments in the “Discussion and Additional Comments” section.

Results

1.Systematics

Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758

Order Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758

Superfamily Scarabaeoidea Latreille, 1802

Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Scarabaeinae Latreille, 1802

Taxa identified in the key

Agamopus Bates,1887

Anisocanthon Martínez & Pereira, 1956

Anomiopus Westwood, 1842

Ateuchus Weber, 1801

Ateuchus incertae sedis

Ateuchus (Lobidion) Génier, 2010

Bdelyrus Harold, 1869

Besourenga Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

Bradypodidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

Canthidium Erichson, 1847

Canthidium (Canthidium) Erichson, 1847

Canthidium (Neocanthidium) Martínez et al., 1964

Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817

Canthon (Canthon) Hoffmannsegg, 1817

Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948

Canthon (Goniocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1956

Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martínez, 1954

Canthon (Trichocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1959

Canthon, incertae sedis (sensu Halffter & Martínez, 1977)

Canthonella Chapin, 1930

Canthotrypes Paulian, 1939

Copris Geoffroy, 1762

Copris (Copris) Geoffroy, 1762

Coprophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924

Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924

Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924

Cryptocanthon Balthasar, 1942

Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822

Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) Kolbe, 1893

Deltochilum (Calhyboma) Kolbe, 1893

Deltochilum (Deltochilum) Eschscholtz, 1822

Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946

Deltochilum (Hybomidium) Shipp, 1897

Deltorhinum Harold, 1867

Dendropaemon Perty, 1830

Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) Edmonds, 1972

Dendropaemon (Crassipaemon) Cupello & Génier, 2017

Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) Perty, 1830

Dendropaemon (Enicotarsus) Castelnau, 1831

Dendropaemon (Eurypodea) Castelnau, 1831

Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....

Dendropaemon (Nigropaemon) Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....

Dendropaemon (Rutilopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
*

Dendropaemon (Titthopaemon) Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....

Diabroctis Gistel, 1857

Dichotomius Hope, 1838

Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929

Dichotomius (Dichotomius) Hope, 1838

Dichotomius (Selenocopris) Burmeister, 1846

Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959

Eurysternus Dalman, 1824

Eutrichillum Martínez, 1969

Feeridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

Genieridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

Gromphas Dejean, 1836

Hansreia Halffter & Martínez, 1977

Isocopris Pereira & Martínez, 1960

Malagoniella Martínez, 1961

Malagoniella (Malagoniella) Martínez, 1961

Megatharsis Waterhouse,1891

Ontherus Erichson, 1847

Ontherus (Caelontherus) Génier, 1996

Ontherus (Ontherus) Erichson, 1847

Onthophagus Latreille, 1802

Onthophagus (Onthophagus) Latreille, 1802

Oxysternon Castelnau,1840

Oxysternon (Mioxysternon) Edmonds, 1972

Oxysternon (Oxysternon) Castelnau, 1840

Phanaeus MacLeay, 1819

Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) Edmonds, 1994

Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887

Scatimus Erichson, 1847

Scybalocanthon Martínez, 1948

Sinapisoma Boucomont, 1928

Sulcophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924

Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977

Tetraechma Blanchard, 1841

Trichillidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

Trichillum Harold, 1868

Uroxys Westwood, 1842

Zonocopris Arrow, 1932

Identification key to the genera and subgenera of Scarabaeinae from the Brazilian Amazon, based on Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011)VAZ DE MELLO, F.Z., EDMONDS, W.D., OCAMPO, F.C. & SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2011. A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa 2854:1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1....

  • 1

    Tip of mesoscutellum clearly visible between bases of elytra, exposed portion triangular, rounded, guttiform or pentagonal (Figure 2A)..... 2 – Mesoscutellum completely covered by elytra (Figure 2B).......... 3

    Figure 2
    (A) Malagoniella (Malagoniella) astyanax (Olivier, 1789), scutellum visible dorsally with the elytra closed (white arrow); (B) Ontherus sp., scutellum not visible dorsally with closed elytra. Scale bar: A – 5 mm; B – 3 mm.

  • 2

    (1) Body flattened dorsally, elongated, with parallel sides (Figure 3A). Mesocoxae parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body, positioned externally in relation to the metaventrite (Figure 3B). Length 5.5–25 mm................................. Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 – Body slightly convex dorsally, usually oval (Figure 3C). Mesocoxae perpendicular or oblique to the longitudinal axis of the body (Figure 3D). Length 12–30 mm................................................................................ Malagoniella (Malagoniella) Martínez, 1961

    Figure 3
    (A-B) Eurysternus sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Mesocoxae parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body; (C-D) Malagoniella sp. (C) Habitus; (D) Mesocoxae perpendicular or oblique to the longitudinal axis of the body. Scale bar: A, B, C – 2 mm; D – 5 mm.

  • 3

    (1) Body flattened and elongated (Figure 4A). Meso- and metatarsi strongly flattened (Figure 4B). Pygidium horizontal (Figure 4B). Apical meso- and metatarsomeres with strong spiniform process above insertion of claws. Length 6–10.5 mm......................................................................................................... Bdelyrus Harold, 1869 – Pygidium clearly vertical (Figure 4C), or apical meso- and metatarsomeres without spiniform process, or both....................... 4

    Figure 4
    (A-B) Bdelyrus amazonensis Cook, 1998. (A) Habitus; (B) Pygidium horizontal (black arrow); Apical tarsomere with strong spiniform process above insertion of claws (black circle); (C) Trichillum sp., pygidium clearly vertical. Scale bar: A, B – 2 mm; C – 1 mm.

  • 4

    (3) Proleg with trochantofemoral fovea (Figure 5A)......................... 5 – Proleg without anterior trochantofemoral fovea (Figure 5B)... 16

    Figure 5
    (A) Uroxys sp., anterior leg with anterior trochantofemoral fovea (white arrow); (B) Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787), anterior leg without anterior trochantofemoral fovea. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 5

    (4) Pronotum and elytra, at least laterally, covered by setae. Last abdominal ventrite greatly expanded in the middle, covering the entire disc of the abdomen; other ventrites visible only on the sides of the abdomen (Figure 6A)........................................................... 6 – Pronotum and elytra may or may not have setae. Last abdominal ventrite not completely covering the disc, other ventrites visible and clearly distinguishable also in the middle of the abdomen (Figure 6B)........................................................................................ 12

    Figure 6
    (A) Trichillum sp., last abdominal ventrite greatly expanded in the middle (black arrow); (B) Uroxys sp., last abdominal ventrite not completely covering the disc (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 6

    (5) Pseudoepipleuron forming two lateral sinuosities, the posterior one (which is at the level of the metacoxa) partially covering the true epipleuron and is often angulate. Length 3–5.3 mm (Figure 7A; B)........................................... Trichillum Harold, 1868 – Pseudoepipleuron forming at most a long sinuosity in the anterior half, which does not fold over the epipleuron (epipleuron may present an excavation close to the metacoxa) (Figure 7C)............ 7

    Figure 7
    (A-B) Trichillum sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Pseudoepipleuron forming two lateral sinuosities’; (C) Genieridium cryptops (Arrow, 1913), pseudoepipleuron not forming two lateral sinuosities. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 7

    (6) Pseudoepipleuron narrows abruptly posteriorly, from the level of the metacoxa, forming an angle in its narrowing (Figure 8A)... 8 – Pseudoepipleuron gradually narrows towards the apex, without an angle at the level of the metacoxa (Figure 8B)........................... 9

    Figure 8
    (A) Eutrichillum sp., pseudoepipleuron abruptly narrowed posteriorly; (B) Genieridium cryptops (Arrow, 1913), pseudoepipleuron gradually narrowing towards the apex. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 8

    (7) Clypeogenal suture clearly visible, extending completely to outer head margin. Head border incised at clypeogenal suture such that clypeus and gena appear separately rounded (Figure 9A). Elytral striae without carina (Figure 9B). Length 2.5–4.7 mm................................................. Eutrichillum Martínez, 1969 – Frontoclypeal and clypeogenal sutures indistinct. Head straight or slightly curved at clypeogenal suture (Figure 9C). Elytral striae carenate (Figure 9D). Length 2–3.5 mm...................................................................... Besourenga Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

    Figure 9
    (A-B) Eutrichillum sp. (A) Clypeogenal suture clearly indicated extending completely to outer head border, (black arrow); (B) Habitus; (C-D) Besourenga horacioi (Martinez, 1967) (C) Frontoclypeal and clypeogenal sutures indistinct; (D) Habitus; carinate elytral striae (white arrow) Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 9

    (7) Protibia with two teeth confined to apical one-half or less of the lateral border (Figure 10A). Mesotibia gradually widened apically, apex with lateral brush of long, setae............................................ 10 – Protibia with three teeth occupying at least apical three-fifths of lateral border (Figure 10B), if more crowded toward apex, then mesotibia abruptly widened and with strong lateroventral tooth and sparse apical setae............................................................... 11

    Figure 10
    (A) Bradypodidium adisi (Ratcliffe, 1980), protibia with two teeth confined to apical one-half or less of the lateral margin (black circle); (B) Feeridium woodruffi Vaz-de-Mello, 2008, protibia in general with three teeth occupying at least apical three-fifths of lateral margin. Scale bar: 2 mm.

  • 10

    (9) Head flat to weakly (and regularly) convex, without obvious concavities adjacent to eyes. Clypeal border straight to weakly curved outwards (Figure 11A). Elytral striae with widely separated punctures. Length 2.3–3.3 mm......................................................................................................Bradypodidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008 – Head distinctly, evenly convex with distinct concavities in front of eyes. Clypeal border curved inward (Figure 11B). Elytral striae bead-like at least posteriorly (puncture width double that of striae, punctures contiguous or nearly so along apical one-half of stria). Length 2–4.5 mm...................... Trichillidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

    Figure 11
    (A) Bradypodidium adisi (Ratcliffe, 1980), habitus, clypeal border straight to weakly curved outwards (black circle); (B) Trichillidium quadridens (Arrow, 1932), habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 11

    (9) Eyes dorsally as wide as long, dorsal interocular space less than twice the width of an eye (Figure 12A). Disc of the pronotum separated from the hypomeron by a line of punctures, without carina. Length 4.5–5.2 mm........................................................................................................... Feeridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008 – Dorsal portion of eyes very small, separated by more than ten times their width (Figure 12B). Disc of the pronotum separated from the hypomeron by continuous carina or interrupted by dots. Length 3.5–6.5 mm.................... Genieridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

    Figure 12
    (A) Feeridium woodruffi Vaz-de-Mello, 2008, habitus; (B) Genieridium cryptops (Arrow, 1913), habitus. Scale bar: A – 2 mm; B – 1 mm.

  • 12

    (5) Pygidium with transverse sulcus in the middle of the disc. Length 4.5–6.5 mm (Figure 13A).............. Agamopus Bates, 1887 – Pygidium without transverse sulcus in the middle of the disc, sometimes a basal sulcus (Figure 13B)......................................... 13

    Figure 13
    (A) Agamopus unguicularis (Harold, 1883), pygidium with transverse sulcus in the middle of the disc (black arrow); (B) Uroxys sp., pygidium without transverse sulcus in the middle of the disc, sometimes a basal sulcus. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 13

    (12) Mesoventrite with two posterior foveae (Figure 14B). Apical meso- and metatarsomere with dentiform process above claw insertion (Figure 14C). Length 2.5–5 mm (Figure 14A)...................................................................................................... Zonocopris Arrow, 1932 – Mesoventrite without posterior foveae. Apical meso- and metatarsomere without dentiform process (Figure 14D).......... 14

    Figure 14
    (A-C) Zonocopris gibbicollis (Harold, 1868) (A) Habitus; (B) Mesoventrite with two posterior foveae (white arrow); (C) Apical meso- and metatarsomere with dentiform process above claw insertion (black arrow); (D) Uroxys sp. Apical meso- and metatarsomere without dentiform process. Scale bar: A – 2 mm; B, C, D – 1 mm.

  • 14

    (13) Side of pronotum with deep longitudinal sulcus. Length 3–7.4 mm (Figure 15A; B)............................... Uroxys Westwood, 1842 – Side of pronotum without longitudinal sulcus (Figure 15C)..... 15

    Figure 15
    (A-B) Uroxys sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Side of the pronotum with a deep longitudinal sulcus; (C) Cryptocanthon sp., side of pronotum without a longitudinal sulcus. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 15

    (14) Clypeus bidentate. Eyes exposed dorsally. Pronotum and apices of elytra glabrous. Length 4–8 mm (Figure 16A)................................................................................... Scatimus Erichson, 1847 – Clypeus with two to six teeth. Eyes not exposed dorsally. Pronotum and elytra setose. Length 3–4.2 mm (Figure 16B)................................................................................. Cryptocanthon Balthasar, 1942

    Figure 16
    (A) Scatimus simulator Martinez, 1988, habitus; (B) Cryptocanthon Balthasar, 1942. Scale bar 1 mm.

