Museum collections indicate bird defaunation in a biodiversity hotspot

Cavarzere, Vagner; Silveira, Luis Fabio; Tonetti, Vinicius Rodrigues; Develey, Pedro; Ubaid, Flávio Kulaif; Regalado, Luciano Bonatti; Figueiredo, Luiz Fernando de Andrade

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2017-0404

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Article • Biota Neotrop. 17 (4) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2017-0404 copy

Museum collections indicate bird defaunation in a biodiversity hotspot

Coleções de museus indicam defaunação de aves em um hotspot de biodiversidade

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Ipanema National Forest, southeastern Brazil, once contained 340 bird species. Forest cover suffered for centuries from log exploitation and, as a result, most of the remaining forests are now an impoverished subset of the original vegetation. We show how the bird community changed over time by comparing historical and recent records. Currently, 228 species can be recorded, for a compilation of 410 species, of which 359 are documented. Some 89 forest species with historical records failed to be detected in recent surveys. Of the 72 Atlantic Forest or Cerrado endemic species, no more than 29 (40%) are still found. The bird community changed from one which used to be related to coastline rain forests to another, which relates more to drier semideciduous forests of the interior.

Keywords:
Atlantic Forest; Cerrado; hierarchical cluster analysis; multivariate analysis; semideciduous forests

Source	Date	Time spent	Number of species
J. B. Spix and K. P. F. Martius	Jan 1818	–	13?
J. C. Mikan	1816-1817	–	?
F. Sellow and I. F. W. M. Olfers	Dec 1819 - Jan 1820	–	4?
J. Natterer	Feb 1819 - Jul 1820 / Sep 1821 - Sep 1822	–	340
J. H. Langsdorff	1825	–	?
P. W. Lund and J. T. Reinhardt	Mar 1834	–	7
C. Silva and L. B. Regalado	January 1995	–	1
L. B. Regalado	1991–1996	128 h	39
Y. Oniki & E. O. Willis	1986	2 h	45
C. Silva	1993–2003	350 h	186*
Present authors	1986–2015	1,244 h	228

	Habitat	Elevation (m)	Area (ha)	Surveys (yr)	Evidence	Species richness
BBS	Ombrophylous forest	800	96	1945-2010	S,P,R	323
BRF	Semidecidous forest	450-586	1451	1957-2002	S,P,R	359
CBSP	Ombrophylous forest	20-1000	37,644	2006-2009	S,P,R	331
CES	Semidecidous forest	500-680	2,180	1976-2006	P,R	293
ISP	Ombrophylous forest	60-1010	38,000	1988-2015	S,P,R	338
LP	Semidecidous forest	570	1,600	1989-2002	P,R	300
SMSP	Ombrophylous forest	0-1200	300,000	1898-2012	S,P,R	417

