Loading [MathJax]/jax/output/SVG/jax.js

Open-access Confirmação molecular de gemelaridade em peixes-boi marinho (Trichechus manatus)

bn Biota Neotropica Biota Neotrop. 1676-0611 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Resumo: Poucos eventos de gemelaridade foram registrados para o peixe-boi marinho (Trichechus manatus, Sirenia: Trichechidae) e nenhum estudo previamente publicado confirmou esse fenômeno com base em ferramentas moleculares. Aqui investigamos um possível caso de gemelaridade em uma ameaçada população brasileira de T. manatus utilizando ferramentas moleculares. Foram analisados dois neonatos machos encontrados encalhados no Ceará, costa nordeste do Brasil. O DNA dos indivíduos foi isolado e 10 loci microsatélites foram amplificados e genotipados. Após a identificação dos alelos, as probabilidades de identidade por descendência (∆7 e ∆8) e relação (rxy) foram calculadas usando estimadores que avaliam endogamia. Os dois indivíduos partilharam a maioria dos alelos, com diferenças nos genótipos sendo identificadas em apenas dois loci. Todos os estimadores identificaram um nível de parentesco compatível com o encontrado entre irmãos (com e sem endogamia), o que aponta para o fato de serem gêmeos dizigóticos. Este é o primeiro caso confirmado de gêmeos fraternais em peixes-boi marinho de vida livre na América do Sul. O reconhecimento deste tipo de gemelaridade fornece elementos para aprimorar ações que visem a reabilitação de animais encalhados e sua posterior soltura ao ambiente. Introduction The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758) is an aquatic mammal which is considered vulnerable to extinction due to the natural processes and anthropogenic impacts that have affected its populations, primarily over the past two centuries (Deutsch et al. 2008). The traditional classification of the species includes two subspecies, one of which is restricted to the Florida peninsula (Trichechus manatus latirostris), and the other to the Caribbean and South America (Trichechus manatus manatus). A recent study found this classification inadequate, pointing to the existence of two Evolutionary Significant Units - ESUs (Ryder 1986), one in the Atlantic (on the Brazilian coast), and the other in the Caribbean, between Venezuela and Florida (Lima et al. 2021). The Brazilian and Guiana populations should be of the highest priority for conservation due to its isolation and high level of differentiation (Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 1998, Vianna et al. 2006, Barros et al. 2017, Lima et al. 2021). Reproductive rates in T. manatus are low, with females reaching sexual maturity from around three years of age, and only begin breeding between five and eight years of age (Marmontel 