  • 16

    (4) Length of the basal metatarsomere longer than the next three metatarsomere combined (Figure 17A); if subequal, then labial palp with two palpomeres (rarely third very reduced). Metatarsus with five tarsomeres..................................................................... 17 – Length of the basal metatarsomere less than that of following three metatarsomere combined (Figure 17B); if subequal, then labial palp with one or three distinct palpomeres or metatarsus with fewer than five tarsomeres........................................................... 18

    Figure 17
    (A) Onthophagus sp., length of the basal metatarsomere (black arrow) longer than that of following three metatarsomeres combined (black circle); (B) Anomiopus sp., length of the basal metatarsomere (black arrow) less than that of following three metatarsomeres combined. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

  • 17

    (16) Hypomeron with oblique carina reaching lateral border next to anterior angle, forming an anterolateral tooth, rounded in males and acute in females (African species introduced). Length 7–13 mm (Figure 18A; B)............................. Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 – Hypomeron without anterolateral tooth near the anterior angle, insertion of the longitudinal (hypomeral) carina exactly under the anterior angle, or not reaching the pronotal edge. Length 4–12 mm (Figure 18C; D)............................... Onthophagus Latreille, 1807

    Figure 18
    (A-B) Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787). (A) Hypomeron with oblique carina reaching lateral margin next to the anterior angle, forming an anterolateral tooth; (B) Dorsal view; (C-D) Onthophagus Latreille, 1802. (C) Hypomeron without anterolateral tooth near the anterior angle; (D) dorsal view. Scale bar: A, C – 1 mm; B, D – 2 mm.

  • 18

    (16) Meso- and metatarsi lacking claws (Figure 19A)...................19 – Meso- and metatarsi with claws (Figure 19B)............................ 36

    Figure 19
    (A) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, meso- and metatarsus lacking claws; (B) Anomiopus sp., meso- and metatarsus with claws (black arrow). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

  • 19

    (18) Meso- and metatarsi with 2-4 tarsomeres. Length 6–22.5 mm (Figure 20A; B; C)........... Dendropaemon Perty, 1830........... 20 – Meso- and metatarsi with five tarsomeres (Figure 20D)............ 28

    Figure 20
    (A) Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) angustulusGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    , meso-and metatarsus with 2 tarsomeres (black arrow); (B) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, meso- and metatarsus with 3 tarsomeres (black arrow); (C) Dendropaemon (Eurypodea) fredericki (Klages, 1906), meso- and metatarsus with 4 tarsomeres. (D) Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891, meso- and metatarsus with five tarsomeres. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 20

    (19) Anterior margin of pronotum with a small tubercle adjacent to each eye (Figure 21A).................................................................................. Dendropaemon (Titthopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Anterior margin of pronotum without tubercle adjacent to each eye (Figure 21B).............................................................................. 21

    Figure 21
    (A) Dendropaemon (Titthopaemon) denticollis Felsche, 1909, anterior margin of pronotum with a small tubercle adjacent to each eye; (B) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, anterior margin of pronotum without tubercle adjacent to each eye. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 21

    (20) Meso- and metatarsi with two tarsomeres (Figure 20A)...................................... Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) Perty, 1830 – Meso- and metatarsi with three or four tarsomeres (Figure 20B; C)..................................................................................................... 22

  • 22

    (21) Meso and metatarsi with four tarsomeres (Figure 20C) ...............................Dendropaemon (Eurypodea) Castelnau, 1831 – Meso and metatarsi with three tarsomeres...........................… 23

  • 23

    (22) Completely black, shiny surface and no metallic sheen (Figure 22A) ............. Dendropaemon (Nigropaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – At least some metallic sheen on the pronotum and/or elytra (Figure 22B)................................................................................ 24

    Figure 22
    (A) Dendropaemon (Nigropaemon) nigritulusGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    , habitus, completely black, shiny surface, and no metallic sheen; (B) Dendropaemon (Crassipaemon) lydiaeGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    , habitus, at least some metallic sheen on the pronotum and/or elytra. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 24

    (23) First metatarsomere subcylindrical, about four times longer than second (Figure 23A). Pronotum entirely black........................... Dendropaemon (Enicotarsus) Castelnau, 1831 – First metatarsomere flattened, less than three times as long as the second (Figure 23B); and/or pronotum with metallic luster...... 25

    Figure 23
    (A) Dendropaemon (Enicotarsus) viridipennis (Laporte, 1831), basal metatarsomere subcylindrical, about four times as long as the second; (B) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, basal metatarsomere flattened, less than three times as long as the second. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 25

    (24) Body moderately dorsoventrally compressed. Large to moderate length (≅13 mm) (Figure 22B)............................................................. Dendropaemon (Crassipaemon) Cupello & Génier, 2017 – Body strongly compressed dorsoventrally. Small to moderate length (≤10 mm)....................................................................... 26

  • 26

    (25) Posterior border of pronotum margined only medially, margination never appearing crenulate or interrupted by setose punctures (Figure 24A)….................................................................................................. Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Posterior border of pronotum usually completely margined, if margination more or less interrupted on each side then some setose punctures are present (Figure 24B)............................................... 27

    Figure 24
    (A) Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) angustipennis Harold, 1869, posterior border of pronotum margined only medially (white arrow); (B) Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) furtadoiGénier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    , posterior margin of the pronotum usually complete, if margin more or less interrupted on each side then some setose punctures are present (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 27

    (26) Clypeus sharply emarginate on either side of clypeal teeth..................... Dendropaemon (Rutilopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Clypeus unmodified or obtusely emarginated on either side of clypeal teeth (Figure 24B)........................................................................... Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) Edmonds, 1972

  • 28

    (19) Meso- and metatarsi with basal tarsomere expanded, wider than long or nearly so (Figure 25A). Labial palps with one palpomere. Length ≅ 13 mm................. Megatharsis Waterhouse, 1891 – Meso- and metatarsi with basal tarsomere elongated, always much longer than wide (Figure 25B). Labial palps with three palpomeres................................................................................... 29

    Figure 25
    (A) Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891, meso- and metatarsus with basal tarsomere expanded; (B) Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870, meso- and metatarsus with basal tarsomere elongated, always much longer than wide. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 29

    (28) Basal antennomere of antennal club not concave apically to receive the apical lamellae (Figure 26A). Metanepisternum simple, lacking tab. Length 9.3–20.3 mm....................................................................................... Gromphas Dejean, 1836 – Basal antennomere of antennal club strongly concave apically to receive the apical lamellae (Figure 26B). Metanepisternum with posterior extension covering lateral margin of elytra................... 30

    Figure 26
    (A) Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870, basal antennomere of the antennal club not concave apically to receive the apical lamellae; (B) Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) telamon (Erichson, 1847), basal antennomere of antennal club strongly concave apically to receive the apical lamellae. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 30

    (29) Clypeal margin with deep, acutely median emargination, forming two acute teeth separated from adjacent lateral edge by external emarginations. Length 11–56 mm (Figure 27A)... Coprophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924........................................ 31 – Clypeal margin without deep, acutely emargination, with at most two conspicuous middle teeth (Figure 27B)................................ 32

    Figure 27
    (A) Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) telamon (Erichson, 1847), clypeal margin with deep, acutely median emargination; (B) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) macleayi Nevinson, 1892, clypeal margin without deep, acutely emargination, with at most two conspicuous middle teeth. Scale bar: 2 mm.

  • 31

    (30) Elytral interstriae strongly sculptured (transverse carinae) (Figure 28A). Ventral surface of protibia with tufts of setae at bases of lateral teeth. Very large specimens, up to 56 mm long, rarely less than 25 mm..................................................................... Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924 – Elytral interstriae never strongly sculptured (Figure 28B). Ventral surface of protibia with a single row of setae at bases of lateral teeth. Small or medium-sized specimens, rarely larger than 25 mm................ Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924

    Figure 28
    (A) Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) lancifer (Linnaeus, 1767), elytral interstriae carinulate transversely, carinulae separated by transverse sulcus; (B) Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) dardanus (MacLeay, 1819), microsculpted elytral interstriae. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 32

    (30) Head with transverse frontal carina in addition to frontoclypeal carina. Length 20–32 mm (Figure 29A)................................................................................................. Diabroctis Gistel, 1857 – Head with single horn or carina, never booth (Figure 29B)....... 33

    Figure 29
    (A) Diabroctis mimas (Linnaeus, 1758), head with transverse frontal carina in addition to frontoclypeal carina (white arrow); (B) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) macleayi Nevinson, 1892, head with single horn or carina, never booth. Scale bar: A – 1 mm; B – 2 mm.

  • 33

    (32) Metaventrite with long, dorsally curved, acute process extending between apices of procoxae. Length 8–27 mm (Figure 30A)....................... Oxysternon Castelnau, 1840 ….......................... 34 – Metaventrite simply angulate anteromedially, never spiniform (Figure 30B)................................................................................ 35

    Figure 30
    (A) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) conspicillatum (Weber, 1801), metaventrite with long, acute spiniform process (white arrow); (B) Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) kirbyi Vigors, 1825, metaventrite simply angulate anteromedially, never spiniform (white arrow). Scale bar: 5 mm.

  • 34

    (33) Clypeal process reduced to small tubercle (Figure 31A). Lateral clypeal carinae absent. Metaventrite with row of large points adjacent to the mesocoxae (Figure 31B). Length less than 15 mm...................... Oxysternon (Mioxysternon) Edmonds, 1972 – Clypeal process spiniform or transverse ridge (Figure 31C). Lateral clypeal carinae present. Metaventrite without row of large points (Figure 31D). Length more than 12 mm........................................................................... Oxysternon (Oxysternon) Castelnau, 1840

    Figure 31
    (A-B) Oxysternon (Mioxysternon) spiniferum Castelnau, 1840. (A) Clypeal process reduced to small tubercle (white circle); (B) Metaventrite with row of large points adjacent to the mesocoxae (white arrow); (C-D) Oxysternon (Oxysternon) silenum Castelnau, 1840. (C) Clypeal process spiniform or transverse ridge (white circle); (D) Metaventrite without row of large points. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 35

    (33) Anterior portion of circumnotal carina entire, not interrupted behind each eye. Length 11–30 mm (Figure 32A).............................................................................. Sulcophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924 – Anterior portion of circumnotal carina interrupted behind each eye. Length 6–20 mm (Figure 32B)............................................................................... Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) Edmonds, 1994

    Figure 32
    (A) Sulcophanaeus faunus (Fabricius, 1775), anterior portion of circumnotal carina entire (white arrow); (B) Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) chalcomelas (Perty, 1830), anterior portion of circumnotal carina interrupted behind each eye (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 36

    (18) Body almost always very elongated, cylindrical (Figure 33A). Tarsal claws reduced, almost straight or slightly curved (Figure 33B). Hypomeron convex or slightly concave, never deeply excavated anteriorly. Head without transverse carina. Length 2.8–8.7 mm................................. Anomiopus Westwood, 1842 – Body flattened, or oval, but not cylindrical (Figure 33C). Tarsal claws long, strongly curved, sickle-shaped or angled (Figure 33D). Hypomeron deeply excavated anteriorly, and/or head dorsally with transverse carina........................................................................ 37

    Figure 33
    (A-B) Anomiopus sp. (A) Habitus; (B) Tarsal claws reduced, almost straight or slightly curved (black arrow); (C-D) Canthonella Chapin, 1930, (C) Habitus; (D) Tarsal claws with strong basal tooth (black arrow); clypeus bidentate. Scale bar: A – 2 mm; B, C; D – 1 mm.

  • 37

    (36) Tarsal claws with strong basal tooth (Figure 33D). Clypeus bidentate. Length 1.7–4.7 mm (Figure 33C)................................................................................. Canthonella Chapin, 1930 – Tarsal claws without basal tooth, at most only angulated basally (Figure 34A; B)........................................................................ 38

    Figure 34
    (A-B) Tarsal claws without basal tooth (second black arrow). (A) Deltochilum (Calhyboma) carinatum (Westwood, 1837), meso- and metatibia not appreciably widened apically, or only weakly and gradually (first black arrow); (B) Canthidium Erichson, 1847, mesotibia, and usually also metatibia, widened apically (first black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 38

    (37) Meso- and metatibiae not appreciably widened apically, or only weakly and gradually so (Figure 34A)........................... 39 – Mesotibia, and usually also metatibia, widened apically (Figure 34B)............................................................................................ 57

  • 39

    (38) Apex of elytral interstriae with short carinae or tubercle. Length 8–38 mm (Figure 35A)......... Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822........ 40 – Elytral interstriae without apical carinae or tubercles, at most with one lateral almost complete elytral carina (Figure 35B)... 44

    Figure 35
    (A) Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) cupreicolle (Blanchard, 1845), apex of elytral interstriae with short carinae or tubercle (white arrow); (B) Pseudocanthon sp., elytral interstriae without apical carinae or tubercles. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 40

    (39) Head longer than wider, narrowed anteriorly. Metatibia sharply arched medially (Figure 36A; B).............................................................................. Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) Kolbe, 1893 – Head distinctly wider than long, not triangularly narrowed. Metatibia, when strongly arched, sinuous or widely arched, not sharply arched in the middle (Figure 36C; D)............................... 41

    Figure 36
    (A-B) Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) schefflerorumSilva, Louzada & Vaz-de-Mello, 2015DA SILVA, J.M.C., RYLANDS, A.B. & DA FONSECA, G.A. 2005. The fate of the Amazonian areas of endemism. Conservation Biology 19(3):689–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00705.x.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005...
    . (A) Head longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly; (B) Metatibiae sharply arched medially; (C-D) Deltochilum (Calhyboma) carinatum (Westwood, 1837) (C) Head distinctly wider than long, not triangularly narrowed; (D) Metatibiae, when strongly arched, sinuous or widely arched, not sharply arched medially. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 41

    (40) Ninth elytral interstria (on pseudoepipleuron) without carina, or with an inconspicuous carina (Figure 37A)...................................................................... Deltochilum (Calhyboma) Kolbe, 1893 – Ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate (Figure 37B)................ 42

    Figure 37
    (A) Deltochilum (Calhyboma) carinatum (Westwood, 1837), ninth elytral interstria (on pseudepipleuron) without carina, or with an inconspicuous carina; (B) Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) gp aspericolle, ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 42

