Figure 1
1A) Guanacaste Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Guanacaste, ACG) map showing the Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste National Park, and Rincón de la Vieja National Park sectors. Taken and modified from Área de Conservación Guanacaste- SINAC (
https://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/index.php), and Google Earth(r). 1B) Plant Gall Herbarium (cecidiarium) organization. 1) Dried plant gall specimens, 2) Plant gall samples preserved in 70% ethanol and FAA, 3) Insect collection of gall inducers, parasitoids, and inquilines preserved in 70% ethanol vials, 4) Digital database containing information about gall morphotypes, host plants, gall makers, associated organisms, sampling sites, etc.
Figure 2
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 2A) Gall induced in Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm., morphotype Ap_sc_1, 2B) Gall induced in Avicennia germinans L., morphotype Av_ge_1, 2C) Gall induced in Astronium graveolens Jacq., morphotype As_gr_1, 2D) Gall induced in Spondias mombin L., morphotype Sp_mo_1, 2E) Gall induced in Guatteria diospyroides Baill., morphotype Gu_di_1, 2F) Gall induced in Sapranthus palanga R.E.Fr., morphotype Sa_pa_1, 2G) Gall induced in Sapranthus palanga R.E.Fr., morphotype Sa_pa_1, 2H) Gall induced in Koanophyllon albicaule (Sch. Bip. ex Klatt) R.M. King & H. Rob., morphotype Ko_al_1, 2I) Gall induced in Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) S.F. Blake, morphotype Po_pu_1, 2J) Gall induced in Wedelia sp. Jacq., morphotype We_sp_1, 2K) Gall induced in Arrabidaea patellifera (Schltdl.) Sandwith, morphotype Ar_pa_1, 2L) Gall induced in Cydista diversifolia (Kunth) Miers, morphotype Cy_di_1, 2M) Gall induced in Cydista diversifolia (Kunth) Miers, morphotype Cy_di_2, 2N) Gall induced in Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq.) Miers, morphotype Pl_va_1, 2O) Gall induced in Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken., morphotype Co_al_1, 2P) Gall induced in Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken., morphotype Co_al_2.
Figure 3
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 3A) Gall induced in Cordia collococca L., morphotype Co_co_1, 3B) Gall induced in Cordia collococca L., morphotype Co_co_2, 3C) Gall induced in Cordia collococca L., morphotype Co_co_3, 3D) Gall induced in Cordia sp. L., morphotype Co_sp_1, 3E) Gall induced in Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch., morphotype Bu_gr_1, 3F) Gall induced in Hirtella racemosa Lam., morphotype Hi_ra_1, 3G) Gall induced in Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav., morphotype Er_ma_1, 3H) Gall induced in Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav., morphotype Er_ma_2, 3I) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_1, 3J) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_2, 3K) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_3, 3L) Gall induced in Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., morphotype Ac_di_4, 3M) Gall induced in Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst., morphotype Ha_br_1, 3N) Gall induced in Inga punctata Willd., morphotype In_pu_1, 3O) Gall induced in Inga sp. Mill., morphotype In_sp_1, 3P) Gall induced in Inga sp. Kunth, morphotype In_sp_2.
Figure 4
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 4A) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus felipei N. Zamora, morphotype Lo_fe_1, 4B) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus felipei N. Zamora, morphotype Lo_fe_2, 4C) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus paviflorus Benth., morphotype Lo_pa_1, 4D) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus phaseolifolius Benth., morphotype Lo_pha_1, 4E) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus Standl & Steyerm., morphotype Lo_phl_1, 4F) Gall induced in Lonchocarpus sp. Kunth, morphotype Lo_sp_1, 4G) Gall induced in Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose., morphotype Se_te_1, 4H) Gall induced in Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham., morphotype Qu_ol_1, 4I) Gall induced in Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham., morphotype Qu_ol_2, 4J) Gall induced in Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega, morphotype Se_me_1, 4K) Gall induced in Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega, morphotype Se_me_2, 4L) Gall induced in Semialarium mexicanum (Miers) Mennega, morphotype Se_me_3, 4M) Gall induced in Krameria revoluta O. Berg, morphotype Kr_re_1, 4N) Gall induced in Belischmiedia costaricensis (Mez & Pittier) C.K. Allen, morphotype Be_co_1, 4O) Gall induced in Belischmiedia costaricensis (Mez & Pittier) C.K. Allen, morphotype Be_co_2, 4P) Gall induced in Nectandra salicina C.K Allen, morphotype Ne_sa_1.