Table 3 List of bird species (indicating those we consider forest dwellers) recorded within the Ipanema National Forest, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Sources: 1 (Pelzeln 1868PELZELN, A. 1868. Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens. Resultate von Johann Natterers Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835. Druck Verlag A Pichler's Witwe & Sohn, Wien.), 2 (Reinhardt 1870REINHARDT, J. 1870. Bidrag til Kundskab om Fuglefaunaen i Brasilien campos. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening I Köbenhavn 1–7:1–124.), 3 (Hellmayr 1906HELLMAYR, C.E. 1906. Revision der Spix’schen typen brasilianischer vögel. Abh. Mat.-Phys. K., K. Bayer Akad. Wiss. 22:561–726.), 4 (Stresemann 1948STRESEMANN, E. 1948. Der Naturfoscher Friedrich Sellow (1831) und sein Beitrag zur Kenntnis Brasiliens. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Ontog. Tiere 77(6):401–425.), 5 (Krabbe 2007KRABBE, N. 2007. Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J. T. Reinhardt in south-eastern Brazil between 1825 and 1855, with notes on P. w. Lund’s travels in Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Bras. Ornitol. 15(3):331–357.), 6 (Silva & Regalado 1998SILVA, C. & REGALADO, L.B. 1998. Nidificação em cavidade rochosa por urubu-rei, Sarcoramphus papa (Falconiformes: Cathartidae) no Morro de Araçoiaba (Floresta Nacional de Ipanema – Iperó, São Paulo). Boletim CEO 13:4–8.), 7 (Regalado 1999REGALADO, L.B. 1999. Composição e distribuição de aves passeriformes em uma parcela de mata do Morro de Araçoiaba (Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, Iperó/SP) utilizando um sistema de informação geográfica. Dissertação de Mestrado, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, São Carlos.), 8 (Willis & Oniki 2003WILLIS, E.O. & ONIKI, Y. 2003. Aves do Estado de São Paulo. Divisa, Rio Claro.), 9 (Silva 2010SILVA, C. 2010. Alterações na comunidade de aves do Morro de Araçoiaba (Floresta Nacional de Ipanema – FLONA, Iperó, SP). Rev. Conhecimento Online 2(2):1–36.), 10 (present authors), WA (Wiki Aves), XC (Xeno-canto). Atlantic Forest (AF) and Cerrado (CE) endemic species are according to Parker et al. (1996)PARKER, T.A, STOTZ, D.F.& FITZPATRICK, J.W. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases. In: Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation (D.F. Stotz, J.W. Fitzpatrick, T.A. Parker & D.K. Moskovits, eds). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 118–436. and Silva & Bates (2002)SILVA, J.M.C. & BATES, J.M. 2002. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. BioScience 52(3):225–233., respectively. Evidences acquired in this study are aural (A) or visual (V) undocumented records, or photographed (P), audio-recorded (R) or mist-netted (MN). Skins collected during the nineteenth century (sources 1-5) represent museum vouchers. A question mark denotes a probable misidentification or typographic error (see Lopes et al. 2017LOPES, L.E., VASCONCELOS, M.F., GONZAGA, L.P. 2017. A cryptic new species of hummingbird of the Campylopterus largipennis complex (Aves: Trochilidae). Zootaxa 4268(1):1–33.). Threat status: Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU). IUCN = globally threatened taxa; BR = taxa threatened in Brazil; SP = taxa threatened is São Paulo. Invader species are indicated as ^inv on the recent records column.