    (41) Elytra dorsally flattened (Figure 38A). Carina on ninth interstria (on pseudoepipleuron) present on at least anterior three-fourths of interstria.............. Deltochilum (Deltochilum) Eschscholtz, 1822 – Elytra not dorsally flattened (Figure 38B). Carina on ninth interstria extending at most one-half length of interstria............................. 43

    Figure 38
    (A) Deltochilum (Deltochilum) orbiculare Lansberge, 1874, habitus, elytra dorsally flattened; (B) Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) gp aspericolle, elytra not dorsally flattened or nearly smaller than 20 mm. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 43

    (42) Clypeus bidentate (Figure 39A). Metaventrite without tubercles posteriorly (Figure 39B)....... Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946 – Clypeus quadridentate (Figure 39C). Metaventrite bituberculate posteriorly (Figure 39D)........................................................................................................ Deltochilum (Hybomidium) Shipp, 1897

    Figure 39
    (A-B) Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) gp aspericolle. (A) Clypeus bidentate; (B) Metaventrite disc without tubercles posteriorly; (C-D) Deltochilum (Hybomidium) orbignyi amazonicum Bates, 1887. (C) Clypeus quadridentate; (D) Metaventrite disc bituberculate posteriorly (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 44

    (39) Posterior edge of head not margined between eyes, at most with short remnants in middle or near eyes (Figure 40A) (except for most specimens of Sylvicanthon proseni; see Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2018CUPELLO, M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO, F.Z. 2018. A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ‘Canthon sensu lato’. European Journal of Taxonomy 467:1–205 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.467.
    https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.467...
    ). Mesoventrite relatively long, not narrowed medially, completely horizontal (Figure 40B).......................... 45 – Posterior margin of head clearly and completely margined between eyes (Figure 40C). Mesoventrite shorter medially than laterally, or positioned vertically and weakly visible from below (Figure 40 D).................................................................................................. 47

    Figure 40
    (A-B) Pseudocanthon sp. (A) Posterior margin of the head not margined between eyes and clypeus with four or six teeth (B) Mesoventrite relatively long, not narrowed medially, completely horizontal (white arrow); (C-D) Hansreia sp. (C) Posterior margin of the head clearly and completely margined between eyes; (D) Mesoventrite shorter medially than laterally or positioned vertically and weakly visible from below (white arrow). Scale bar: A, B, D – 0.5 mm; C – 2 mm.

  • 45

    (44) Protibiae with three teeth, at least the apical tooth in the shape of half-moon (falciform) (Figure 41A). Mesotibiae with the laterodorsal line of setae interrupted, or with an angulation near the central region, without any transverse tooth or keel on its lateral side. Metatibiae straight. Length 5–7 mm........................................................................................ Tetraechma Blanchard, 1841 – Protibiae with two to four triangular teeth. Mesotibiae with laterodorsally line of setae, without interruption, at most with a small central agglomeration of setae, with or without tooth or transverse keel on its lateral side. Metatibiae straight or curved…. 46

    Figure 41
    (A) Tetraechma liturata (Germar, 1813), habitus, clypeus bidentate; Protibia with three teeth, at least the apical tooth in the shape of half-moon (black circle) (B) Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887, habitus, clypeus quadridentate (black circle); Pronotum lateral edges nearly straight and subparallel (black arrow) (C) Sylvicanthon proseni, (Martínez, 1949) habitus, protibiae with two to four triangular teeth (black circle); Clypeus bidentate without emargination between the theeth (black circle); Pronotum with lateral edges forming a strong medial angle (black arrow). Scale bar: A – 2 mm, B, C – 1 mm.

  • 46

    (45) Elongate body. Clypeus with four acute teeth, with emargination between them (Figure 41B). Pronotum lateral edges nearly straight and subparallel (Figure 41B). Elytra surface coated with minute setae. Length 3–6 mm........... Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 – Oval body. Clypeus with two or four teeth without emargination between them (Figure 41C). Pronotum with lateral edges forming a strong medial angle (Figure 41C). Glabrous elytral surface. Length 4.5–9.2 mm...................... Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977

  • 47

    (44) Pronotum with sides explanate, with acute median tooth, denticulate anteroventrally. Elytra with strong, complete lateral carina. Color opaque brown (coriaceous) on elytra. Length 7.4–10.4 mm (Figure 42A).............................. Hansreia Halffter & Martínez, 1977 – Sides of pronotum not explanate, not denticulate anteriorly. Elytra often carinate laterally, but if so, carina incomplete (effaced) anteriorly and pronotum and elytra similarly colored (Figure 42B).................. 48

    Figure 42
    (A) Hansreia sp., habitus, pronotum with sides explanate; (B) Scybalocanthon sp., habitus, sides of pronotum not explanate. Scale bar: 2 mm.

  • 48

    (47) Head shaped as elongate triangle (Figure 43A). Meso- and metatibia with transverse carina, most visible in mesotibiae (Figure 43B). Dorsum bicolored. Length 6–6.5 mm.................................................................................................. Canthotrypes Paulian, 1939 – Meso- and metatibia without transverse carinae, at most with inconspicuous median tubercle (Figure 43C)............................... 49

    Figure 43
    (A-B) Canthotrypes oberthuri Paulian, 1939. (A) Habitus, head shaped as elongate triangle; (B) Meso- and metatibia with transverse carina, most visible in mesotibia; (C) Scybalocanthon sp., meso- and metatibia without transverse carinae, at most with inconspicuous median tubercle. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 49

    (48) Basal meso- and metatarsomeres short, length about one-half that of second tarsomere, obliquely truncated apically (nearly 45°). Lateral borders of meso- and metatarsomeres parallel, forming a continuous border for all tarsi, overall shape of tarsomeres 2–4 quadrate to rectangular. Dorsal surface of metatibiae with dense setae, randomly distributed. Length 4.5–10.5 mm (Figure 44A)..................................................................... Scybalocanthon Martínez, 1948 – Basal meso- and metatarsomeres subequal in length to second tarsomere; if much shorter, then nearly transversely truncated apically; lateral borders of tarsomeres separately divergent apically, overall shape of tarsomeres 1–4 trapezoidal. Dorsal surface of metatibia with setae of different configuration (Figure 44B)....… 50

    Figure 44
    (A) Scybalocanthon sp., basal meso- and metatarsomeres about half as long as second tarsomere (black arrow); (B) Canthon sp., basal meso- and metatarsomeres subequal in length to second tarsomere (black arrow). Scale bar: A – 2 mm, B – 1 mm.

  • 50

    (49) Dorsum (especially pronotum) with irregular sculpturing (mosaic of smooth, sericeous and microgranular areas, irregular ill-defined elevations and depressions) or with well-defined prothoracic tubercles. Length 6.5–8.7 mm (Figure 45A)............................................................ Anisocanthon Martínez & Pereira, 1956 – Pronotum with evenly distributed sculpturing, at most with posteromedian depression, never with tubercles. Length 2–18 mm (Figure 45B).............. Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817.............. 51

    Figure 45
    (A) Anisocanthon sp., dorsum with irregular sculpturing; (B) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, pronotum with evenly distributed sculpturing, at most with posteromedian depression, never with tubercles. Scale bar: A – 1 mm, B – 2 mm.

  • 51

    (50) Ventral surface of metafemora with longitudinal sinuous carina, nearer anterior edge at base and more distant towards apex (Figure 46A)................ Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948 (in part) – Ventral surface of metafemora with either anterior carina straight and very close to anterior edge all over (sometimes vanishing apically) or without anterior carina............................................52

    Figure 46
    (A) Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) luteicollis Erichson, 1847, ventral surface of metafemora carenated anteriorly (white arrow); (B) Canthon (Trichocanthon) sordidus Harold, 1868, ventral surface of metafemora not carenated anteriorly; (C) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, ventral surface of metafemora with fine carinae anteriorly (sometimes vanishing apically) (white arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 52

    (51) Ventral surface of metafemora not carinated anteriorly (Figure 46B)........................................................................ 53 – Ventral surface of metafemora with fine carina anteriorly (sometimes vanishing apically) (Figure 46C)............................... 55

  • 53

    (52) Pygidium strongly convex, very shiny (Figure 47A).................................. Canthon (Goniocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1956 – Pygidium flat or slightly convex, dull or slightly shiny (Figure 47B)..................................................................................................... 54

    Figure 47
    (A) Canthon (Goniocanthon) fulgidus Redtenbacher, 1868, pygidium strongly convex, very shiny; (B) Canthon (Trichocanthon) sordidus Harold, 1868, pygidium flat or slightly convex, dull, or slightly shiny. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 54

    (53) Dorsum with distinct and dense uniform pubescence, completely opaque; body flattened. Protibial teeth closely set near the apex of tibia (Figure 48A)......... Canthon (Trichocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1959 – Dorsum either glabrous or with minute sparse pubescence. Protibial teeth widely spaced along the apical half of the lateral margin (Figure 48B).. Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948 (part)

    Figure 48
    (A) Canthon (Trichocanthon) sordidus Harold, 1868, habitus, dorsum with distinct and dense uniform pubescence, protibial teeth closely set near the apex of tibia (black arrow); (B) Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) luteicollis Erichson, 1847, habitus, dorsum either glabrous or with minute sparse pubescence, protibial teeth widely spaced along apical half of lateral margin (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 55

    (52) Pygidium and propygidium not separated by transverse carina (Figure 49A)................................................................Canthon Hoffmansegg, 1817: incertae sedis, grupo septemmaculatus – Pygidium and propygidium at least partially separated by transverse carina (Figure 49B).................................................. 56

    Figure 49
    (A) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, pygidium and propygidium not separated by transverse carina; (B) Canthon (Canthon) aff. mutabilis, pygidium and propygidium at least partially separated by transverse carina (white arrow Scale bar). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 56

    (55) Head anteriorly either sinuous to slightly emarginated, sometimes without clypeal teeth. Pronotum with pre-scutellar depression. Adjacent area of elytra with scutellar depression (Figure 50A).......................................... Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martínez, 1954 – Clypeus with at least two (sometimes more) well-defined clypeal teeth; central teeth separated from each other by narrow emargination. Body usually not depressed around scutellum (Figure 50B).................. Canthon (Canthon) Hoffmannsegg, 1817

    Figure 50
    (A) Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martinez, 1954, head anteriorly either sinuous or slightly emarginated, sometimes without clypeal teeth; scutellar area of the elytra depressed (white arrow); (B) Canthon: grupo septemmaculatus, clypeus with at least two (sometimes more) well-defined clypeal teeth (black circle); elytra not depressed over the scutellum. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 57

    (38) Metatibia curved, only slightly widened apically, width at apex at most only slightly greater than one-fifth length of tibia. Inner apical angle of meso- and metatibiae produced beyond insertion of tarsus, bearing spur. Length 2.5–3 mm (Figure 51A)..................................................... Sinapisoma Boucomont, 1928 – Metatibia strongly dilated apically, apical width clearly greater than one-fifth length of tibia; if slightly widened, then tibia straight or irregularly curved along its length. Inner apical tibial angle not prolonged (Figure 51B)............................................................... 58

    Figure 51
    (A) Sinapisoma minuta Boucomont, 1928, inner apical angle of meso- and metatibia produced beyond insertion of tarsus, bearing spur (black arrow); (B) Ateuchus substriatus (Harold, 1868), metatibia strongly dilated apically, apical width clearly greater than one-fifth length of tibia, inner apical tibial angle not prolonged (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 58

    (57) Hypomeron deeply excavated anteriorly, excavation shaped posteriorly as vertical wall topped by strong carina (Figure 52A). Inner apical angle of protibia ~ 90° or acute, edge of apical tooth continuous (not forming angle) with apical truncation..................................................................................... 59 – Hypomeron only weakly excavated anteriorly, excavation not clearly defined posteriorly; transverse hypomeral carina almost always absent (Figure 52B). Inner apical angle of protibia obliquely truncate (> 90°); if ~ 90° or slightly acute, then edge of apical tooth forming angle with margin of apical truncation........................... 61

    Figure 52
    (A) Ateuchus substriatus (Harold, 1868), hypomeron deeply excavated anteriorly, excavation shaped posteriorly as vertical wall topped by strong carina (black arrow); (B) Canthidium sp., hypomeron only weakly excavated anteriorly, excavation not clearly defined posteriorly; transverse propleural carina almost always absent. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 59

    (58) Pronotum anteriorly transversely uni-or bilobed over anterior margin or just behind it. Head always with strong transverse carina and clypeus clearly triangular (Figure 53A)….......................................................................................................... Deltorhinum Harold, 1867 – Pronotum anteriorly simply convex behind anterior margin. Head with or without transverse carina, clypeus rarely triangular, but then only moderately so (Figure 53B)...… Ateuchus Weber, 1801….. 60

    Figure 53
    (A) Deltorhinum genieri Montoya-Molina & Vaz-de-Mello, 2019, pronotum anteriorly transversely uni-or bilobed over anterior margin or just behind it; head always with strong transverse carina and clypeus clearly triangular in shape; (B) Ateuchus substriatus (Harold, 1868), pronotum anteriorly simply convex behind anterior margin. Head with or without transverse carina. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 60

    (59) Sixth abdominal ventrite lacking posterior process (Figure 54A)…..........................................................................Ateuchus (s. l.) – Sixth abdominal ventrite with one or two posterior processes (Figure 54B)….......................... Ateuchus (Lobidion) Génier, 2010

    Figure 54
    (A) Ateuchus (s. l.), sixth abdominal ventrite lacking posterior process; (B) Ateuchus (Lobidion) punctatissimum Génier, 2010, sixth abdominal ventrite bearting one or two posterior processes. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 61