Figure 5
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 5A) Gall induced in Banisteriopsis cornifolia (Kunth) C.B. Rob., morphotype Ba_co_1, 5B) Gall induced in Banisteriopsis cornifolia (Kunth) C.B. Rob., morphotype Ba_co_2, 5C) Gall induced in Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, morphotype By_cr_1, 5D) Gall induced in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., morphotype Gu_ul_1, 5E) Gall induced in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., morphotype Gu_ul_2, 5F) Gall induced in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., morphotype Gu_ul_3, 5G) Gall induced in Hampea appendiculata (Donn. Sm.) Standl., morphotype Ha_ap_1, 5H) Gall induced in Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav., morphotype Ma_ar_1, , 5I) Gall induced in Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav., morphotype Ma_ar_2, 5J) Gall induced in Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb., morphotype Oc_py_1, 5K) Gall induced in Waltheria indica L., morphotype Wa_in_1, 5L) Gall induced in Miconia sp. Ruiz & Pav., morphotype Mi_sp_1, 5M) Gall induced in Guarea glabra Kunth. , morphotype Gu_gl_1, 5N) Gall induced in Brosimum alicastrum Swartz, morphotype Br_al_1, 5O) Gall induced in Ficus croata (Miq.) Miq., morphotype Fi_cr_1, 5P) Gall induced in Ficus ovalis Desf. ex Willd., morphotype Fi_ov_1.
Figure 6
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 6A) Gall induced in Pseudolmedia glabrata (Liebm.) C.C. Berg, morphotype Ps_gl_1, 6B1/6B2) Gall induced in Pseudolmedia mollis (Liebm.) C.C. Berg, morphotype Ps_mo_1, 6C) Gall induced in Eugenia sp. (Miq.) Miq., morphotype Eu_sp_1, 6D) Gall induced in Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., morphotype My_sp_1, 6E) Gall induced in Psidium guajava L., morphotype Ps_gu_1, 6F) Gall induced in sp. Ruiz & Pav., morphotype Ne_sp_1, 6G) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_1, 6H) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_2, 6I) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_3, 6J) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_4, 6K) Gall induced in Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm., morphotype Pi_ma_5, 6L) Gall induced in Ouratea lucens (Kunth.) Engl., morphotype Ou_lu_1, 6M) Gall induced in Schoepfia schreberi J.F. Gmel., morphotype Sc_sc_1, 6N) Gall induced in Schoepfia schreberi J.F. Gmel., morphotype Sc_sc_2, 6O) Gall induced in Trichostigma polyandrum (Loes.) H. Walter, morphotype Tr_po_1, 6P) Gall induced in Picramnia antidesma Sw., morphotype Pi_an_1.
Figure 7
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 7A) Gall induced in Picramnia antidesma Sw., morphotype Pi_an_2, 7B) Gall induced in Piper sp. L., morphotype Pi_sp_1, 7C) Gall induced in Piper sp. L., morphotype Pi_sp_2, 7D) Gall induced in Piper yucatanense C. DC., morphotype Pi_yu_1, 7E) Gall induced in Paspalum sp. L., morphotype Pa_sp_1, 7F) Gall induced in Coccoloba tuerckheimii Donn. Sm, morphotype Co_tu_1, 7G) Gall induced in Coccoloba venosa L., morphotype Co_ve_1, 7H) Gall induced in Ardisia compressa Schltdl., morphotype Ar_co_1, 7I) Gall induced in Ardisia compressa Kunth, morphotype Ar_co_2, 7J) Gall induced in Ardisia revoluta Kunth, morphotype Ar_re_1, 7K) Gall induced in Psychotria deflexa DC., morphotype Ps_de_1, 7L) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis Sw., morphotype Ps_ho_1, 7M) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis Sw., morphotype Ps_ho_2, 7N) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis L., morphotype Ps_ho_3, 7O) Gall induced in Psychotria horizontalis Sw., morphotype Ps_ho_4, 7P) Gall induced in Psychotria quinqueradiata Pol., morphotype Ps_qu_1.