Taxon	Record		Endemism	Evidence	Threat status	Habitat
Taxon	Historic	Recent	Endemism	Evidence	Threat status	Habitat
Tinamiformes
Tinamidae
Tinamus solitarius	1		AF			Forest
Crypturellus obsoletus	1					Forest
Crypturellus parvirostris	1	8, 10		A
Crypturellus tataupa	1	10		A		Forest
Rhynchotus rufescens	1,3
Nothura maculosa	1	8, 10		P
Anseriformes
Anhimidae
Anhima cornuta	1
Anatidae
Dendrocygna viduata		10^inv		V
Cairina moschata	1	10		P
Amazonetta brasiliensis	1	9, 10		V
Nomonyx dominicus	1
Galliformes
Cracidae
Penelope superciliaris	1	9, 10		P		Forest
Aburria jacutinga	1		AF		EN^BR	Forest
Odontophoridae
Odontophorus capueira	1		AF			Forest
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus dominicus	1, 3	10		R,P
Podilymbus podiceps	1	9, 10		V
Suliformes
Phalacrocoracidae
Nannopterum brasilianus	1	9, 10		V
Anhingidae
Anhinga anhinga		9, 10^inv		V
Pelecaniformes
Ardeidae
Tigrisoma lineatum	1	10		V
Ixobrychus exilis	1	8
Nycticorax nycticorax	1	9, 10		V
Butorides striata	1	9, 10		V
Bubulcus ibis		9, 10^inv		V
Ardea cocoi	1	9, 10		V
Ardea alba	1	9, 10		V
Syrigma sibilatrix		9, 10^inv		V
Pilherodius pileatus	1
Egretta thula	1	9, 10		V
Egretta caerulea	1
Threskiornithidae
Plegadis chihi	1
Mesembrinibis cayennensis	1	10		V
Platalea ajaja	1
Cathartiformes
Cathartidae
Cathartes aura	1	9, 10		P
Coragyps atratus	1	8,9,10		P
Sarcoramphus papa		6,9,10^inv		P	EN^SP
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Leptodon cayanensis	1	10		P		Forest
Elanoides forficatus	1
Elanus leucurus		8,9,10^inv		P
Harpagus diodon	1	10		V		Forest
Accipiter poliogaster	1
Accipiter superciliosus	1
Ictinia plumbea	1	9, 10		P
Rostrhamus sociabilis		9, 10^inv		V
Heterospizias meridionalis	1	9, 10		V
Urubitinga urubitinga		10^inv		V
Urubitinga coronata		9^inv		V	EN^IUCN, EN^BR,CR^SP
Rupornis magnirostris	1	9, 10		P
Geranoaetus albicaudatus	1	9, 10		V
Pseudastur polionotus	1		AF			Forest
Buteo brachyurus		9^inv		V
Spizaetus tyrannus	1, 3					Forest
Spizaetus melanoleucus	1
Spizaetus ornatus	1					Forest
Gruiformes
Aramidae
Aramus guarauna		9, 10^inv		V
Rallidae
Aramides cajaneus		9, 10^inv		V
Aramides saracura	1	10	AF	P		Forest
Laterallus melanophaius		10^inv		A
Mustelirallus albicollis	1	9
Pardirallus nigricans	1	9, 10		A
Gallinula galeata	1	8,9,10		P
Porphyrio martinicus	1	9
Charadriiformes
Charadriidae
Vanellus chilensis	1	8,9,10		A,V
Pluvialis dominica	1
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus melanurus	1
Scolopacidae
Gallinago paraguaiae	1
Gallinago undulata	1
Numenius borealis	1
Actitis macularius	1
Tringa solitaria	1
Tringa flavipes	1
Calidris alba	1
Calidris fuscicollis	1
Calidris melanotos	1
Calidris subruficollis	1
Jacanidae
Jacana jacana	1	8,9,10		A,V
Laridae
Chroicocephalus maculipennis	1
Sternidae
Sternula superciliaris	1
Rynchopidae
Rynchops niger	1
Columbiformes
Columbidae
Columbina talpacoti		8,9,10^inv		A,V
Columbina squammata		9, 10^inv		A,V
Claravis pretiosa	1					Forest
Claravis geoffroyi	1		AF		CR^BR	Forest
Columba livia		9^inv		V
Patagioenas picazuro		9, 10^inv		P
Patagioenas cayennensis	1	9, 10		A,V		Forest
Zenaida auriculata	1	8,9,10		A,V
Leptotila verreauxi	1	9, 10		MN,P		Forest
Leptotila rufaxilla	1	9, 10		A		Forest