    (58) Inner apical angle of protibia ~ 90° or acute (Figure 55A). Mesoventrite usually very short, positioned almost vertically. Metaventrite usually convex (Figure 55B). Dilatation of meso- and metatibiae resulting from curvature of inner margin only; outer margin straight. Length 3–15 mm........................................................... Canthidium Erichson, 1847........................................ 62 – Inner apical angle of protibia usually >90° (Figure 55C). Mesoventrite very well developed, horizontal. Metaventrite usually flat (Figure 55D). Dilatation of meso- and metatibiae resulting from curvature of both inner and outer margins................................ 63

    Figure 55
    (A-B) Canthidium sp. (A) Inner apical angle of protibia ~ 90° or acute (black arrow); (B) Mesoventrite usually very short, positioned almost vertically (white arrow); metaventrite usually convex (white arrow); (C-D) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), (C) Inner apical angle of protibia usually > 90° (black arrow); (D) Mesoventrite well developed, horizontal; metaventrite usually flat. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 62

    (61) Posterior border of pronotum almost always paralleled by row of punctures distinctly larger than any adjacent punctures on pronotum sometimes interrupted in the middle (Figure 56A) and/or first and second elytral striae joined apically to lateral striae (Figure 56B)............................................................ Canthidium (Neocanthidium) Martínez, Halffter & Pereira, 1964 – Pronotum may be punctate posteriorly but lacks distinct row of larger punctures along posterior margin (Figure 56C). First and second elytral striae not joined apically to lateral striae (Figure 56D) ................................... Canthidium (Canthidium) Erichson, 1847

    Figure 56
    (A-B) Canthidium (Neocanthidium) barbacenicum (Preudhomme de Borre, 1886). (A) Posterior edge pronotum almost always paralleled by row of punctures distinctly larger than any adjacent punctures on pronotum, sometimes interrupted in the middle (white arrow); (B) First and second elytral striae joined apically to lateral striae.; (C-D) Canthidium (Canthidium) sp. (C) Pronotum may be punctate posteriorly but lacks distinct row of larger punctures along posterior edge; (D) First and second elytral striae not joined apically to lateral striae. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 63

    (61) Ventral clypeal process transverse, obtusely triangular or nearly rectangular, never dentate (Figure 57A)................................ 64 – Ventral clypeal process usually conical, sometimes bifurcate apically, sometimes embedded in longitudinal carina; rarely configured otherwise, but never a simple transverse ridge (Figure 57B)................................................................................................…66

    Figure 57
    (A) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), clypeal process transverse, obtusely triangular or nearly rectangular, never dentate; (B) Dichotomius (Selenocopris) nisus (Olivier, 1789), clypeal process usually conical with bifurcate apex, sometimes embedded in longitudinal carina; rarely configured otherwise, but never a simple transverse ridge (white circle and arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 64

    (63) Ventromedial carina of protibia with intervening setae (Figure 58A). First and second antennomeres of the antennal club with a fovea on distal surface. Length 5–23 mm............... Ontherus Erichson, 1847.................................................................................. 65 – Ventromedial carina of protibia lacking intervening setae (Figure 58B). Basal two antennomeres of antennal club lacking pit on distal face. Length 14.3–16.3 mm (Figure 58C) …............................................................................. Copris (Copris) Geoffroy, 1762

    Figure 58
    (A) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), ventromedial carina of protibia with intervening setae; (B-C) Copris (Copris) amazonicus Darling & Génier, 2018 (B) Ventromedial carina of protibia lacking intervening setae (white arrow); (C) Habitus. Scale bar: A, B – 1 mm, C – 5 mm.

  • 65

    (64) Mesometaventral suture straight or feebly curved, never angulate (Figure 59A). Frontoclypeal suture always tuberculate.............................Ontherus (Caelontherus) Génier, 1996 – Mesometaventral suture usually angulate medially (Figure 59B); if straight, frontoclypeal suture carinate.......................................................................................... Ontherus (Ontherus) Erichson, 1847

    Figure 59
    (A) Ontherus (Caelontherus) laminifer Balthasar, 1938, mesometaventral suture straight or feebly curved, never angulate (white arrow); (B) Ontherus (Ontherus) appendiculatus (Mannerheim, 1828), mesometaventral suture usually angulate medially (white arrow) Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 66

    (64) Antenna with eight antennomeres (Figure 60A). Length 13–36 mm............................................ Isocopris Pereira & Martínez, 1960 – Antenna with nine antennomeres (Figure 60B). Length 10–35 mm............... Dichotomius Hope, 1838........................................... 67

    Figure 60
    (A) Isocopris nitidus (Luederwaldt, 1922), antenna with eight antennomeres; (B) Dichotomius (Dichotomius) boreus (Olivier, 1789), antenna with nine antennomeres. Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 67

    (66) Clypeal margin rounded or weakly emarginated, if bidentate, then teeth minute, not margined (Figure 61A)...................................................... Dichotomius (Dichotomius) Hope, 1838 – Clypeus distinctly bidentate, teeth usually marginate.............. 68

    Figure 61
    (A) Dichotomius (Dichotomius) melzeri (Luederwaldt, 1922), clypeal margin rounded or weakly emarginated; (B) Dichotomius (Selenocopris) cuprinus (Felsche, 1901), margined clypeal teeth; clypeogenal junction not angled; (C) Dichotomius (Cephagonus) sp., clypeal teeth well-defined; clypeogenal junction strongly angled (black arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

  • 68

    (67) Clypeal teeth margined; outer edge of the head rounded, without angle at junction of clypeus and gena (Figure 61B). Female sixth abdominal ventrite without modifications at medial area.................................................................................................Dichotomius (Selenocopris) Burmeister, 1846 – Clypeus teeth margined with outer edge of the head strongly angled at junction of clypeus and gena (Figure 61C). Female sixth abdominal ventrite with modifications at medial area (such as tubercles, rounded lobes or projections)............................................................................................ Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929

Chave de identificação para os gêneros e subgêneros de Scarabaeinae da Amazônia brasileira baseada em Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011)VAZ DE MELLO, F.Z., EDMONDS, W.D., OCAMPO, F.C. & SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2011. A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa 2854:1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1....

  • 1

    Ponta do mesoescutelo claramente visível entre as bases dos élitros, porção exposta triangular, arredondada, gutiforme ou pentagonal (Figura 2A)...................................................................................... 2 – Mesoescutelo completamente coberto pelos élitros (Figura 2B)... 3

  • 2

    (1) Corpo achatado dorsalmente, alongado, com laterais paralelas (Figura 3A). Mesocoxas paralelas ao eixo longitudinal do corpo, posicionadas externamente em relação ao metaventrito (Figura 3B). Comprimento 5.5–25 mm...................... Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 – Corpo ligeiramente convexo dorsalmente, geralmente de forma oval (Figura 3C). Mesocoxas perpendiculares ou oblíquas ao eixo longitudinal do corpo (Figura 3D). Comprimento 12–30 mm.................................... Malagoniella (Malagoniella) Martínez, 1961

  • 3

    (1) Corpo achatado e alongado (Figura 4A). Meso- e metatarsômeros fortemente achatados (Figura 4B). Pigídio horizontal (Figura 4B). Meso- e metatarsômeros apical com forte processo espiniforme sobre a inserção das garras. Comprimento 6–10.5 mm...................................................................................................... Bdelyrus Harold, 1869 – Pigídio claramente vertical (Figura 4C), ou o meso- e metatarsômeros apical sem processo espiniforme, ou ambos.................................. 4

  • 4

    (3) Perna anterior com fóvea trocanto-femoral (Figura 5A)........... 5 – Perna anterior sem fóvea trocanto-femoral (Figura 5B)............. 16

  • 5

    (4) Pronoto e élitros, pelo menos lateralmente, coberto por pelos. Último ventrito abdominal grandemente expandido no meio, cobrindo todo o disco do abdome, demais ventritos visíveis apenas nas laterais do abdome (Figura 6A)......................................... 6 – Pronoto e élitros podendo ou não ter pelos. Último ventrito abdominal não cobrindo totalmente o disco, demais ventritos visíveis e diferenciáveis claramente também no meio do abdome (Figura 6B).................................................................................. 12

  • 6

    (5) Pseudoepipleura formando duas sinuosidades laterais, sendo que a posterior (que fica à altura da metacoxa) cobre parcialmente a verdadeira epipleura, e frequentemente é angulada. Comprimento 3–5.3 mm (Figura 7A; B).............................Trichillum Harold, 1868 – Pseudoepipleura formando no máximo uma longa sinuosidade na metade anterior, que não se dobra sobre a epipleura (epipleura pode apresentar uma escavação próxima à metacoxa) (Figura 7C)......... 7

  • 7

    (6) Pseudoepipleura abruptamente estreitada posteriormente, a partir da altura da metacoxa, formando um ângulo em seu estreitamento (Figura 8A)...................................................................................... 8 – Pseudoepipleura gradualmente estreitada para o ápice, sem ângulo à altura da metacoxa (Figura 8B)................................................. 9

  • 8

    (7) Sutura clípeo genal claramente marcada, completamente visível da sutura fronto-clipeal. Borda clípeo-genal com uma incisão, fazendo com que o clípeo e gena pareçam separadamente arredondados (Figura 9A). Estrias elitrais não carenadas (Figura 9B). Comprimento 2.5–4.7 mm.......................................... Eutrichillum Martínez, 1969 – Suturas clípeo-genal e clípeo-frontal indistintas. Borda clípeo-genal reta a levemente sinuada (Figura 9C). Estrias elitrais carenadas (Figura 9D). Comprimento 2–3.5 mm.......................................................................... Besourenga Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

  • 9

    (7) Protíbia com dois dentes laterais, distribuídos pela metade apical da protíbia ou menos (Figura 10A). Mesotíbia gradualmente alargada para o ápice, região apico-lateral coberta por escova de cerdas longas........................................................................... 10 – Protíbia com três dentes laterais, distribuídos ao longo de pelo menos os três quintos apicais da protíbia (Figura 10B), se menos então mesotíbia abruptamente alargada no ápice com forte dente latero-ventral, e com cerdas apicais esparsas............................. 11

  • 10

    (9) Cabeça achatada a ligeiramente (e regularmente) convexa, sem concavidades rasas e evidentes junto aos olhos. Clípeo lateralmente reto a fracamente curvado para fora (Figura 11A). Estrias elitrais com pontos bem separados entre si. Comprimento 2.3–3.3 mm................................................ Bradypodidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008 – Cabeça distintamente e regularmente convexa no meio, com concavidades rasas e distintas anteriores aos olhos. Bordo lateral do clípeo curvado para dentro (Figura 11B). Estrias elitrais moniliformes pelo menos apicalmente (pontos com o dobro da largura das estrias, quase contíguos ou contíguos na metade apical). Comprimento 2–4.5 mm.......... Trichillidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

  • 11

    (9) Olhos dorsalmente tão largos como longos, espaço interocular dorsal menor que duas vezes a largura de um olho (Figura 12A). Disco do pronoto separado do hipômero por linha de pontos, sem carena. Comprimento 4.5–5.2 mm........................................................................................................ Feeridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008 – Olhos dorsalmente muito pequenos, separados por mais de dez vezes a sua largura (Figura 12B). Disco do pronoto separado do hipômero por uma carena continua ou pontos interruptos. Comprimento 3.5–6.5 mm................................................................................................ Genieridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

  • 12

    (5) Pigídio com sulco transversal no meio do disco. Comprimento 4.5–6.5 mm (Figura 13A).......................... Agamopus Bates, 1887 – Pigídio sem sulco transversal no meio do disco, podendo apresentar sulco basal (Figura 13B)............................................................. 13

  • 13

    (12) Mesoventrito com duas fóveas posteriores (Figura 14B). Último meso- e metatarsômero com processo dentiforme acima da inserção das garras (Figura 14C). Comprimento 2.5–5 mm (Figura 14A)............................................... Zonocopris Arrow, 1932 – Mesoventrito sem fóveas posteriores. Último meso- e metatarsômero sem processo dentiforme (Figura 14D)....................................... 14

  • 14

    (13) Pronoto a cada lado com sulco longitudinal profundo. Comprimento 3–7.4 mm (Figuras 15A; B)............................................................................................... Uroxys Westwood, 1842 – Pronoto sem sulco longitudinal a cada lado (Figura 15C).......... 15

  • 15

    (14) Clípeo bidentado. Olhos expostos dorsalmente. Pronoto e ápice dos élitros glabros. Comprimento 4–8 mm (Figura 16A).................................................................... Scatimus Erichson, 1847 – Cabeça anteriormente com dois a seis dentes. Olhos não expostos dorsalmente. Pronoto e élitros com cerdas. Comprimento 3–4.2 mm (Figura 16B)........................... Cryptocanthon Balthasar, 1942

  • 16

    (4) Comprimento do primeiro metatarsômero maior que o comprimento combinado dos três metatarsômeros seguintes (Figura 17A); se subigual, então palpos labiais com dois palpômeros (raramente o terceiro bem reduzido). Metatarso com cinco tarsômeros..................................................................................... 17 – Comprimento do primeiro metatarsômero menor que o comprimento combinado dos três metatarsômeros seguintes juntos (Figura 17B); se subigual, então palpos labiais com um ou três palpômeros, ou metatarso com menos de cinco tarsômeros....... 18

  • 17

    (16) Hipômero com carena oblíqua que alcança o bordo lateral ao lado do ângulo anterior, formando um dente anterolateral, arredondado nos machos e agudo nas fêmeas. Comprimento 8–13 mm (espécie africana introduzida). Comprimento 7–13 mm (Figuras 18A; B)............ Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 – Hipômero sem dente anterolateral próximo ao ângulo anterior, inserção da carena propleural (hipomeral) longitudinal exatamente sob o ângulo anterior, ou não alcançando o bordo pronotal. Comprimento 4–12 mm (Figuras 18C; D)............................................................................................. Onthophagus Latreille, 1807