1995, Oshea&Harty1995).Birthsarealmostvariablyofsingns,followgastationof12-14months(Marmontel1995,Rathbunetal.1995).Thefemastyπcallysectashe<eredenvironment,suchasestuaries,givebirth(Silvaetal.2016).However,theunrega̲tedhumanoupationoftheseenvironments(Borsetal.2007,Silvaetal.2016)hasbeentheprcipalfacradgthehighrateofonatestrandgsonthenortheerncoofBrazil(Meirels2008,Bansieferetal.2017).Reportsoftwsee-ranggWestIndianmanateesarescant,andmonirgdatadicatetˆμ<ipbirthsourextremelyequently(Marmontel1995,Rathbunetal.1995).Recordsoftwngeventsareoftenrestrictedunpublishedreportsanduatethesis,whichlimitsthepotentialforamoresystematicanalysisofthephenomenon,sincethedataisoflimitedaess.Inthepresentstudy,wevestigateararereportofpossibcaseoftwngtwoonateWestIndianmanateesfoundstrandedCearáState,onthenortheerncoofBrazil,contributgabroaderunderstandgofthisphenomenonandosingtheuseofanapplicabmethodologyforfuturesimilarreports.MaterialandMethodsOnOcber15th2014,twomaWestIndianmanatees(Aquasisregisters#02S011165and#02S011166,heredenominatedTma65andTma66,respectively)werefoundstrandedonAgh̲asbeach(04º2313.4S,37º4950.0W)theμnicipalityofFortim,ontheeerncoofCearáState.Thetwo÷alswerefound10metersapart,andhhadumbilicalstumpsandfηlfolds,andweresimilarsizeandweight(Tma65=1.16mand27.3kg;Tma66=1.21mand30.1kg),alldicativestˆtheywerewborn.TheanimalswererescuedbytheAssociationforResearchandthePreservationofAquaticEcosystems(Aquasis)andsentforrehabilitationtheMareMammalRehabilitationCenter(CRMM)Caucaia,CearáState.Durgtherescueandhandlgoftheseanimals,sksampswereobtaedomeach÷altailunderlocalasthetic(lcae2%)usingtheprocoldescribedbyBondeetal(2012).Thesampsweresredethanol90%at-20ºCattheGeticandConservationLaborary,FederalUniversityofPará(UFPA).ThetalDNAwasisolatedusingtheWizardGenomicDNAprocol(PROMEGA),withafalconcentrationof712ngμlforTma65and251ngμlforTma66.TenmicrosatellitelociextensivelyusingwithTrichechus(TmaE08,TmaE11,TmaA09-Garcia-Rodriguezetal.2000,andTmaE1,TmaSC5,TmaJ02,TmaKb60,TmaSC13,TmaE14,TmaE07-Pauseetal.2007)wereamplifiedbyPCR.Theamplifieductswere¬ypedanABI3500XL(AppliedBiosystems)agmentanalyzerandthealswerentifiedusingGeMapper4.1,withthedefat̲parametersandaubs,andspectedvisuallyconfirmthereads.Toestimatetherelatedssofthe÷als,the¬ypesoftwootherrescuedmanateesomthecoofCearáState(#02S011269and#02S011172)werecorporatedothedatabase.Thesefoursampswereanalyzedaspartofabankof55¬ypedWestIndianmanatees(data¬shown)checkforpossib¬yπngerrorsusingtheMicro-Checkersoftware(VanOosteρutetal.2004),andnooftheestimatederrorswereevnt.Priortheanalysis,asiμlationwasruntheCoancestryprogram(Wang2011)determinethebestestimarofrelatedssforthedata.Thissiμlationcludedtwoestimarsofprobability(TrioMLandDyadML),whichconsrbreedg,andtwomomentestimars(WangandLynchLi),whichareapriateforsampsofsmallsize(Wang2011).Atalof10,000¬ypesweresiμlatedbasedontheobservedalequencies,with1,000dyads(pairsof÷als)beganalyzedforeachofthefivecategoriesofrelatedss(unrelated,halfsiblgs,fl̲siblgs,parent-offsprg,andmonozygotictws),asdefedbyBonetal.(2012).Theprobabilitiesofntitybydescent(7and8)andrelatedss(rxy)werecalca̲tedestimatethedegreeofrelatedssbetweenthetwomanateecalves,withthevaluesbegcomparedwiththoseofeachcategoryofrelatedssdefedbyWang(2011).Rest̲sandDiscussionAlsofall10microsatelliteswerentifiedh÷als,whichsharedthesame¬ypesforalmostalltheloci,exceptforTmaE14andTmaE08,forwhichTma65washomozygoushcasesandTma66washeterozygous,alsohcases(Figure1).ThesignalensityfortheTmaE14locuswas24.739RFUfor÷alTma65(alA),and8.916RFUand6.996RFUfor÷alTma66(alsAandB,respectively).FortheTmaE08locus,theensitieswere31.815RFUfor÷alTma65(alC),and22.611RFUand15.705RFUfor÷