Geotrygon violacea	1					Forest
Geotrygon montana	1	10		A		Forest
Cuculiformes
Cuculidae
Piaya cayana	1	9, 10		P
Coccyzus melacoryphus	1
Coccyzus euleri		10^inv		P
Crotophaga ani	1	8,9,10		P
Guira guira	1	8,9,10		A,V
Tapera naevia	1	9, 10		R,P		Forest
Dromococcyx phasianellus	1					Forest
Dromococcyx pavoninus		10^inv		A
Strigiformes
Tytonidae
Tyto furcata	1	10		V
Strigidae
Megascops choliba	1	9, 10		A		Forest
Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana	1	10	AF	A		Forest
Strix hylophila	1		AF			Forest
Strix virgata	1					Forest
Glaucidium brasilianum	1
Athene cunicularia		8,9,10^inv		A,V
Asio clamator	1
Asio flammeus	1
Caprimulgiformes
Nyctibiidae
Nyctibius aethereus	1				EN^BR	Forest
Nyctibius griseus	1	9, 10		A		Forest
Caprimulgidae
Nyctiphrynus ocellatus	1					Forest
Antrostomus rufus		9, 10^inv		R
Antrostomus sericocaudatus	1					Forest
Lurocalis semitorquatus	1, 4	10		A,V		Forest
Nyctidromus albicollis	1	9, 10		A,V
Hydropsalis parvula	1	10		A,V
Hydropsalis anomala	1
Hydropsalis maculicaudus	1
Hydropsalis torquata	1	9, 10		P
Hydropsalis forcipata	1		AF
Podager nacunda	1, 4	10		V
Chordeiles minor	1
Apodiformes
Apodidae
Cypseloides fumigatus	1
Cypseloides senex	1
Streptoprocne zonaris	1	9, 10		V
Streptoprocne biscutata	1
Chaetura meridionalis	1	8,9,10		A,V
Trochilidae
Phaethornis squalidus	1		AF
Phaethornis pretrei		9, 10^inv		A,V
Phaethornis eurynome	1	9, 10	AF	A,V		Forest
Campylopterus largipennis	1?
Eupetomena macroura		9, 10^inv		P
Aphantochroa cirrochloris	1					Forest
Florisuga fusca	1	9, 10		A,V
Colibri serrirostris	1	8, 10		P
Anthracothorax nigricollis	1	9
Lophornis magnificus	1					Forest
Lophornis chalybeus	1, 3					Forest
Chlorostilbon lucidus	1	9, 10		P
Thalurania glaucopis	1	9, 10	AF	MN,P		Forest
Leucochloris albicollis	1	9, 10		P		Forest
Amazilia versicolor	1	10		A,V		Forest
Amazilia lactea		9, 10^inv		A,V
Heliodoxa rubricauda	1		AF			Forest
Heliothryx auritus	1
Heliomaster squamosus	1	10		P
Calliphlox amethystina	1
Trogoniformes
Trogonidae
Trogon surrucura	1					Forest
Trogon rufus	1					Forest
Coraciiformes
Alcedinidae
Megaceryle torquata	1	9, 10		A,V
Chloroceryle amazona	1	8,9,10		V
Chloroceryle americana	1	9, 10		V
Momotidae
Baryphthengus ruficapillus	1	10		A,V		Forest
Galbuliformes
Galbulidae
Jacamaralcyon tridactyla	1, 3		AF
Bucconidae
Notharchus swainsoni	1		AF			Forest
Nystalus chacuru	1	9
Malacoptila striata	1	9, 10		MN,P		Forest
Nonnula rubecula	1					Forest
Piciformes
Ramphastidae
Ramphastos toco	1	9, 10		V
Ramphastos dicolorus	1		AF			Forest
Pteroglossus aracari	1					Forest
Picidae
Picumnus cirratus	1	9, 10		A,V		Forest
Picumnus temminckii	1	9, 10	AF	A,V		Forest
Melanerpes candidus	1	8,9,10		A,V
Melanerpes flavifrons	1					Forest
Veniliornis spilogaster	1	9, 10		A,V		Forest
Piculus aurulentus	1		AF			Forest
Colaptes melanochloros	1	9, 10		R
Colaptes campestris	1	8,9,10		A,V
Celeus galeatus	1		AF		EN^BR	Forest
Celeus flavescens	1	9, 10		A,V		Forest
Dryocopus lineatus	1	9, 10		P
Campephilus robustus	1		AF			Forest
Cariamiformes
Cariamidae
Cariama cristata		9, 10^inv		A,V
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Ibycter americanus	1
Caracara plancus	1	9, 10		P
Milvago chimachima	1, 3	9, 10		V