  • 18

    (16) Meso- e metatarsos sem garras (Figura 19A)........................19 – Meso-e metatarsos com garras (Figura 19B)............................ 36

  • 19

    (18) Meso- e metatarsos com dois a quatro tarsômeros. Comprimento 6–22.5 mm (Figura 20A; B; C)... Dendropaemon Perty, 1830......................................................................................................... 20 – Meso- e metatarsos com cinco tarsômeros (Figura 20D).......... 28

  • 20

    (19) Margem anterior do pronoto com um pequeno tubérculo adjacente a cada olho (Figura 21A)..................................................... Dendropaemon (Titthopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Margem anterior do pronoto sem tubérculo adjacente a cada olho (Figura 21B)............................................................................... 21

  • 21

    (20) Meso- e metatarsos com dois tarsômeros (Figura 20A)............................................... Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) Perty, 1830 – Meso- e metatarso com três ou quatro tarsômeros (Figura 20B; C).................................................................................................. 22

  • 22

    (21) Meso e metatarso com quatro tarsômeros (Figura 20C).................................. Dendropaemon (Eurypodea) Castelnau, 1831 – Meso e metatarsos com três tarsômeros.................................... 23

  • 23

    (22) Completamente negro, superfície brilhante e sem nenhum brilho metálico (Figura 22A)....................................................................... Dendropaemon (Nigropaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Pelo menos algum brilho metálico no pronoto e/ou élitro (Figura 22B)............................................................................................. 24

  • 24

    (23) Primeiro metatarsômero subcilíndrico, cerca de quatro vezes mais longo que o segundo (Figura 23A). Pronoto inteiramente negro................... Dendropaemon (Enicotarsus) Castelnau, 1831 – Primeiro metatarsômero achatado, menos de três vezes mais longo que o segundo (Figura 23B); e/ou pronoto com brilho metálico..................................................................................................... 25

  • 25

    (24) Corpo moderadamente comprimido dorsoventralmente. Comprimento de moderado a grande (≅13 mm) (Figura 22B)...................... Dendropaemon (Crassipaemon) Cupello & Génier, 2017 – Corpo fortemente comprimido dorsoventralmente. Comprimento de pequeno a moderado (≤ 10 mm)............................................ 26

  • 26

    (25) Borda posterior do pronoto margeada apenas medialmente, marginação nunca parecendo crenulada ou interrompida por pontos setosos (Figura 24A)............................................................... Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Borda posterior do pronoto completamente marginada, se marginação mais ou menos interrompida a cada lado então alguns pontos setosos estão presentes (Figura 24B)............................. 27

  • 27

    (26) Clípeo agudamente emarginado a cada lado dos dentes clipeais........... Dendropaemon (Rutilopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Clípeo não modificado ou obtusamente emarginado a cada lado dos dentes clipeais (Figura 24B)......................................................................... Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) Edmonds, 1972

  • 28

    (19) Meso- e metatarsos com o tarsômero basal expandido, mais largo que longo ou quase (Figura 25A). Palpos labiais com um palpômero. Comprimento ≅13 mm...... Megatharsis Waterhouse, 1891 – Meso- e metatarsos com o tarsômero basal alongado, sempre muito mais longo que largo (Figura 25B). Palpos labiais com três palpômeros.......................................................................... 29

  • 29

    (28) Lamela antenal basal normal, não côncava apicalmente para receber as lamelas apicais (Figura 26A). Metanepisterno simples, sem prolongamento. Comprimento 9.3–20.3 mm......................................................... Gromphas Dejean, 1836 – Lamela antenal basal grande, fortemente côncava apicalmente, recebendo na concavidade as duas lamelas apicais (Figura 26B). Metanepisterno com prolongamento posterior cobrindo margem lateral do élitro.......................................................................... 30

  • 30

    (29) Margem clipeal com emarginação mediana profunda e aguda, formando dois dentes agudos separados do bordo lateral adjacente por emarginações externas. Comprimento 11–56 mm (Figura 27A)...................... Coprophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924........... 31 – Margem clipeal sem emarginação profunda e aguda, no máximo com dois dentes medianos conspícuos (Figura 27B)................ 32

  • 31

    (30) Interestrias elitrais fortemente esculturadas (carenas transversais) (Figura 28A). Superfície ventral da protíbia com tufos de cerdas nas bases dos dentes laterais. Espécimes muito grande, até 56 mm de comprimento, raramente com menos de 25 mm............... Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924 – Interestrias elitrais nunca fortemente esculturadas, são microesculpidos (Figura 28B). Superfície ventral da protíbia com uma única fileira de cerdas nas bases dos dentes laterais. Exemplares pequenos ou médios, raramente com mais de 25 mm............. Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924

  • 32

    (30) Cabeça com carena transversal frontal, além da carena frontoclipeal. Comprimento 20–32 mm (Figura 29A)............................................................. Diabroctis Gistel, 1857 – Cabeça apenas com corno ou carena frontoclipeal, nunca com as duas (Figura 29B)....................................................................... 33

  • 33

    (32) Metaventrito com forte processo espiniforme curvado dorsalmente, que se instala entre os ápices das procoxas. Comprimento 8–27 mm (Figura 30A)........ Oxysternon Castelnau, 1840…........ 34 – Metaventrito simplesmente angulado anteromedialmente, sem processo espiniforme (Figura 30B)............................................. 35

  • 34

    (33) Processo clipeal reduzido a pequeno tubérculo (Figura 31A). Carena clipeal lateral ausente. Metaventrito com uma por fileira de pontos grandes ao lado da mesocoxa (Figura 31B). Comprimento <15 mm............ Oxysternon (Mioxysternon) Edmonds, 1972 – Processo clipeal espiniforme ou em forma de carena transversal (Figura 31C). Carenas clipeais laterais presentes. Metaventrito sem fileira de pontos grandes (Figura 31D). Comprimento >12 mm..................................... Oxysternon (Oxysternon) Castelnau, 1840

  • 35

    (33) Porção anterior da carena circumnotal inteira, não interrompida atrás de cada olho. Comprimento 11–30 mm (Figura 32A).......................................... Sulcophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924 – Porção anterior da carena circumnotal interrompida atrás de cada olho. Comprimento 6–20 mm (Figura 32B)................................................................ Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) Edmonds, 1994

  • 36

    (18) Corpo quase sempre muito alongado, cilíndrico (Figura 33A). Garras tarsais reduzidas, quase retas ou levemente curvada (Figura 33B). Hipômero convexo ou ligeiramente côncavo, nunca fortemente escavado acima. Cabeça sem carena transversal. Comprimento 2.8–8.7 mm.................. Anomiopus Westwood, 1842 – Corpo achatado, hemisférico, arredondado ou oval, mas não cilíndrico (Figura 33C). Garras tarsais longas, fortemente curvas, em forma de foice ou angular (Figura 33D). Hipômero profundamente escavado anteriormente, e/ou cabeça dorsalmente com carena transversal.............................................................. 37

  • 37

    (36) Garras tarsais com forte dente basal (Figura 33D). Clípeo bidentado. Comprimento 1.7–4.7 mm (Figura 33C)..................................................................... Canthonella Chapin, 1930 – Garras tarsais sem dente basal, no máximo com ângulo reto (Figura 34A; B).......................................................................... 38

  • 38

    (37) Meso- e metatíbias não alargadas para o ápice, ou apenas fraca e gradualmente (Figura 34A)......................................... 39 – Mesotíbias, e geralmente também as metatíbias, alargadas para o ápice (Figura 34B)................................................................... 57

  • 39

    (38) Ápice de algumas interestrias elitrais distais com curtas carenas ou tubérculos. Comprimento 8–38 mm (Figura 35A)............................. Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822............................... 40 – Interestrias elitrais sem carenas ou tubérculos apicais, no máximo uma carena lateral que pode ser quase completa (Figura 35B)... 44

  • 40

    (39) Cabeça mais longa do que larga, estreitada anteriormente. Metatíbias bruscamente arqueadas na metade (Figuras 36A; B).................................... Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) Kolbe, 1893 – Cabeça distintamente mais larga do que longa, não estreitada triangularmente. Metatíbias, quando fortemente arqueadas, são sinuosas ou largamente arqueadas, não bruscamente arqueadas na metade (Figuras 36C; D).............................................................. 41

  • 41

    (40) Nona interestria elitral (na pseudoepipleura) sem carena, ou com carena imperceptível (Figura 37A)................................................................. Deltochilum (Calhyboma) Kolbe, 1893 – Nona interestria elitral distintamente carenada (Figura 37B)....... 42

  • 42

    (41) Élitros achatados dorsalmente (Figura 38A). Carena da nona interestria (na pseudoepipleura) presente ao menos nos três quartos basais da interestria....... Deltochilum (Deltochilum) Eschscholtz, 1822 – Élitros não achatados dorsalmente (Figura 38B). Carena da nona interestria se estendendo no máximo até a metade anterior da interestria (Figura 39B)............................................................... 43

  • 43

    (42) Clípeo bidentado (Figura 39A). Metaventrito sem tubérculos na parte posterior (Figura 39B)......................................................................... Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946 – Clípeo quadridentado (Figura 39C). Metaventrito posteriormente bituberculado (Figura 39D)................................................................................................ Deltochilum (Hybomidium) Shipp, 1897

  • 44

    (39) Bordo posterior da cabeça não marginado entre os olhos, no máximo com curtas indicações entre ou próximo aos olhos (Figura 40A) (Exceto em Sylvicanthon proseni; ver Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2018CUPELLO, M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO, F.Z. 2018. A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ‘Canthon sensu lato’. European Journal of Taxonomy 467:1–205 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.467.
    https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.467...
    ). Mesoventrito relativamente longo, não estreitado medialmente, completamente horizontal (Figura 40B)....................................... 45 – Bordo posterior da cabeça clara e completamente marginado entre os olhos (Figura 40C). Mesoventrito mais curto no meio que lateralmente, ou posicionado verticalmente e pouco visível ventralmente (Figura 40D)......................................................... 47

  • 45

    (44) Protíbia com três dentes, sendo pelo menos o dente apical em forma de meia lua (falciforme) (Figura 41A). Mesotíbia com linha laterodorsal de cerdas interrompida, ou com angulação próxima a região central, sem nenhum dente transverso ou quilha na face lateral. Metatíbias retas. Comprimento 5–7 m ............................................. Tetraechma Blanchard, 1841 – Protíbia com dois a quatro dentes triangulares. Metatíbia com linha de cerdas sem interrupção, no máximo com pequena aglomeração central de cerdas, com ou sem dente ou quilha transversal na face lateral. Metatíbias retas ou curvas............................................. 46

  • 46

    (45) Corpo alongado. Clípeo com quatro dentes agudos, com emarginação entre eles (Figura 41B). Bordas laterais do pronoto quase retas, subparalelas (Figura 41B). Superfície dos élitros revestida por micro cerdas. Comprimento 3–6 mm........ Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 – Corpo oval. Clípeo com dois ou quatro dentes, sem emarginação entre eles. Pronoto com bordas laterais formando forte ângulo medial. Élitro com superfície glabra. Comprimento 4.5–9.2 mm (Figura 41C).................. Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977

  • 47

    (44) Pronoto com os lados aplanados, com um dente mediano agudo, anteroventralmente denticulados. Élitros com carena lateral forte e completa. Cor parda opaca (coriácea) nos élitros. Comprimento 7.4–10.4 mm (Figura 42A)... Hansreia Halffter & Martínez, 1977 – Lados do pronoto não achatados, não denticulados anteriormente. Carena elitral lateral frequentemente presente, mas se for mal marcada anteriormente, então pronoto e élitros de cor semelhante (Figure 42B).............................................................................. 48

  • 48

    (47) Cabeça de forma alongada triangular (Figura 43A). Meso e metatíbias com carenas transversais externas, mais visíveis nas mesotíbias (Figura 43B). Dorso bicolor. Comprimento 6–6.5 mm.............................................................. Canthotrypes Paulian, 1939 – Meso e metatíbias sem carenas transversais externas, no máximo com tubérculo mediano imperceptível (Figura 43C)................ 49

  • 49

    (48) Meso- e metatarsômeros basais curtos, com aproximadamente a metade do comprimento do segundo tarsômero, obliquamente truncado apicalmente (aproximadamente 45°) Bordas laterais dos meso- e metatarsômeros paralelas, formando uma borda contínua para todo o tarso, forma geral dos tarsômeros 2–4 quadrada a retangular. Superfície dorsal da metatíbia com cerdas densas, distribuídas aletoriamente. Comprimento 4.5–10.5 mm (Figura 44A)........................ Scybalocanthon Martínez, 1948 – Comprimento dos meso- e metatarsômeros basais só um pouco menor, ou maior, que o do segundo tarsômero; se muito menor, transversamente truncado no ápice. Bordas laterais dos meso- e metatarsômeros separadamente divergentes apicalmente, forma geral dos tarsômeros 1–4 trapezoidal. Superfície dorsal da metatíbia com cerdas de outro jeito (Figura 44B).................................... 50

  • 50

    (49) Dorso (principalmente pronoto) com escultura irregular (mosaico de áreas lisas, seríceas e granulosas; com elevações irregulares e depressões) ou com tubérculos grandes e bem definidos no pronoto. Comprimento 6.5–8.7 mm (Figura 45A)...................................................... Anisocanthon Martínez & Pereira, 1956 – Pronoto com escultura regular, no máximo com depressão média posterior, nunca com tubérculos. Comprimento 2–18 mm (Figura 45B)............................................................................................................. Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817........................ 51