alTma66(alsCandDrespectively).The¬ypesofthesetwomarkerswereconfirmedbyrepeatgthe¬yπng,withawamplifieduct(additionalamplificationbyPCR),andtheνcotsequencgofthealsofthetwosamps.Figure1Ectropherogramsshowgtheals(A,B,CandD)ofthelociTmaE14(ba)andTmaE08(bb).Thex-aξsdicatesthepositionwhithey-aξsshowsthesignalensityofthentifiedals.TheDyadMLandTrioMLprobabilityestimarwerethemostadequateforthedataset,giventˆtheyreturdthelowestvariances(Tab1),a<houghallfourestimarsprovdhighlysimilarvaluesforthethreeparametersanalyzed,withvaluesof7andrxyofaround0.5,andthoseof8equalzerThecomparisonofthesevalueswiththereferencevaluesdefedbyWang(2011)allowsusrejectthehypothesestˆthetwoanimalsaremonozygotictws(rxy=1.0)orunrelated(rxy=0).Themostadequatecategoryfortheobservedrxyvaluewassibs,withandwithoutbreedg(selfedoutbredsibsandfl̲-sibs,respectively),orbetweenparent-offsprg.Thelaerrelationshipwasdiscarded,giventˆh÷alswerewborn.The7and8valuesdicatetheourrenceofbreedgthepopa̲tion.Itisimportant¬eheretˆtherelatedssprobabilityvaluesfordizygotictwsarethesameasthoseforfl̲siblgs,giventˆthelaeralsoorigateomdistctgametesucedbythesameparents.Overall,then,thesefdgs,therwiththemorphometricdataandtheestimatedasofthe÷alsatthetimingoftheirstrandg,dicatetˆthetwomanateecalvesaredizygotic(aternal)tws.Tab1Variancerecordedthesiμlationof1.000dyadsforeachofthefivecategoriesofrelatedss,andtheprobabilitiesofntitybydescent(7and8)andrelatedss(rxy)betweenTma65andTma66recordedbyeachestimar.TheLynchLiestimardoes¬provprobabilitiesofntitybydescent(7and8).EstimarVarianceΔ7Δ8rxyDyadML0.114410.52600.00000.4332TrioML0.114740.53930.00000.5393LynchLi0.217320.6854Wang0.218580.48950.00000.7160Thisisthefirstpublishedreportoftheuseofmoca̲rolsconfirmtwngtheWestIndianmanateeaswellasdeterminethetypeoftwsobserved.Inadditionthefacttˆμ<ipbirthsareextremelyrarethisspecies(Rathbunetal.1995),thesiμ<aousstrandgoftwofantsisanevenrarerevent,whichreforcestheexceptionalnatureoftherecordpresentedhere.DataonpossibtwngeventsT.manatusareveryscantral,andmanycasesmayonlybeavailabunpublishedreports,whichlimitsaemptscomprehendthebroaderscenariExampofthisarethethesesofBonde(2009)andLuna(2013),whichpresentedevnceoftwngeventsee-livgmanateesFlorandarehabilitationcenternortheernBrazil,respectively.Whitherelatedssofthetwswasconfirmedusingmoca̲rols(microsatellites,hcases),thesedatahaveyetbepublished.Otherevnceconfirmingtwstationsandμ<ipbirthsbasedoncarcassanalyseswerepublishedFlormorethantwodecadesago(Marmontel1995,Rathbunetal.1995).Theconfirmationoftwngee-ranggaquaticmammalsbasedonmonirgandcroψes,whirelativelyequent,isverthessoasionalandoftenimise(IJsseldijketal.2014,Davisonetal.2016).Estimatesoftwngratessireniansarevariablylow,with1.4-4.0%ofthepregnantfemaT.m.latirostriscarcassescroψedFlorbeargtws(Marmontel1995,Rathbunetal.1995).Inthedugong(Dugongdugong),theonlyrecordisofaee-ranggfemabegaompaniedbytwocalves(Lanyonetal.2009),a<houghitwas¬knownwhethertheywerefactsiblgs.Anyestimatesbasedonobservationsareobviouslyv̲rabbehavioralphenomena,suchasadoptions(volvgabandodororphadfants),aswellasschicevents,suchasthedeathofoofthefetusesoronates(Meirelsetal.2016).IntheAntarcticfurseal(Arccephalusgazella),forexamp,themoca̲ranalysisofposedtwsconfirmedcasesofaternaltwng,butalsoreveadadoptionsandevenheteropaternity(Bonetal.2012,Hoffman&Forcada2009).AdoptioncaseshavealreadybeenrecordedtiveWestIndianmanateesBrazil(Luna&Passavante2010).Thisreforcestheedformoca̲ranalyses,liketˆpresentedhere,associatedwithlong-termmonirg,confirmtheourrenceoftwngeventsandprovestimatesoftheirequency,whichwillbeimportantforthebeerunderstandgofthesocialstructureandbehaviorofthespecies.Thepresentstudyhasalsovaltedtheviabilityoftheuseofticolsofbiparentalheritanceandmanateerescuedataconfirmtheourrenceoftwngthesemammals,aswellasntifygthetypeoftws.Theapplicationofthismoca̲rapproachatthepopa̲tionvelmakesitpossibclarifytherelatedssbetween÷alsandalsoallowsthequantificationofbreedgrates.ThesefdgswillprovvaluabsightsothereuctiveanddemograϕcparametersoftheendanredBrazilianpopa̲tionofWestIndianmanatees,whichistically(Limaetal.2021),cytically,andmorphologically(Barrosetal.2017)distctomtheotherpopa̲tions,whichwillbeimportantforthedevelo±entofadequatemanamentstrategies.ThereliabdeterminationoftherelatedssofmanateesrehabilitationwillbeessentialfortheadequateplagofongogreasestrategiesonthenortheerncoofBrazil(Lunaetal.2012).Asthestrandgofonatesisooftheprcipalthreatsthemanateepopa̲tionoftheBrazilianco(Meirels2008,Bansieferetal.2017),therecognitionoftwsrescued÷alsmayalsocontributeabeerunderstandgofthefacrsdrivgcalfstrandgsprocess,suchastheexperienceoracityofthemotherdurgthepuerperium,especiallyfollowgμ<ipbirths.AcknowdgmentsThisstudywasportedbyPetrobrasthroughtheManatiProject-PetrobrasSocioambiental.Theauthorsaregratef̲theBrazilianNationalCouncilforScientificandTechnologicalDevelo±ent(CNPq:JA-processes3124042019-0and4390402018-3,andPSR-process3115392019-0),andtheCrdationforHigherEducationPersoelTrag(CAPES:PSR-process88881.3373982019-01).Wealsowod̲likethanktheanonymousreviewersfortheirhelpf̲putandDr.StephenFerrariandDr.GabrielMelo-Sansfortheircarefr̲eviewofthismaνscript.ReferencesBALENSIEFER,D.C.,AADEMO,F.L.N.,SOUSA,G.P.,FREIRE,A.C.DAB.,DACUNHA,F.A.G.C.,ALENCAR,A.E.B.,SILVA,F.J.DEL.&LUNA,F.DEO.2017.ThreeDecadesofAntilanManatee(Trichechusmanatusmanatus)StrandgAlongtheBrazilianCo.Trop.Conserv.Sci.10194008291772837.BALENSIEFERD.CAADEMOF.L.NSOUSAG.PFREIREA.C.DABDACUNHAF.A.G.CALENCARA.E.BSILVAF.J.DELLUNAF.DEO2017ThreeDecadesofAntilanManatee(Trichechusmanatusmanatus)StrandgAlongtheBrazilianCoTrop.Conserv.Sci10194008291772837BAOS,H.M.D.DOR.,MEIRELLES,A.C.O.,LUNA,F.O.,MARMONTEL,M.,CORDEIRO-ESTRELA,P.,SANTOS,N.,&ASTÚA,D.2017.Cranialandchromosomalograϕcvariationmanatees(Mammalia:Sirenia:Tricheχdae)withthedescriptionoftheAntilanmanateekaryotypeBrazil.JournalofZlogicalSystematicsandEvolutionaryResearch,55(1),73-87.hps:/doi.org10.1111/jzs.12153BAOSH.M.D.DORMEIRELLESA.C.OLUNAF.OMARMONTELMCORDEIRO-ESTRELAPSANTOSNASTÚAD2017Cranialandchromosomalograϕcvariationmanatees(Mammalia:Sirenia:Tricheχdae)withthedescriptionoftheAntilanmanateekaryotypeBrazilJournalofZlogicalSystematicsandEvolutionaryResearch5517387hps:/doi.org10.1111/jzs.12153BONDE,R.K.2009.Popa̲tionticsandconservationoftheFlormanatee:P,present,andfuture.ProQuestDiss.Theses,UniversityofFlor,Flor.BONDER.K2009Popa̲tionticsandconservationoftheFlormanatee:P,present,andfutureProQuestDiss.ThesesUniversityofFlor,FlorBONDE,R.K.,GAE,A.,BELANGER,M.,ASKIN,N.,TAN,L.,&WINICH,C.2012.Biomedicalhea<hassessmentsoftheFlormanateeCrystalRiverprovgopportunitiesfortragdurgtheture,handlg,andprocessingofthisendanredaquaticmammal.JMarAnimEcol,5(2),17-28.BONDER.KGAEABELANGERMASKINNTANLWINICHC2012Biomedicalhea<hassessmentsoftheFlormanateeCrystalRiverprovgopportunitiesfortragdurgtheture,handlg,andprocessingofthisendanredaquaticmammalJMarAnimEcol521728BONIN,C.A.,GOEBEL,M.E.,OCOY-CROWE,G.M.