Bonow et al., 2013/Brazil |
Double-blind RCT |
Public School; Pelotas, Brazil |
1.23% APF gel; DFL, Brazil (n = 30) |
Every week for 8 weeks |
Placebo gel (n = 29) |
Subjects were given toothbrushes and fluoridated dentifrice (1,100 ppm NaF) |
Clinical: DMFS (RR) |
The equivalence of treatments was shown. The use of the APF gel showed no additional benefits |
Du et al., 2011/China |
RCT |
After orthodontic treatment; Wuhan University |
5% NaF varnish; Duraphat Colgate Oral Pharmaceutical, USA (n = 47) |
Every month during the first 6 months after debonding |
Placebo solution (Saline solution) (n = 49) |
Standard tooth cleaning and oral hygiene instruction (toothbrushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste) |
DIAGNOdent (Mean ± SD) |
Topical fluoride varnish application is effective in reversing WSLs after debonding |
Ebrahimi et al., 2017/Iran |
Single-blind RCT |
School of Dentistry; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences |
2% Neutral NaF gel; Sultan Healthcare Inc., USA (n = 20) |
3 times over 10 days |
No treatment (n = 20) |
All subjects were instructed to brush twice daily using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste (1100 ppmF) |
Photographic assessment: Area mm2 and |
3 times NaF application over 10 days was effective in reducing area and increasing mineral content of WSLs in children, whereas the control group did not show any significant improvement |
Mineral content |
(Mean ± SD) |
He et al., 2016/China |
Single-blind RCT |
After orthodontic treatment; Sichuan University |
5% NaF varnish; Duraphat Colgate Oral Pharmaceutical, USA (n = 69) |
Once a month for 6 months |
Placebo paste (fluoride-free deliquescent toothpaste) (n = 72) |
Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day using the same commercial fluoride toothpaste and toothbrush |
QLF: ΔQ mm2x% |
Daily use of fluoride toothpaste and oral hygiene education can support enamel remineralization, and treatment with fluoride varnish can induce remineralization after orthodontic therapy |
(Mean ± SD) |
Huang et al., 2013/USA |
Single-blind RCT |
After orthodontic treatment; Private and general dentistry offices |
5% NaF varnish; PreviDent Colgate Oral Pharmaceutical, USA (n = 40) |
Single application at the beginning of the study |
Usual home care oral hygiene |
All subjects received oral hygiene instructions and a packet with fluoride toothpaste (1100 ppmF), toothbrush, and dental floss |
Photographic assessment: Percentage of area affected |
Fluoride varnish does not appear to be more effective than normal home care for improving the appearance of WSL over 8 weeks |
(n = 41) |
(Mean ± SD) |
Mendes et al., 2018/Brazil |
RCT |
Municipal elementary Schools; Botucatu, Brazil |
1.23% APF gel; DFL, Brazil; |
Twice at a one-week interval |
Placebo paste |
Subjects received clinical examination once a month for 3 months, and oral hygiene instructions with use of fluoride toothpaste (1450 ppmF) |
DIAGNOdent |
Remineralization effect of WSL can be improved when casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate is applied in combination with fluoride |
(n = 20) |
(n = 20) |
(Median (1st; 3rd quartiles)) |
Singh et al., 2016/India |
RCT |
After orthodontic treatment |
5% NaF varnish; Fluoritop-SR ICPA Health Products Ltd., India (n = 13) |
Single application |
1.000 ppmF toothpaste; Colgate-Palmolive Company, USA (n = 14) |
Subjects were advised to brush their teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste (1000 ppmF) |
DIAGNOdent |
Use of 5% NaF varnish in addition to twice-daily use of 1000 ppmF toothpaste had no additional beneficial effect in remineralization of post-orthodontic WSLs |
(Mean ± SD) |
and Clinical: Boyd score |
(Mean ± SD) |
Tranaeus et al., 2001/Sweden |
Single-blind RCT |
Institute of Odontology; |
Fluoride varnish; Fluor |
At study start, after 1 week and then four times, every 6 week for 6 months |
Professional tooth cleaning |
Subjects received oral hygiene instruction to brush for 2 min using Bass technique with fluoride dentifrice (1450 ppmF) twice a day, and counselling on dietary habits |
QLF Changes in lesion area and average change in fluorescence |
Measurements after 6 months showed that repeated fluoride applications had a favorable effect on remineralisation of WSL |
Karolinska Institutet |
Protector Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein |
(n = 18) |
(Mean ± SEM) |
|
(n = 13) |
|
|
Truin and van’t Hof, 2007/Netherlands |
Double-blind RCT |
Three dental clinics; |
1% Neutral NaF gel (n = 161) |
8 semiannual periods |
Placebo gel (n = 161) |
Regular preventive treatment included oral hygiene instruction, followed by supervised tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste |
Clinical: Marthaler criteria |
Professionally applied fluoride gel showed no statistically significant caries-inhibiting effect on both enamel and dentin lesions in permanent dentition of low-caries children |
The Netherlands |
(Mean % ± SE) |
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