  • 51

    (50) Superfície ventral dos metafêmures com carena longitudinal sinuosa, borda anterior mais próxima na base e mais distante em direção ao ápice (Figura 46A)...................................................................... Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948 (em parte) – Superfície ventral dos metafêmures com margem anterior (carena) reta e muito próxima da margem anterior (às vezes desaparecendo apicalmente) ou sem margem anterior ou carena........................52

  • 52

    (51) Superfície ventral dos metafêmures sem carena anterior (Figura 46B)................................................................................... 53 – Superfície ventral dos metafêmures com fina carena anterior (às vezes desaparecendo apicalmente) (Figura 46C)....................... 55

  • 53

    (52) Pigídio giboso, muito brilhante (Figura 47A)................................................ Canthon (Goniocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1956 – Pigídio achatado ou pouco convexo, opaco ou fracamente brilhante (Figura 47B)............................................................................... 54

  • 54

    (53) Dorso com pubescência uniforme distinta e densa, completamente opaco; achatado. Dentes protibiais próximos ao ápice da tíbia (Figura 48A)................ Canthon (Trichocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1959 – Dorso glabro ou com pubescência esparsa diminuta. Dentes protibiais amplamente espaçados ao longo da metade apical da margem lateral (Figura 48B)............................................................................. Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948 (em parte)

  • 55

    (52) Pigídio e propigídio não separados por carena transversal (Figura 49A)................................................................Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817: incertae sedis, grupo septemmaculatus – Pigídio e propigídio ao menos parcialmente separados por carena transversal (Figura 49B)............................................................. 56

  • 56

    (55) Cabeça anteriormente sinuosa ou ligeiramente emarginada, às vezes sem dentes clipeais. Pronoto com depressão pre-escutelar. Área adjacente do élitro com depressão escutelar (Figura 50A)........................................ Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martínez, 1954 – Clípeo com pelo menos dois (às vezes mais) dentes clipeais bem definidos. Dentes centrais separados uns dos outros por emarginação estreita. Corpo geralmente não deprimido ao redor do escutelo (Figura 50B)..... Canthon (Canthon) Hoffmannsegg, 1817

  • 57

    (38) Metatíbia curvada, fracamente alargada para o ápice, largura no ápice inferior a um quinto do comprimento da metatíbia. Ângulo interno apical das meso- e metatíbias prolongado além da inserção do tarso, e com esporão inserido no prolongamento. Comprimento 2.5–3 mm (Figura 51A)................. Sinapisoma Boucomont, 1928 – Metatíbia fortemente dilatada apicalmente, largura no ápice superior a um quinto do comprimento da metatíbia; se fracamente dilatada, metatíbia reta ou irregularmente curvada ao longo de seu comprimento. Ângulo interno apical não prolongado (Figura 51B)................................................................................ 58

  • 58

    (57) Hipômero profundamente escavado anteriormente, escavação delimitada posteriormente por área vertical separada da parte não escavada por carena transversal (Figura 52A). Ângulo interno apical da protíbia ~ 90° ou agudo, borda anterior do dente apical contínua (sem formar ângulo) com a troncadura apical da protíbia.......... 59 – Hipômero fracamente escavado anteriormente, escavação não claramente delimitada posteriormente; hipômero sem carena transversal (Figura 52B). Ângulo interno apical da protíbia obliquamente truncado (> 90°); se ~ 90° ou fracamente agudo, então borda anterior do dente apical formando ângulo com a troncadura apical da protíbia........................................................................ 61

  • 59

    (58) Pronoto anteriormente transversalmente uni- ou bilobado sobre a margem anterior ou logo atrás dela. Cabeça sempre com carena transversal forte e clípeo claramente triangular (Figura 53A).................................. Deltorhinum Harold, 1867 – Pronoto anteriormente simplesmente convexo atrás da margem anterior. Cabeça com ou sem carena transversal, clípeo raramente triangular, mas apenas moderadamente (Figura 53B)......................... Ateuchus Weber, 1801..................................................… 60

  • 60

    (59) Sexto ventrito abdominal sem processo posterior (Figura 54A).................................................................................... Ateuchus (s.l.) – Sexto ventrito abdominal com um ou dois processos posteriores (Figura 54B)............................ Ateuchus (Lobidion) Génier, 2010

  • 61

    (58) Ângulo interno apical da protíbia ~ 90° ou agudo (Figura 55A). Mesoventrito geralmente muito curto, verticalmente posicionado. Metaventrito geralmente convexo (Figura 55B). Dilatação das meso- e metatíbias resultando da curvatura do bordo interno apenas, bordo externo reto. Comprimento 3–15 mm............................... Canthidium Erichson, 1847...................... 62 – Ângulo interno apical da protíbia geralmente > 90° (Figura 55C). Mesoventrito geralmente bem desenvolvido, horizontal. Metaventrito geralmente achatado (Figura 55D). Dilatação das meso- e metatíbias resultante da curvatura dos bordos interno e externo......................................................................................... 63

  • 62

    (61) Margem posterior do pronoto com borda apresentando fileira de pontos maiores que os pontos adjacentes, às vezes interrompido no meio (Figura 56A) e/ou primeira e segunda estrias elitrais unidas apicalmente às estrias laterais (Figura 56B)......................................... Canthidium (Neocanthidium) Martínez, Halffter & Pereira, 1964 – Margem posterior do pronoto pode ter pontuações, mas sem fileira evidente de pontos maiores ao longo da margem posterior (Figura 56C). Primeira e segunda estrias elitrais não unidas apicalmente às estrias laterais (Figura 56D)......................................................................... Canthidium (Canthidium) Erichson, 1847

  • 63

    (61) Processo clipeal ventral é transversal, obtusamente triangular ou subretangular, nunca dentado. (Figura 57A)................................. 64 – Processo clipeal ventral geralmente coniforme, as vezes bifurcado apicalmente, às vezes inserido em uma carena longitudinal; raramente com outra forma, mas nunca como carena transversal simples. (Figura 57B)............................................................... 66

  • 64

    (63) Carena ventral medial da protíbia interrompida por cerdas (Figura 58A). Primeiro e segundo antenômeros da clava antenal com uma fóvea na face distal. Comprimento 5–23 mm................................ Ontherus Erichson, 1847................................ 65 – Carena ventral medial da protíbia sem cerdas intermediárias (Figura 58B). Primeiro e segundo antenômeros da clava antenal sem fóvea na face distal. Comprimento 14.3–16.3 mm...................................................................... Copris (Copris) Geoffroy, 1762

  • 65

    (64) Sutura mesometasternal reta ou fracamente curva, nunca angulosa (Figura 59A). Sutura frontoclipeal tuberculada..................................................................... Ontherus (Caelontherus) Génier, 1996 – Sutura mesometasternal geralmente angulosa medialmente (Figura 59B); se reta, sutura frontoclipeal carenada..................................................................... Ontherus (Ontherus) Erichson, 1847

  • 66

    (64) Antenas com oito antenômeros (Figura 60A). Comprimento 13-36 mm........................... Isocopris Pereira & Martínez, 1960 – Antena com nove antenômeros (Figura 60B). Comprimento 10–35 mm............... Dichotomius Hope, 1838..................................... 67

  • 67

    (66) Margem clipeal arredondada ou fracamente emarginada; se bidentada, dentes pequenos e não marginados (Figura 61A).......................................... Dichotomius (Dichotomius) Hope, 1838 – Clípeo distintamente bidentado, dentes geralmente marginados....................................................................................................... 68

  • 68

    (67) Dentes clipeais marginados, não possuem angulação clípeo-genal ou margem reta (Figura 61B). Fêmeas sem modificações no meio do sexto esclerito abdominal................................................................................................ Dichotomius (Selenocopris) Burmeister, 1846 – Dentes clipeais marginados com forte angulação clípeo-genal, margem reta (Figura 61C). Fêmeas com modificações no meio do sexto esclerito abdominal (como tubérculos, lóbulos arredondados ou projeções)....... Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929

Clave de identificación para los géneros y subgéneros de Scarabaeinae de la Amazonía brasileña, basada en Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011)VAZ DE MELLO, F.Z., EDMONDS, W.D., OCAMPO, F.C. & SCHOOLMEESTERS, P. 2011. A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa 2854:1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2854.1....

  • 1

    Punta del mesoescutelo claramente visible entre la base de los élitros, porción expuesta triangular, redondeada o pentagonal (Figura 2A)... 2 – Mesoescutelo completamente cubierto por los élitros (Figura 2B)..................................................................................................... 3

  • 2

    (1) Cuerpo aplanado dorsalmente, alargado, con bordes paralelos (Figura 3A). Mesocoxa paralela al eje longitudinal del cuerpo, ubicado externamente en relación al metaventrito (Figura 3B). Longitud 5.5–25 mm.............................. Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 – Cuerpo ligeramente convexo dorsalmente, usualmente oval (Figura 3C). Mesocoxa perpendicular u oblicua al eje longitudinal del cuerpo (Figura 3D). Longitud 12–30 mm..................................................................... Malagoniella (Malagoniella) Martínez, 1961

  • 3

    (1) Cuerpo aplanado y alargado (Figura 4A). Meso y metatarsos fuertemente aplanados (Figura 4B). Pigidio horizontal (Figura 4B). Meso y metatarsómeros apicales con proceso espiniforme fuerte por encima de la inserción de las uñas. Longitud 6–10.5 mm....................................................................... Bdelyrus Harold, 1869 – Pigidio claramente vertical (Figura 4C), o meso- y metatarsómeros apicales sin proceso espiniforme, o ambos.................................. 4

  • 4

    (3) Pata anterior con fóvea trocanto-femoral (Figura 5A).............. 5 – Pata anterior sin fóvea trocanto-femoral (Figura 5B)................. 16

  • 5

    (4) Pronoto y élitros, al menos lateralmente, cubiertos por setas. Último ventrito abdominal fuertemente expandido medialmente, cubriendo totalmente el disco abdominal, los demás ventritos visibles solo en las partes laterales del abdomen (Figura 6A)...................... 6 – Pronoto y élitros pudiendo tener o no setas. Último ventrito abdominal no cubre totalmente el disco abdominal, otros ventritos abdominales visibles y distinguibles en la parte media del abdomen (Figura 6B)................................................................................ 12

  • 6

    (5) Pseudoepipleura formando dos sinuosidades laterales, la posterior (a nivel de la metacoxa) cubre parcialmente la verdadera epipleura, y a menudo es angulada. Longitud 3–5.3 mm (Figuras 7A; B)...................................................................... Trichillum Harold, 1868 – Pseudoepipleura formando a lo sumo una larga sinuosidad en la mitad anterior, que no se pliega sobre la epipleura (epipleura puede presentar una excavación cerca de la metacoxa) (Figura 7C)......... 7

  • 7

    (6) Pseudoepipleura se estrecha abruptamente en la parte posterior, desde el nivel de la metacoxa, formando un ángulo en su estrechamiento (Figura 8A)............................................................ 8 – Pseudoepipleura se estrecha gradualmente hacia el ápice, sin ángulo al nivel de la metacoxa (Figura 8B).................................. 9

  • 8

    (7) Sutura clípeo-genal claramente marcada, completamente visible de la sutura fronto-clipeal. Margen clípeo-genal con una incisión, haciendo que el clípeo y la gena parezcan separadamente redondeadas (Figura 9A). Estrías elitrales no carinadas (Figura 9B). Longitud 2.5–4.7 mm......................................... Eutrichillum Martínez, 1969 – Suturas fronto-clipeal y clípeo-genal indistintas. Margen clípeo-genal recto a levemente sinuado (Figura 9C). Estrías elitrales carinadas (Figura 9D). Longitud 2–3.5 mm.................................................................................... Besourenga Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

  • 9

    (7) Protibia con dos dientes laterales, distribuidos en la mitad apical de la protibia o menos (Figura 10A). Mesotibia gradualmente ensanchada hacia el ápice, región ápico-lateral cubierta por un mechón de setas largas................................................................... 10 – Protibia con tres dientes laterales, distribuidas a lo largo de al menos las tres quintas partes apicales de la protibia (Figura 10B), si están más unidos hacia el ápice, entonces la mesotibia se ensancha abruptamente con un diente latero-ventral fuerte y con setas apicales dispersas................................................................. 11

  • 10

    (9) Cabeza aplanada a ligeramente (y regularmente) convexa, sin concavidades evidentes adyacentes a los ojos. Margen del clípeo lateralmente recto a débilmente curvado hacia afuera (Figura 11A). Estrías elitrales con puntuaciones bien separadas entre sí. Longitud 2.3–3.3 mm............................ Bradypodidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008 – Cabeza clara y regularmente convexa en el medio, con concavidades poco profundas y evidentes delante de los ojos. Margen clipeal curvado hacia adentro (Figura 11B). Estrías elitrales moniliformes por lo menos posteriormente (puntuaciones con ancho el doble de las estrías, punciones contiguas o casi a lo largo de la mitad apical de las estrías). Longitud 2–4.5 mm.................................................................................................. Trichillidium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

  • 11

    (9) Ojos dorsalmente tan anchos como largos, espacio intraocular dorsal menor que dos veces el ancho del ojo (Figura 12A). Disco del pronoto separado del hipómero por una línea de puntos, sin carina. Longitud 4.5–5.2 mm...................... Feeridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008 – Porción dorsal del ojo muy pequeña, separados por al menos más de diez veces su diámetro (Figura 12B). Disco del pronoto separado del hipómero por una carina continua o puntos interrumpidos. Longitud 3.5–6.5 mm................ Genieridium Vaz-de-Mello, 2008