&BURTON,R.S.2012.Twsor¬?GeticanalysisofputativetwsAntarcticfurseals,Arccephalusgazella,ontheSouthShetlandIslands.J.Exp.Mar.BiEcol.41213-19.BONINC.AGOEBELM.EOCOY-CROWEG.MBURTONR.S2012Twsor¬?GeticanalysisofputativetwsAntarcticfurseals,Arccephalusgazella,ontheSouthShetlandIslandsJ.Exp.Mar.BiEcol4121319BORGES,J.C.G.,VERGARA-PARENTE,J.E.,ALVITE,C.M.D.C.,MARCONDES,M.C.C.,LIMA,R.P.D.2007.Emˉcaçõesmorizadas:umaameaçaaospeixes-boimarhos(Trichechusmanatus)noBrasil.BιNeotroπca7:199-204.hps:/doi.org10.1590/S1676-06032007000300021BORGESJ.C.GVERGARA-PARENTEJ.EALVITEC.M.D.CMARCONDESM.C.CLIMAR.P.D2007Emˉcaçõesmorizadas:umaameaçaaospeixes-boimarhos(Trichechusmanatus)noBrasilBιNeotroπca7199204hps:/doi.org10.1590/S1676-06032007000300021DAVISON,N.J.,TENDOESCHATE,M.T.I.,DAGLEISH,M.P.,READ,F.L.,REID,R.J.,FOSTER,G.,BROWNLOW,A.&BARLEY,J.2016.TwfoetusesanAtlanticwhite-sddolϕn(Lanorhynchusacutus)strandedonthecoofScotland,UK.J.Mar.Biol.Assoc.UnitedKgdom96(04):841-844.DAVISONN.JTENDOESCHATEM.T.IDAGLEISHM.PREADF.LREIDR.JFOSTERGBROWNLOWABARLEYJ2016TwfoetusesanAtlanticwhite-sddolϕn(Lanorhynchusacutus)strandedonthecoofScotland,UKJ.Mar.Biol.Assoc.UnitedKgdom9604841844DEUTSCH,C.J.,SELF-SULIVAN,C.&MIGNUI-GIAONI,A.2008.Trichechusmanatus:WestdianManatee.IUCNRedListThreat.Speciese.T22103A936.DEUTSCHC.JSELF-SULIVANCMIGNUI-GIAONIA2008Trichechusmanatus:WestdianManatee.IUCNRedListThreatSpeciese.T22103A936GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ,A.I.,BOWEN,B.W.,DOMNING,D.,MIGNUI-GIAONI,A.A.,MARMONTEL,M.,MONTOYA-OSPINA,R.A.,MORALES-VELA,B.,RUDIN,M.,R.K.BONDE,R.K.&MCGUIRE,P.M.1998.PhylogeographyoftheWestIndianmanatee(Trichechusmanatus):howmanypopa̲tionsandhowmanytaxa?Mol.Ecol.,7(9),1137-1149.GARCIA-RODRIGUEZA.IBOWENB.WDOMNINGDMIGNUI-GIAONIA.AMARMONTELMMONTOYA-OSPINAR.AMORALES-VELABRUDINMR.K.BONDER.KMCGUIREP.M1998PhylogeographyoftheWestIndianmanatee(Trichechusmanatus):howmanypopa̲tionsandhowmanytaxa?Mol.Ecol7911371149GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ,A.I.,MORAGA-AMADOR,D.,FARMERIE,W.,MCGUIRE,P.,KING,T.L.2000.IsolationandcharacterizationofmicrosatelliteDNAmarkerstheFlormanatee(Trichechusmanatuslatirostris)andtheirapplicationsectedSirenianspecies.Mol.Ecol.9:2161-2163.GARCIA-RODRIGUEZA.IMORAGA-AMADORDFARMERIEWMCGUIREPKINGT.L2000IsolationandcharacterizationofmicrosatelliteDNAmarkerstheFlormanatee(Trichechusmanatuslatirostris)andtheirapplicationsectedSirenianspeciesMol.Ecol921612163HOFFMAN,J.I.&FORCADA,J.2009.Geticanalysisoftwngantarcticfurseals(Arccephalusgazella).J.Mammal.90(3):621-628.HOFFMANJ.IFORCADAJ2009Geticanalysisoftwngantarcticfurseals(Arccephalusgazella)J.Mammal903621628IJSSELDIJK,L.L.,GRÖNE,A.,HIEMSTRA,S.,HOEKENDIJK,J.