Figure 8
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 8A) Gall induced in Psychotria valerioana Standl., morphotype Ps_va_1, 8B) Gall induced in Psychotria valerioana Standl., morphotype Ps_va_2, 8C) Gall induced in Psychotria valerioana Standl., morphotype Ps_va_3, 8D) Gall induced in Randia monantha Benth., morphotype Ra_mo_1, 8E) Gall induced in Zanthoxylum sp. L., morphotype Za_sp_1, 8F) Gall induced in Meliosma glabrata (Liebm.) Urb., morphotype Me_gl_1, 8G) Gall induced in Casearia arguta Kunth, morphotype Ca_ar_1, 8H) Gall induced in Casearia arguta Kunth, morphotype Ca_ar_2, 8I) Gall induced in Allophylus racemosus (Sw.), morphotype Al_ra_1, 8J) Gall induced in Allophylus racemosus (Sw) , morphotype Al_ra_2, 8K) Gall induced in Allophylus racemosus (Sw) , morphotype Al_ra_3, 8L) Gall induced in Paullinia cururu L., morphotype Pa_cu_1, 8M) Gall induced in Serjania pyramidata Radlk., morphotype Se_py_1, 8N) Gall induced in Serjania schiedeana Schltdl., morphotype Se_sc_1, 8O) Gall induced in Thouinidium decandrum (Hump & Band), morphotype Th_de_1, 8P) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult), morphotype Si_ob_1.
Figure 9
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 9A) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult), morphotype Si_ob_2, 9B) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult), morphotype Si_ob_3, 9C) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., morphotype Si_ob_4, 9D) Gall induced in Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., morphotype Si_ob_5, 9E) Gall induced in Simarouba glauca DC, morphotype Si_gl_1, 9F) Gall induced in Smilax spinosa Mill., morphotype Sm_sp_1, 9G) Gall induced in Lycianthes multiflora, morphotype Ly_mu_1, 9H) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_1, 9I) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_2, 9J) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_3, 9K) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_4, 9L) Gall induced in Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich, morphotype St_cu_5, 9M) Gall induced in Urera simplex Wedd., morphotype Ur_si_1, 9N) Gall induced in Lippia oxyphyllaria (Donn. Sm.) Standl., morphotype Li_ox_1, 9O) Gall induced in Rehdera trinervis (S.F. Blake) Moldenke, morphotype Re_tr_1, 9P) Gall induced in Rehdera trinervis (S.F. Blake) Moldenke, morphotype Re_tr_2.
Figure 10
Plant Gall morphotypes recorded in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 10A) Gall induced in Cissus fuliginea (Croat.), morphotype Ci_fu_1, 10B) Gall induced in Cissus fuliginea (Croat.), morphotype Ci_fu_2, 10C) Gall induced in Cissus fuliginea (Croat.), morphotype Ci_fu_3, 10D) Gall morphology vrs incidence in plant organs, 10E) Gall epidermis texture and their incidence by plant organ. For 10D and 10E, the values on the X-axis represent the total number of morphotypes.
Figure 11
Spatial distribution of gall morphotypes collected in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste province, northwest region of Costa Rica. Diamond symbols represent sites were only one gall morphotype was collected. Circle symbols represent cluster sites where two or more gall morphotypes were found; circle diameters vary according to the number of gall morphotypes collected in this area. Larger circles mean that more gall morphotypes were found at a specific area. Cluster size varies between 5-400 linear meters.