  • 12

    (5) Pigidio con surco transversal en la parte media del disco. Longitud 4.5–6.5 mm (Figura 13A)............... Agamopus Bates, 1887 – Pigidio sin surco transversal en la parte media del disco, puede presentar surco basal (Figura 13B).............................................. 13

  • 13

    (12) Mesoventrito con dos fóveas posteriores (Figura 14B). Último meso y metatarsómero con proceso dentiforme encima de la inserción de las uñas (Figura 14C). Longitud 2.5–5 mm (Figura 14A)................................... Zonocopris Arrow, 1932 – Mesoventrito sin fóveas posteriores. Último meso y metatarsómero sin proceso dentiforme (Figura 14D).......................................... 14

  • 14

    (13) Lados del pronoto con surco longitudinal profundo. Longitud 3–7.4 mm (Figuras 15A; B)........................... Uroxys Westwood, 1842 – Lados del pronoto sin surco longitudinal (Figura 15C).............. 15

  • 15

    (14) Clípeo bidentado. Ojos expuestos dorsalmente. Pronoto y ápices de los élitros glabros. Longitud 4–8 mm (Figura 16A)............................................................................ Scatimus Erichson, 1847 – Cabeza anteriormente con dos a seis dientes clipeales. Ojos no expuestos dorsalmente. Pronoto y élitros con setas. Longitud 3–4.2 mm (Figura 16B)......................................................,,......................................................... Cryptocanthon Balthasar, 1942

  • 16

    (4) Primer metatarsómero más largo que la longitud de los siguientes tres metatarsómeros unidos (Figura 17A), si son subiguales, entonces, palpos labiales con dos palpómeros (raramente el tercero bien reducido). Metatarso con cinco tarsómeros.................................................................................. 17 – Primer metatarsómero más corto que la longitud de los siguientes tres metatarsómeros unidos (Figura 17B), si son subiguales, palpo labial con uno o tres palpómeros, o metatarso con cinco tarsómeros................................................................................. 18

  • 17

    (16) Hipómero con carina oblicua que alcanza el margen lateral al lado del ángulo anterior, formando un diente antero-lateral, redondeado en machos y agudo en hembras (especie Africana introducida). Longitud 8–13 mm (Figuras 18A; B)............................................ Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 – Hipómero sin diente antero-lateral cerca del ángulo anterior, inserción de la carina propleural (hipomeral) longitudinal exactamente debajo del ángulo anterior, o no alcanza el borde pronotal. Longitud 4–12 mm (Figuras 18C; D)................................................................................... Onthophagus Latreille, 1807

  • 18

    (16) Meso y metatarsos sin uñas (Figura 19A).............................19 – Meso y metatarsos con uñas (Figura 19B)................................... 36

  • 19

    (18) Meso y metatarsos con 2-4 tarsómeros. Longitud 6–22.5 mm (Figuras 20A; B; C)....................... Dendropaemon Perty, 1830......... 20 – Meso y metatarsos con cinco tarsómeros (Figura 20D).......... 28

  • 20

    (19) Margen anterior del pronoto con un tubérculo pequeño adyacente a cada ojo (Figura 21A)........................................................................ Dendropaemon (Titthopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Margen anterior del pronoto sin tubérculo adyacente a cada ojo (Figura 21B).............................................................................. 21

  • 21

    (20) Meso y metatarsos con dos tarsómeros (Figura 20A)................................ Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) Perty, 1830 – Meso y metatarsos con tres o cuatro tarsómeros (Figuras 20B; C).................................................................................................... 22

  • 22

    (21) Meso y metatarsos con cuatro tarsómeros (Figura 20C)......................................… Dendropaemon (Eurypodea) Castelnau, 1831 – Meso y metatarsos con tres tarsómeros…................................. 23

  • 23

    (22) Completamente negro, superficie brillante y sin brillo metálico (Figura 22A)................................................................................ Dendropaemon (Nigropaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    Al menos algún brillo metálico brillante en el pronoto y/o élitros (Figura 22B)…........................................................................... 24

  • 24

    (23) Primer metatarsómero subcilíndrico, alrededor de cuatro veces longitud del segundo (Figura 23A). Pronoto totalmente negro.............................. Dendropaemon (Enicotarsus) Laporte, 1831 Primer metatarsómero aplanado, menos de tres veces la longitud del segundo (Figura 23B), y/o pronoto con brillo metálico.......... 25

  • 25

    (24) Cuerpo moderadamente comprimido dorsoventralmente. Longitud de mediano a grande (≅13 mm) (Figura 22B)................................ Dendropaemon (Crassipaemon) Cupello & Génier, 2017 – Cuerpo fuertemente comprimido dorsoventralmente. Longitud de pequeño a mediano (≤10 mm).................................................. 26

  • 26

    (25) Borde posterior del pronoto marginado sólo medialmente, la marginación nunca aparece crenulada o interrumpida por puntos setígeros (Figuras 24A)...................................................................................... Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Borde posterior del pronoto generalmente está marginada completamente, si la marginación se interrumpe más o menos a cada lado, entonces hay presencia de algunos puntos setígeros (Figura 24B)................................................................................. 27

  • 27

    (26) Clípeo fuertemente emarginado a ambos lados de los dientes clipeales......................................................................................... Dendropaemon (Rutilopaemon)Génier & Arnaud, 2016GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
    – Clípeo no modificado u obtusamente emarginado a ambos lados de los dientes clipeales (Figura 24B)............................................................ Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) Edmonds, 1972

  • 28

    (19) Meso y metatarsos con tarsómero basal expandido, casi o más ancho que largo (Figura 25A). Palpos labiales con un palpómero. Longitud ≅13 mm............................................ Megatharsis Waterhouse, 1891 – Meso y metatarsos con tarsómero basal alargado, siempre mucho más largo que ancho (Figura 25B). Palpos labiales con tres palpómeros................................................................................. 29

  • 29

    (28) Antenómero basal de la clava antenal no cóncavo apicalmente para recibir las dos lamelas apicales (Figura 26A). Metanepisterno simple, sin proyección. Longitud 9.3–20.3 mm........................................... Gromphas Dejean, 1836 – Antenómero basal de la clava antenal grande, muy cóncavo apicalmente para recibir las dos lamelas apicales (Figura 26B). Metanepisterno con proyección posterior cubriendo el margen lateral del élitro.......................................................................... 30

  • 30

    (29) Margen clipeal con emarginación media profunda y aguda, formando dos dientes agudos separados del borde lateral adyacente por emarginaciones externas. Longitud 11–56 mm (Figura 27A)......... Coprophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924........... 31 – Margen clipeal sin emarginación media profunda y aguda, a lo sumo con dos dientes medianos conspicuos (Figura 27B).......... 32

  • 31

    (30) Interestrías elitrales fuertemente esculturadas (carinas transversales) (Figura 28A). Superficie ventral de la protibia con mechones de setas en la base de los dientes laterales. Especímenes muy grandes, hasta 56 mm de longitud, raramente con menos de 25 mm.......... Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924 – Interestrías elitrales nunca fuertemente esculturadas, con microescultura (Figura 28B). Superficie ventral de la protibia con una línea simple de setas en la base de los dientes laterales. Especímenes pequeños o medianos, raramente con más de 25 mm.............. Coprophanaeus (Coprophanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924

  • 32

    (30) Cabeza con carina frontal transversal adicional a la carina fronto-clipeal. Longitud 20–32 mm (Figura 29A)................................................... Diabroctis Gistel, 1857 – Cabeza apenas con un cuerno o una carina fronto-clipeal, nunca ambos (Figura 29B)....................................................................33

  • 33

    (32) Metaventrito con proceso espiniforme agudo, curvado dorsalmente, que se extiende entre los ápices de las procoxas. Longitud 8–27 mm (Figura 30A)......................................................................... Oxysternon Castelnau, 1840......34 – Metaventrito antero-medialmente solo angulado, nunca espiniforme (Figura 30B)..........................................................35

  • 34

    (33) Proceso clipeal reducido a un tubérculo pequeño (Figura 31A). Carina clipeal lateral ausente. Metaventrito con una hilera de puntuaciones grandes adyacentes a las mesocoxas (Figura 31B). Longitud < 15 mm......... Oxysternon (Mioxysternon) Edmonds, 1972 – Proceso clipeal espiniforme o en forma de carina transversal (Figura 31C). Carinas clipeales laterales presentes. Metaventrito sin hilera de puntuaciones grandes (Figura 31D). Longitud > 12 mm.................................. Oxysternon (Oxysternon) Castelnau, 1840

  • 35

    (33) Porción anterior de la carina circumnotal entera, no interrumpida atrás de cada ojo. Longitud 11–30 mm (Figura 32A)........................................................ Sulcophanaeus d’Olsoufieff, 1924 – Porción anterior de la carina circumnotal interrumpida atrás de cada ojo. Longitud 6–20 mm (Figura 32B)............................................................. Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) Edmonds, 1994

  • 36

    (18) Cuerpo casi siempre muy alargado, cilíndrico (Figura 33A). Uñas tarsales reducidas, casi rectas o ligeramente curvadas (Figura 33B). Hipómero convexo o ligeramente cóncavo, nunca fuertemente excavado anteriormente. Cabeza sin carina transversal. Longitud 2.8–8.7 mm......................................... Anomiopus Westwood, 1842 – Cuerpo aplanado, u oval, pero no cilíndrico (Figura 33C). Uñas tarsales largas, fuertemente curvadas, falciformes o anguladas (Figura 33D). Hipómero profundamente excavado anteriormente y/o cabeza dorsalmente con carina transversal......................... 37

  • 37

    (36) Uñas tarsales con fuerte diente basal (Figura 33D). Clípeo bidentado. Longitud 1.7–4.7 mm (Figura 33C)........................................................... Canthonella Chapin, 1930 – Uñas tarsales sin diente basal, a lo máximo con ángulo recto (Figuras 34A; B)....................................................................... 38

  • 38

    (37) Meso y metatibias no ensanchadas apicalmente, o solo débil y gradualmente (Figura 34A).................................................. 39 – Mesotibias, y algunas veces también las metatibias ensanchadas apicalmente (Figura 34B)............................................................ 57

  • 39

    (38) Ápice de algunas interestrías elitrales con carinas cortas o tubérculos. Longitud 8–38 mm (Figura 35A)......................................................... Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822... 40 – Interestrías elitrales sin carinas o tubérculos apicales, a lo sumo con una carina lateral que puede ser casi completa (Figura 35B)................................................................................................. 44

  • 40

    (39) Cabeza más larga que ancha, estrecha anteriormente. Metatibias fuertemente arqueadas medialmente (Figuras 36A; B).......................................... Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) Kolbe, 1893 – Cabeza claramente más ancha que larga, no estrechada triangularmente. Metatibias, cuando están fuertemente arqueadas, son sinuosas o ampliamente arqueadas, no muy arqueadas en la parte media (Figuras 36C; D)................................................... 41

  • 41

    (40) Novena interestría elitral (en la pseudoepipleura) sin carina, o con carina inconspicua (Figura 37A).................................................. Deltochilum (Calhyboma) Kolbe, 1893 – Novena intestría elitral distintamente carinada (Figura 37B)..... 42

  • 42

    (41) Élitros aplanados dorsalmente (Figura 38A). Carina de la novena interestría (en la pseudoepipleura) presente por lo menos en los tres cuartos basales de la interestría............................................................................... Deltochilum (Deltochilum) Eschscholtz, 1822 – Élitros no aplanados dorsalmente (Figura 38B). Carina de la novena interestría se extiende como máximo hasta la mitad de la longitud de la interestría........................................................................... 43

  • 43

    (42) Clípeo bidentado (Figura 39A). Metaventrito sin tubérculos en la parte posterior (Figura 39B)... Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946 – Clípeo cuadridentado (Figura 39C). Metaventrito posteriormente bituberculado (Figura 39D)................................................................................................. Deltochilum (Hybomidium) Shipp, 1897

  • 44

    (39) Margen posterior de la cabeza no marginado entre los ojos, máximo con cortos remanentes en la mitad o cerca de los ojos (Figura 40A) (excepto en algunos especímenes de Sylvicanthon proseni; ver Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2018CUPELLO, M. & VAZ-DE-MELLO, F.Z. 2018. A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ‘Canthon sensu lato’. European Journal of Taxonomy 467:1–205 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.467.
    https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.467...
    ). Mesoventrito relativamente largo, no estrechado medialmente, completamente horizontal (Figura 40B)................................................................. 45 – Margen posterior de la cabeza clara y completamente marginado entre los ojos (Figura 40C). Mesoventrito más corto en el medio que lateralmente, o posicionado verticalmente y poco visible ventralmente (Figura 40D)......................................................... 47

  • 45

    (44) Protibia con tres dientes, siendo por lo menos el diente apical en forma de media luna (falciforme) (Figura 41A). Mesotibia con línea latero-dorsal de setas interrumpidas, o con angulación próxima a la región central, sin ningún diente transverso o quilla en la cara lateral. Metatibias rectas. Longitud 5–7 mm...... Tetraechma Blanchard, 1841 – Protibia con dos a cuatro dientes triangulares. Mesotibia con una línea latero dorsal de setas, no interrumpida, máximo con una pequeña aglomeración central de setas, con o sin diente o quilla transversal en la cara lateral. Metatibias rectas o curvas............. 46