Herpetotheres cachinnans	9	10		A
Micrastur ruficollis	1					Forest
Micrastur semitorquatus		10^inv		A
Falco sparverius	1	9, 10		V
Falco femoralis	1	9, 10		V
Psittaciformes
Psittacidae
Primolius maracana	1					Forest
Psittacara leucophthalmus	1	10		A,V
Aratinga auricapillus	1	10		R
Pyrrhura frontalis	1					Forest
Forpus xanthopterygius	1	9, 10		A,V
Brotogeris tirica		10^inv	AF	A,V
Pionopsitta pileata	1		AF			Forest
Pionus maximiliani	1	9, 10		A,V		Forest
Amazona vinacea	1, 3		AF		VU^BR	Forest
Amazona aestiva		10^inv		A,V
Triclaria malachitacea	1		AF			Forest
Passeriformes
Thamnophilidae
Rhopias gularis	1					Forest
Dysithamnus mentalis		9, 10^inv		A,MN,V
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus	1					Forest
Thamnophilus doliatus		10^inv		P
Thamnophilus ruficapillus	1	10		R
Thamnophilus caerulescens	1	7,9,10		A,MN, V		Forest
Hypoedaleus guttatus	1, 3		AF			Forest
Batara cinerea	1					Forest
Mackenziaena leachii	1		AF			Forest
Mackenziaena severa	1	7,9,10	AF	A,MN,V		Forest
Biatas nigropectus	1		AF			Forest
Myrmoderus squamosus	1	10	AF	A		Forest
Pyriglena leucoptera	1	7,9,10	AF	A,MN,V		Forest
Drymophila ferruginea	1		AF			Forest
Drymophila ochropyga	1		AF			Forest
Drymophila malura	1	7,9,10	AF	R		Forest
Conopophagidae
Conopophaga lineata	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Grallariidae
Grallaria varia	1					Forest
Hylopezus nattereri	1		AF			Forest
Rhinocryptidae
Eleoscytalopus indigoticus	1	9, 10	AF	A		Forest
Formicariidae
Chamaeza campanisona	1					Forest
Scleruridae
Sclerurus scansor	1	WA,XC	AF	R		Forest
Geositta poeciloptera	1		CE		EN^BR
Dendrocolaptidae
Sittasomus griseicapillus	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Xiphorhynchus fuscus	1	7,9,10		A,V		Forest
Campylorhamphus falcularius	1	7,9,10	AF	A,V		Forest
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris		10^inv		V
Lepidocolaptes falcinellus	1	10	AF	V		Forest
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris	1	7,9,10		A		Forest
Xiphocolaptes albicollis	1
Furnariidae
Xenops minutus	1					Forest
Xenops rutilans	1	7, 10		A,V		Forest
Furnarius rufus		8,9,10^inv		A,V
Lochmias nematura	1	7,9,10		A,MN		Forest
Automolus leucophthalmus	1	7,9,10		A,MN		Forest
Anabazenops fuscus	1		AF			Forest
Anabacerthia amaurotis	1		AF			Forest
Anabacerthia lichtensteini	1		AF			Forest
Philydor atricapillus	1	8	AF			Forest
Philydor rufum	1					Forest
Heliobletus contaminatus	1	7, 9	AF			Forest
Syndactyla rufosuperciliata	1	9, 10		A,MN,V		Forest
Phacellodomus ferrugineigula		8, 10^inv	AF	P
Certhiaxis cinnamomeus	1	9, 10		A
Synallaxis ruficapilla	1	7,9,10	AF	A,MN,V		Forest
Synallaxis cinerascens	1		AF			Forest
Synallaxis frontalis		9, 10^inv		MN,P
Synallaxis albescens		9^inv		A
Synallaxis spixi	1	9, 10		A
Cranioleuca pallida	1	7,9,10	AF	A		Forest
Pipridae
Neopelma chrysolophum	1		AF			Forest
Manacus manacus	1					Forest
Ilicura militaris	1					Forest
Chiroxiphia caudata	1	7,9,10	AF	A,MN,V		Forest
Tityridae
Myiobius atricaudus	1					Forest
Schiffornis virescens	1, 5	10	AF	A		Forest
Laniisoma elegans	1	M. Cohn-Haft and A. Whittaker		R	VU^SP	Forest
Tityra inquisitor	1	9				Forest
Tityra cayana	1	7, 9				Forest
Pachyramphus viridis	1	10		A		Forest
Pachyramphus castaneus	1					Forest