&BEGEMAN,L.2014.ARecordofTwFetusesaHarborPorpoise(Phocoenaphocoena)StrandedontheDutchCo.Aquat.Mamm.40(4):394-397.IJSSELDIJKL.LGRÖNEAHIEMSTRASHOEKENDIJKJBEGEMANL2014ARecordofTwFetusesaHarborPorpoise(Phocoenaphocoena)StrandedontheDutchCoAquat.Mamm404394397LANYON,J.M.,SNEATH,H.L.,OVENDEN,J.R.,BRODERICK,D.&BONDE,R.K.2009.Seξngsirenians:Valtionofvisualandmoca̲rsexdeterminationhwilddugongs(Dugongdugon)andFlormanatees(Trichechusmanatuslatirostris).Aquat.Mamm.35(2):187-192.LANYONJ.MSNEATHH.LOVENDENJ.RBRODERICKDBONDER.K2009Seξngsirenians:Valtionofvisualandmoca̲rsexdeterminationhwilddugongs(Dugongdugon)andFlormanatees(Trichechusmanatuslatirostris)Aquat.Mamm352187192LIMA,C.S.,MAGALHÃES,R.F.&SANTOS,F.R.2021.Conservationissuesusingdiscordanttaxonomicandevolutionaryunits:acasestudyoftheAmericanmanatee(Trichechusmanatus,Sirenia).Wildl.Res48(5),385-392.LIMAC.SMAGALHÃESR.FSANTOSF.R2021Conservationissuesusingdiscordanttaxonomicandevolutionaryunits:acasestudyoftheAmericanmanatee(Trichechusmanatus,Sirenia)Wildl.Res485385392LUNA,F.M.&PASSAVANTE,J.Z.O.2010.ProjePeixe-boiICMBio:30anosdeconservaçãodeumaespécieameaçada.ICMBio,Brasília.p.108.LUNAF.MPASSAVANTEJ.Z.O2010ProjePeixe-boiICMBio:30anosdeconservaçãodeumaespécieameaçadaICMBioBrasília108LUNA,F.O.,BONDE,R.K.,AADEMO,F.L.N.,SAUNDERS,J.W.,MEIGS-FRIEND,G.,PASSAVANTE,J.Z.O.,&HUNTER,M.E.2012.PhylogeograϕcimplicationsforreaseofcriticallyendanredmanateecalvesrescuedNortheBrazil.Aquat.Conserv.:Mar.Freshw.Ecosyst.22(5),665-672.hps:/doi.org10.1002/aqc.2260LUNAF.OBONDER.KAADEMOF.L.NSAUNDERSJ.WMEIGS-FRIENDGPASSAVANTEJ.Z.OHUNTERM.E2012PhylogeograϕcimplicationsforreaseofcriticallyendanredmanateecalvesrescuedNortheBrazilAquat.Conserv.:Mar.Freshw.Ecosyst225665672hps:/doi.org10.1002/aqc.2260LUNA,F.O.2013Popa̲tionticsandconservationstrategiesfortheWestIndianmanatee(TrichechusmanatusLnaeus,1758)Brazil.TesededouradUniversdeFederaldePernambuco,Recife236pp.LUNAF.O2013Popa̲tionticsandconservationstrategiesfortheWestIndianmanatee(TrichechusmanatusLnaeus,1758)BrazilTesededouradoUniversdeFederaldePernambucoRecife236MARMONTEL,M.1995.AandreuctionfemaFlormanatees.InPopa̲tionBiologyoftheFlorManatee(T.J.Oshea,B.B.Ackerman,F.Percival,eds).Flor:NationalBiologicalServiceInformationandReport1,p.98-119.MARMONTELM1995AandreuctionfemaFlormanateesInPopa̲tionBiologyoftheFlorManateeOsheaT.JAckermanB.BPercivalFFlorNationalBiologicalServiceInformationandReport198119MEIRELLES,A.C.O.2008.MortalityoftheAntilanmanatee,Trichechusmanatusmanatus,CearáState,north-eernBrazil.J.Mar.Biol.Assoc.UnitedKgdom88(6):1133-1137.MEIRELLESA.C.O2008MortalityoftheAntilanmanatee,Trichechusmanatusmanatus,CearáState,north-eernBrazilJ.Mar.Biol.Assoc.UnitedKgdom88611331137MEIRELLES,A.C.O.,MARMONTEL,M.,MOBLEY,R.S.S.L.2016.Biologia.In:MeirelsACandCarvalhoVL(Eds),WestIndianManateeBiologyandConservationBrazilPeixe-boiMarhoBiologiaeConservaçãonoBrasil,SãoPao̲:Bambuediraeartesgráficas,p.29-47.MEIRELLESA.C.OMARMONTELMMOBLEYR.S.S.L2016BiologiaMeirelsACCarvalhoVLWestIndianManateeBiologyandConservationBrazilPeixe-boiMarhoBiologiaeConservaçãonoBrasilSãoPao̲Bambuediraeartesgráficas2947OSHEA, T.J. & HARTLEY, W.C. 1995. Reproduction and Early-age Survival of Manatees at Blue Spring, Upper St. Johns River, Florida. In Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (T.J. O’shea, B.B. Ackerman,F. Percival, eds). Florida: National Biological Service Information and Report 1, p.157-170. O`SHEA T.J HARTLEY W.C 1995 Reproduction and Early-age Survival of Manatees at Blue Spring, Upper St. Johns River, Florida In Population Biology of the Florida Manatee O’shea T.J Ackerman B.B Percival F Florida National Biological Service Information and Report 1 157 170 PAUSE, K.C., NOURISSON, C., CLARK, A., KELLOGG, M.E., BONDE, R.K. & MCGUIRE, P.M. 2007. Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Mol. Ecol. Notes 7(6):1073-1076. PAUSE K.C NOURISSON C CLARK A KELLOGG M.E BONDE R.K MCGUIRE P.M 2007 Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) Mol. Ecol. Notes 7 6 1073 1076 RATHBUN, G.B., REID, J.P., BONDE, R.K., POWELL, J.A. 1995. Reproduction in free- ranging West Indian Manatees (Trichechus manatus). In Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (T.J. O’shea, B.B. Ackerman, F. Percival, eds). National Biological Service Information and Report 1, p.135-156. RATHBUN G.B REID J.P BONDE R.K POWELL J.A 1995 Reproduction in free- ranging West Indian Manatees (Trichechus manatus) In Population Biology of the Florida Manatee O’shea T.J Ackerman B.B Percival F National Biological Service Information and Report 1 135 156 RYDER, O. A. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1(1), 9-10. RYDER O. A 1986 Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies Trends Ecol. Evol 1 1 9 10 SILVA, C.P.N., MEIRELLES, A.C.O., UMEZAKI, J. 2016. Threats. In: Meirelles ACO & Carvalho VL (eds) West Indian manatee: Biology and Conservation in Brazil. Aquasis. Bambu Editora e Artes Gráficas, São Paulo, p.176. SILVA C.P.N MEIRELLES A.C.O UMEZAKI J 2016 Threats Meirelles ACO Carvalho VL West Indian manatee: Biology and Conservation in Brazil. Aquasis Bambu Editora e Artes Gráficas São Paulo 176 VAN OOSTERHOUT, C., HUTCHINSON, W. F., WILLS, D. P., & SHIPLEY, P. (2004). MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 4(3), 535-538. VAN OOSTERHOUT C HUTCHINSON W. F WILLS D. P SHIPLEY P 2004 MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data Mol. Ecol. Notes 4 3 535 538 VIANNA, J. A., BONDE, R. K., CABALLERO, S., GIRALDO, J. P., LIMA, R. P., CLARK, A., MARMONTEL, M., MORALES-VELA, B., SOUZA, M.J., PARR, L., RODRÍGUEZ-LOPEZ. M. S., MIGNUCCI-GIANNONI, A. A., POWELL. J. A. & SANTOS, F. R. 2006. Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: implications for manatee conservation. Mol. Ecol. 15(2), 433-447. VIANNA J. A BONDE R. K CABALLERO S GIRALDO J. P LIMA R. P CLARK A MARMONTEL M MORALES-VELA B SOUZA M.J PARR L RODRÍGUEZ-LOPEZ M. S MIGNUCCI-GIANNONI A. A POWELL J. A SANTOS F. R 2006 Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: implications for manatee conservation Mol. Ecol 15 2 433 447 WANG, J. 2011. Coancestry: A program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11(1):141-145. WANG J 2011 Coancestry: A program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients Mol. Ecol. Resour 11 1 141 145
location_on
Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@biotaneotropica.org.br
rss_feed Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS
Acessibilidade / Reportar erro