  • 46

    (45) Forma general del cuerpo alargado. Clípeo con cuatro dientes agudos, con emarginación entre ellos (Figura 41B). Bordes laterales del pronoto casi rectos, subparalelos (Figura 41B). Superficie de los élitros cubierta de micro setas Longitud 3-6 mm................................................................ Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 – Cuerpo ovalado. Clípeo con dos o cuatro dientes, sin emarginación entre ellos (Figura 41C). Pronoto com bordes laterales formando un fuerte ángulo medial (Figura 41C). Élitro com superficie glabra. Longitud 4.5–9.2 mm........ Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977

  • 47

    (44) Pronoto con lados aplanados, con un diente medial agudo, denticulado anteroventralmente. Élitro con carina lateral fuerte y completa. Color café opaco (coriáceo) en los élitros. Longitud 7.4–10.4 mm (Figura 42A)......... Hansreia Halffter & Martínez, 1977 – Lados del pronoto no aplanados, no denticulados anteriormente. Carina elitral lateral frecuentemente presente, pero si la carina es incompleta (desvanecida) anteriormente, entonces pronoto y élitros con coloración similar (Figura 42B)................................ 48

  • 48

    (47) Cabeza con forma triangular alargada (Figura 43A). Meso y metatibias con carinas transversales externas, más visibles en las mesotibias (Figura 43B). Dorso bicolor. Longitud 6–6.5 mm.................................. Canthotrypes Paulian, 1939 – Meso y metatibias sin carinas transversales externas, a lo sumo con un tubérculo mediano inconspicuo (Figura 43C)........................ 49

  • 49

    (48) Tarsómero basal del meso y metatarso corto, con longitud alrededor de la mitad del segundo tarsómero, oblicuamente truncado apicalmente (cerca de 45°). Bordes laterales de los meso y metatarsómeros paralelos, formando un borde continuo en todo el tarso, forma general de los tarsómeros 2–4 cuadrados o rectangulares. Superficie dorsal de la metatibia con setas densas, distribuidas aleatoriamente Longitud 4.5–10.5 mm (Figura 44A)........................... Scybalocanthon Martínez, 1948 – Longitud del tarsómero basal del meso y metatarso sólo ligeramente menor o mayor que la del segundo tarsómero, si es mucho menor, entonces casi transversalmente truncado apicalmente. Bordes laterales de los meso y metatarsómeros separadamente divergentes apicalmente, forma general de los tarsómeros 1–4 trapezoidales. Superficie dorsal de las metatibias con una configuración diferente (Figura 44B).............................................................. 50

  • 50

    (49) Dorso (principalmente el pronoto) con escultura irregular (mosaico de áreas lisas, seríceas y granulosas; con elevaciones irregulares y depresiones) o con tubérculos grandes y bien definidos en el pronoto. Longitud 6.5–8.7 mm (Figura 45A).................................... Anisocanthon Martínez & Pereira, 1956 – Pronoto con escultura regular, máximo con una depresión postero-medial, nunca con tubérculos. Longitud 2–18 mm (Figura 45B).......... Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817.................................. 51

  • 51

    (50) Superficie ventral de los metafémur con carina longitudinal sinuosa, borde anterior más próxima en la base y más distante en dirección al ápice (Figura 46A)........................................................ Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948 (en parte) – Superficie ventral de los metafémur con margen anterior (carina) recta y mucho más próximo del margen anterior (a veces desaparece apicalmente) o sin margen anterior o carina.............................. 52

  • 52

    (51) Superficie ventral de los metafémur sin carina anterior (Figura 46B)............................................................................ 53 – Superficie ventral del metafémur con una carina anterior fina (a veces desvanecida apicalmente) (Figura 46C)............................ 55

  • 53

    (52) Pigidio fuertemente convexo, muy brillante (Figura 47A)........................... Canthon (Goniocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1956 – Pigidio plano o ligeramente convexo, opaco o ligeramente brillante (Figura 47B)................................................................................ 54

  • 54

    (53) Dorso con pubescencia uniforme evidente y densa, dorso completamente opaco. Cuerpo aplanado. Dientes protibiales ubicados cerca del ápice de la tibia (Figura 48A)........................................... Canthon (Trichocanthon) Pereira & Martínez, 1959 – Dorso glabro o con poca pubescencia dispersa y diminuta. Dientes protibiales ampliamente espaciados a lo largo de la mitad apical del margen lateral (Figura 48B).................................................................... Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) Martínez, 1948 (en parte)

  • 55

    (52) Pigidio y propigidio no separados por una carina transversal (Figura 49A)......................................................................... Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817: incertae sedis, grupo septemmaculatus – Pigidio y propigidio al menos parcialmente separados por una carina transversal (Figura 49B).................................................. 56

  • 56

    (55) Cabeza anteriormente sinuosa a ligeramente emarginada, algunas veces sin dientes clipeales. Pronoto con depresión prescutelar. Área adyacente a los élitros con depresión escutelar (Figura 50A).................... Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martínez, 1954 – Clípeo con al menos dos (a veces más) dientes clipeales bien definidos; dientes centrales separados de entre sí por una emarginación estrecha. Cuerpo usualmente no deprimido alrededor del escutelo (Figura 50B).................................................................................................. Canthon (Canthon) Hoffmannsegg, 1817

  • 57

    (38) Metatibias curvadas, solo ligeramente ensanchada apicalmente, ancho en el ápice a lo sumo solo ligeramente mayor que una quinta parte de la longitud de la tibia. Ángulo apical interno de las meso y metatibias proyectado más allá de la inserción del tarso, y con el espolón insertado en esa proyección. Longitud 2.5–3 mm (Figura 51A)................................... Sinapisoma Boucomont, 1928 – Metatibias fuertemente dilatadas apicalmente, ancho en el ápice superior mayor que una quinta parte de la longitud de la tibia, si está ligeramente ensanchada, entonces metatibia recta o irregularmente curvada a lo largo de su longitud. Ángulo apical interno no prolongado (Figura 51B)........................................................... 58

  • 58

    (57) Hipómero fuertemente excavado anteriormente, posteriormente la excavación está delimitada por un área vertical separada de la parte no excavada por una carina transversal (Figura 52A). Ángulo apical interno de la protibia ~ 90° o agudo, borde anterior del diente apical continuo (sin formar ángulo) con extremo apical de la protibia........................................................................... 59 – Hipómero solo levemente excavado anteriormente, excavación no claramente delimitada posteriormente; hipómero sin carina propleural transversal (Figura 52B). Ángulo interno apical de la protibia oblicuamente truncado (>90°), si ~ 90° o ligeramente agudo, entonces borde anterior del diente apical formando ángulo con el margen del extremo apical............................................... 61

  • 59

    (58) Pronoto en la parte anterior transversalmente uni o bilobado sobre o justo detrás del margen anterior. Cabeza siempre con fuerte carina transversal y clípeo claramente triangular (Figura 53A).................................... Deltorhinum Harold, 1867 – Pronoto en la parte anterior simplemente convexo detrás del margen anterior. Cabeza con o sin carina transversal, clípeo raramente triangular pero moderado (Figura 53B).......................................... Ateuchus Weber, 1801...........................................60

  • 60

    (59) Sexto ventrito abdominal sin proceso posterior (Figura 54 A)................................................................................ Ateuchus (s. l.) – Sexto ventrito abdominal con uno o dos prcoesos posteriores (Figura 54B)........................... Ateuchus (Lobidion) Génier, 2010

  • 61

    (58) Ángulo apical interno de la protibia ~ 90° o agudo (Figura 55A). Mesoventrito generalmente muy corto, posicionado casi verticalmente. Metaventrito generalmente convexo (Figura 55B). Dilatación de las meso y metatibias resultante solamente de la curvatura del margen interno, margen externo recto. Longitud 3–15 mm................................ Canthidium Erichson, 1847................................ 62 – Ángulo apical interno de la protibia usualmente > 90° (Figura 55C). Mesoventrito generalmente bien desarrollado, horizontal. Metaventrito generalmente plano (Figura 55D). Dilatación de las meso y metatibias resultado de la curvatura de los márgenes interno y externo....................................................................................... 63

  • 62

    (61) Margen posterior del pronoto con borde que presenta una línea de puntuaciones más grandes que las puntuaciones adyacentes del pronoto, algunas veces interrumpidos en la región media (Figura 56A) y/o primera y segunda estrías elitrales unidas apicalmente a las estrías laterales (Figura 56B)........................ Canthidium (Neocanthidium) Martínez, Halffter & Pereira, 1964 – Pronoto puede estar punteado en la parte posterior, pero sin una línea de puntuaciones evidentes (Figura 56C) y grandes a lo largo del margen posterior. Primera y segunda estrías elitrales no unidas apicalmente a las estrías laterales (Figura 56D)............................................................. Canthidium (Canthidium) Erichson, 1847

  • 63

    (61) Proceso clipeal ventral transversal, obtusamente triangular o casi rectangular, nunca dentado (Figura 57A)............................... 64 – Proceso clipeal ventral usualmente coniforme, a veces bifurcado apicalmente, algunas veces incrustado en una carina longitudinal, rara vez configurado de otra manera, pero nunca como una carina transversal simple (Figura 57B)................................................. 66

  • 64

    (63) Carina ventral medial de la protibia interrumpida por setas (Figura 58A). Primer y segundo antenómeros de la clava antenal con una fóvea en la cara distal. Longitud 5–23 mm............................... Ontherus Erichson, 1847..............… 65 – Carina ventral medial de la protibia sin interrupción de setas (Figura 58B). Primer y segundo antenómeros de la clava antenal con una fóvea en la cara distal. Longitud 14.3–16.3 mm (Figura 58C)............................... Copris (Copris) Geoffroy, 1762

  • 65

    (64) Sutura meso-metaesternal recta o débilmente curvada, nunca angulada (Figura 59A). Sutura fronto-clipeal siempre tuberculada....................... Ontherus (Caelontherus) Génier, 1996 – Sutura meso-metasternal usualmente angulada en el medio (Figura 59B), si es recta, sutura fronto-clipeal carinada.............................................................. Ontherus (Ontherus) Erichson, 1847

  • 66

    (64) Antena con ocho antenómeros (Figura 60A). Longitud 13–36 mm ............................... Isocopris Pereira & Martínez, 1960 – Antena con nueve antenómeros (Figura 60 B). Longitud 10–35 mm ................ Dichotomius Hope, 1838............................................ 67

  • 67

    (66) Margen clipeal redondeado o débilmente emarginado, si bidentado, dientes pequeños y no marginados (Figura 61A).................................... Dichotomius (Dichotomius) Hope, 1838 – Clípeo distintamente bidentado, dientes generalmente marginados.................................................................................. 68

  • 68

    (67) Dientes clipeales marginados; borde externo de la cabeza redondeado, sin angulación clípeo-genal (Figura 61B). Hembras sin modificaciones en la parte central del sexto ventrito abdominal............... Dichotomius (Selenocopris) Burmeister, 1846 – Dientes clipeales marginados, con borde externo de la cabeza con fuerte angulación clípeo-genal (Figura 61C). Hembras con modificaciones en la parte central del sexto ventrito abdominal (como tubérculos, lóbulos redondeados o proyecciones).............................................. Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929

Discussion and Additional comments

As evidenced in Morrone’s delimitation for the Neotropical region, it is noteworthy that a portion of what is commonly recognized as the Pantanal is included in the domain considered as the Amazon. Due to the acknowledgment of significant faunal divergence between the Pantanal and other regions (Daniel and Vaz-de-Mello, 2016), genera to this region have been deliberately excluded from this study (e.g. Bolbites Harold, 1868). For a more in-depth analysis of these genera and their diagnostic features see Mota et al. (2023). The same criterion was applied to some species present in transition zones, whose occurrence is restricted, for example, to open areas.

The subgenus Dendropaemon (Rutilopaemon) despite not having so far been recorded from the Brazilian Amazon was included in the key because it occurs in French Guiana and there is a great chance of occurring in the Brazilian Amazon as well. However, it was not possible to get a specimen to photograph, so for more information and photos see Génier and Arnaud (2016)GENIER, F. & ARNAUD, P. 2016. Dendropaemon Perty, 1830: taxonomy, systematics and phylogeny of the morphologically most derived phanaeine genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, Phanaeini). Zootaxa 4099(1):1–125. http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1.1.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4099.1....
and Boilly et al. (2016)BOILLY, O., LAPÈZE, J., DALENS, P.H., GIUGLARIS, J.L. & TOUROULT, J. (2016). Les Phanaeini de Guyane: liste commentée, clés et iconographie (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). ACOREP-France, 10:86–97..

Acknowledgements

This study was funded in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. EC and RK thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) - POSGRAD/scholarship/ financial support. Also, thanks go to the institutions that made photomontage equipment available, including Laboratório de Scarabaeoidologia and Subproject EECBio UFMT/Finep no01.12.0359.00, Subproject Peixes de Mato Grosso INCT- Peixes, funded by MCTIC/CNPq (proc. 405706/2022-7), the Invertebrate Collection of INPA and the Laboratório de Citotaxonomia e Insetos Aquáticos – LACIA. JAB is supported by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (166085/2020-0, 441646/2020-4 PROTAX 2021–2025) and thanks to the Secretaría de Educación de Boyacá for the work license to develop his doctoral study. FZVM, a CNPq PQ1A fellow, thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) Process number:431760/2018-7, and Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso (FAPEMAT): Process number: 0147956/2017, and FINEP for financing the collection building of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). We also thank the reviewers, including Mario Cupello, for their comments, that helped improve the final version of the manuscript.

Data Availability

Supporting data are available at <https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.PMITN>.

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Edited by

Associate Editor
José Mermudes

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    09 Aug 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    30 Nov 2023
  • Accepted
    03 July 2024
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