Phylogeography of the white-crowned parrot (<i>Pionus senilis</i>)

Rivera-Arroyo, Ricardo Canek; Escalante-Pliego, Patricia; Aguilar-Torres, Damián; Úbeda-Olivas, Milton F.

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2022-1382

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Article • Biota Neotrop. 22 (04) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2022-1382 copy

Phylogeography of the white-crowned parrot (Pionus senilis)

Filogeografia do maitaca-de-testa-branca (Pionus senilis)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The white-crowned parrot Pionus senilis (von Spix, 1824) is distributed throughout Middle America, inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico coastal area from Tamaulipas (Mexico) to northern Panama. We used mitochondrial data (COI, ND2 and ND4) from 55 specimens to infer phylogenetic relationships, and analyzed the phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity, divergence periods, and historical demography to explore phylogeographic patterns. We found three divergent lineages: two geographically separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the third, in Costa Rica by the Nicaragua Depression. The analysis of molecular variance and statistical analyses were consistent with genetically distinct populations. The Central American lineage diverged 1.33 million years ago, whereas the other two lines branched off 1.19 million years ago. This phylogenetic pattern has been reported in other species of Middle American birds.

Keywords
Psittacidae; genetic structure; conservation genetics

Country	State	Locality	Samples	ID	Latitude	Longitude
Mexico	Tamaulipas	El Cielo	9	RCRA1 – RCRA3, RCRA25 – RCRA30	23.024	−99.148
Mexico	San Luis Potosí	El Naranjo	2	RCRA4, RCRA5	22.572	−99.343
Mexico	San Luis Potosí	Aquismon	1	RCRA6	21.624	−99.028
Mexico	San Luis Potosí	Xilitla	2	RCRA7, RCRA8	21.375	−99.990
Mexico	San Luis Potosí	Santos	1	RCRA9	21.572	−99.961
Mexico	Oaxaca	Chalchijalpan	3	RCRA14 – RCRA16	17.057	−94.656
Mexico	Chiapas	Tecpatan	3	RCRA17 – RCRA19	17.137	−93.318
Mexico	Tabasco	Tenosique	5	RCRA20 – RCRA24	17.256	−91.133
Honduras	Copán	Macaw Mountain	11	Hon-23 – Hon-33	14.851	−89.154
Nicaragua	Jinotega	Wiwili	10	Nica 13-1, Nica 14-2, Nica 15-4, Nica 16-3, Nica 17-5, Nica 18-6, Nica 19-7, Nica 20-8, Nica 21-9, Nica 22-10	13.584	−85.803
Costa Rica	Alajuela	Zoo Ave	12	Avezoo1 – Avezoo 12	10.012	−88.276

Gene fragment	N	Nt	H	S	Hd	Pi	Dt	Fu y Li	Fs fu
COI	60	677	4	12	0.655	0.00297	0.90837	1.23	1.53
ND2	56	767	4	12	0.674	0.00222	0.90837	1.04	1.23
ND4	58	778	3	10	0.627	0.00283	2.488	1.14	1,21
Concatenated	55	2222	5	34	0.706	0.00254	1.412	1.64	1.65

		%	F_ST	G_ST	N_ST
Northern	Southern	0.4%	0.956	0.785	0.956
Northern	Central	0.3%	0.904	0.793	0.904
Southern	Central	0.5%	0.992	0.894	0.992

Source	df	SS	Components variation	% variation
Among groups	2	1687.759	45.610	99.5
Among populations within groups	8	4.136	0.085	0.32
Within groups	49	6.889	0.14	0.18
Total	59	1698.78	45.835	100%

Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
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[1] * Corresponding author: tilmatura@ib.unam.mx