Pachyramphus polychopterus		9, 10^inv		A,V
Pachyramphus validus	1	9, 10		A,V
Cotingidae
Pyroderus scutatus	1	7			VU^SP	Forest
Lipaugus lanioides	1		AF			Forest
Procnias nudicollis	1	9	AF		VU^SP	Forest
Pipritidae
Piprites chloris	1					Forest
Platyrinchidae
Platyrinchus mystaceus	1, 5	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Rhynchocyclidae
Mionectes rufiventris	1	7,9,10		A,V		Forest
Leptopogon amaurocephalus	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Corythopis delalandi	1	10		A,MN,V		Forest
Phylloscartes eximius	1		AF			Forest
Phylloscartes ventralis	1	10		R		Forest
Tolmomyias sulphurescens	1	7,9,10		A,V		Forest
Todirostrum poliocephalum		9, 10^inv	AF	A,V
Todirostrum cinereum		9, 10^inv		A,V
Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps	1	7,9,10		A		Forest
Myiornis auricularis	1	10	AF	P		Forest
Hemitriccus diops	1		AF			Forest
Hemitriccus orbitatus	1	10	AF	A		Forest
Hemitriccus nidipendulus	1		AF			Forest
Tyrannidae
Hirundinea ferruginea	1	8,9,10		P
Euscarthmus meloryphus	1
Tyranniscus burmeisteri	1					Forest
Camptostoma obsoletum	1	9, 10		A,V
Elaenia flavogaster	1	8, 10		A,V
Elaenia spectabilis		10^inv		P
Elaenia parvirostris		10^inv		P
Elaenia mesoleuca	1	10		A,V
Elaenia chiriquensis	1
Elaenia obscura	1	10		A,V
Myiopagis caniceps	1					Forest
Myiopagis viridicata	1	9, 10		A,V		Forest
Capsiempis flaveola	1	10		P		Forest
Phaeomyias murina	1
Phyllomyias virescens	1	10	AF	R		Forest
Phyllomyias fasciatus	1	10		A,V		Forest
Culicivora caudacuta	1
Serpophaga nigricans	1
Serpophaga subcristata	1			A,V
Attila rufus	1	7, 10	AF	A,V		Forest
Legatus leucophaius	1
Myiarchus swainsoni	1	7,9,10		P		Forest
Myiarchus ferox		9, 10^inv		P
Myiarchus tyrannulus	1	10		A,V
Sirystes sibilator	1	10		A		Forest
Pitangus sulphuratus	1	8,9,10		A,V
Machetornis rixosa		8,9,10^inv		A,V
Myiodynastes maculatus	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V
Megarynchus pitangua	1, 2	9, 10		A,V
Myiozetetes similis	1	9, 10		A,V
Tyrannus melancholicus	1, 5	8,9,10		A,V
Tyrannus savana	1	8,9,10		P
Empidonomus varius	1	9, 10		P
Conopias trivirgatus	1					Forest
Colonia colonus	1, 5	9, 10		A,V
Myiophobus fasciatus	1	9, 10		A,V
Pyrocephalus rubinus	1	9
Fluvicola albiventer		9^inv		A,V
Fluvicola nengeta		9, 10^inv		A,V
Arundinicola leucocephala		8,9^inv		V
Gubernetes yetapa		8,9,10^inv		V
Alectrurus tricolor	1				VU^BR
Cnemotriccus fuscatus	1					Forest
Lathrotriccus euleri	1	7,9,10		P		Forest
Contopus cinereus	1	10		A,V
Knipolegus cyanirostris	1	10		V
Knipolegus lophotes		9, 10^inv		V
Satrapa icterophrys	1
Xolmis cinereus	1	9, 10		V
Xolmis velatus		8, 10^inv		V
Muscipipra vetula	1, 3	10	AF	V
Vireonidae
Cyclarhis gujanensis	1	9, 10		A,V
Hylophilus amaurocephalus		10^inv		A,V
Hylophilus poicilotis	1	10	AF	A,V		Forest
Vireo olivaceus	1	7,9,10		A,V
Corvidae
Cyanocorax cristatellus	1	10	CE	A,V
Hirundinidae
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca	1	8,9,10		A,V
Alopochelidon fucata	1
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis	1	8,9,10		A,V
Progne tapera		9, 10^inv		V
Progne chalybea	1	8,9,10		A,V
Tachycineta albiventer	1
Tachycineta leucorrhoa	1	9
Troglodytidae
Troglodytes musculus	1	9, 10		A,V
Cistothorus platensis	1
Donacobiidae
Donacobius atricapilla		8,9,10^inv		P
Turdidae
Turdus leucomelas	1	9, 10		A,MN,V
Turdus rufiventris	1	9, 10		A,MN,V
Turdus amaurochalinus	1	9, 10		A,V
Turdus subalaris		10^inv		A
Turdus albicollis	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Mimidae
Mimus saturninus	1	8,9,10		A,V
Motacillidae
Anthus lutescens		9^inv		A,V
Passerellidae
Zonotrichia capensis	1	8,9,10		A,V
Ammodramus humeralis	1	8,9,10		A,V
Arremon semitorquatus	1	7, 10	AF	A,V		Forest
Parulidae
Setophaga pitiayumi	1	7,9,10		A,V		Forest
Geothlypis aequinoctialis	1, 5	8,9,10		A,V
Basileuterus culicivorus	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Myiothlypis flaveola		9, 10^inv		MN,P
Myiothlypis leucoblephara	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Myiothlypis rivularis	1
Icteridae
Psarocolius decumanus	1	10		A,V		Forest
Icterus pyrrhopterus		10^inv		A,V
Gnorimopsar chopi	1
Agelasticus cyanopus		8, 10^inv		P
Chrysomus ruficapillus		9, 10^inv		P
Pseudoleistes guirahuro		9, 10^inv		A,V
Molothrus oryzivorus	1
Molothrus bonariensis	1	9, 10		A,V
Sturnella superciliaris		8,9^inv		A,V
Thraupidae
Pipraeidea melanonota	1	10		V		Forest
Cissopis leverianus	1					Forest
Schistochlamys ruficapillus	1
Tangara seledon	1		AF			Forest
Tangara cyanoventris	1		AF			Forest
Tangara sayaca	1	8,9,10		A,V
Tangara palmarum		9, 10^inv		A,V
Tangara ornata	1		AF
Tangara cayana	1	9, 10		A,V
Nemosia pileata		10^inv		A,V
Conirostrum speciosum		9, 10^inv		R
Sicalis flaveola	1	10		A,V
Haplospiza unicolor	1		AF			Forest
Hemithraupis ruficapilla	1	7, 10	AF	P		Forest
Volatinia jacarina	1	8,9,10		A,V
Trichothraupis melanops	1	7,9,10		A,MN,V		Forest
Coryphospingus cucullatus	1	9, 10		A,V
Tachyphonus coronatus	1	7,9,10		MN,P		Forest
Ramphocelus carbo		10^inv		P
Tersina viridis	1	10		A,V
Dacnis nigripes	1		AF			Forest
Dacnis cayana	1	9, 10		A,V
Coereba flaveola	1	9, 10		A,V
Sporophila lineola		9, 10^inv		A,V
Sporophila caerulescens	1, 5	8,9,10		P
Sporophila leucoptera		10^inv		A,V
Sporophila angolensis	1	10		A,V
Coryphaspiza melanotis	1		CE		EN^BR
Emberizoides herbicola	1	10		A,V
Saltator similis	1	7,8,9,10		A,V		Forest
Saltator fuliginosus	1	10	AF	A,V		Forest
Thlypopsis sordida		9, 10^inv		A,MN,V
Pyrrhocoma ruficeps	1	7,9,10		V		Forest
Cardinalidae
Piranga flava	1	9
Habia rubica	1	7,9,10		A,V		Forest
Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea		10^inv		P
Cyanoloxia brissonii	1	9, 10		V
Fringillidae
Spinus magellanicus	1	9, 10		V
Euphonia chlorotica	1	9, 10		A,V
Euphonia violacea	1
Euphonia chalybea	1		AF
Euphonia cyanocephala	1	10		V		Forest
Euphonia pectoralis	1		AF
Chlorophonia cyanea	1
Estrildidae
Estrilda astrild		9^inv		A,V
Passeridae
Passer domesticus		8,9,10^int		A,V

	ISP	CBSP	INF 1	INF 2	CES	LP	SMSP	BBS
CBSP	0.400
INF 1	0.453	0.587
INF 2	0.583	0.633	0.559
CES	0.551	0.615	0.526	0.417
LP	0.639	0.689	0.578	0.399	0.363
SMSP	0.397	0.548	0.511	0.603	0.572	0.653
BBS	0.320	0.416	0.470	0.581	0.571	0.647	0.462
BRF	0.595	0.626	0.626	0.511	0.458	0.511	0.654	0.622

Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@biotaneotropica.org.br

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[1] * Corresponding author: Vagner Cavarzere, e-mail: vagnera@utfpr.edu.br