bor
Brazilian Oral Research
Braz. oral res.
1806-8324
1807-3107
Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica - SBPqO
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Em restaurações metálicas, a polimerização dos cimentos resinosos duais depende exclusivamente da ativação química. Há poucas pesquisas sobre o efeito da supressão da fotoativação na resistência desses cimentos. Este estudo avaliou a influência de métodos de ativação na resistência à tração diametral (RTD) de cimentos resinosos duais. Pastas base e catalisadora do Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X e Enforce foram espatuladas e inseridas em matrizes metálicas cilíndricas (4 x 2 mm). Os cimentos foram: 1) não fotoativados (ativação química = grupos quimicamente ativados) ou 2) fotoativados através de tira de poliéster (ativação química e foto = grupos duais) (n = 10). Após armazenamento por 24 horas em água destilada a 37ºC, os espécimes foram submetidos a forças de compressão. Um cimento resinoso de ativação química (Cement-It) e um de fosfato de zinco serviram como grupos controle. Foram feitas as seguintes comparações: 1) entre os métodos de ativação (grupos quimicamente ativados e grupos duais), para cada cimento resinoso dual, por meio do testet de Student; 2) entre os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos resinosos duais e os grupos controle, empregando-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey (alfa = 0,05). Os grupos duais do Scotchbond Resin Cement (53,3 MPa), Variolink II (48,4 MPa) e Rely X (51,6 MPa) tiveram maior RTD do que os seus grupos quimicamente ativados (44,6; 40,4 e 44,5 MPa, respectivamente) (p < 0,05). Para o Enforce (48,5 e 47,8 MPa) e para o Panavia F (44,0 e 43,3 MPa), não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de ativação (p > 0,05). Os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos duais apresentaram RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (44,1 MPa) (p > 0,05), e maior que a do fosfato de zinco (4,2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II e Rely X dependeram da fotoativação para alcançar valores máximos de RTD. Na ausência de luz, todos os cimentos duais apresentaram maior RTD que a do fosfato de zinco, e RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (p > 0,05).
DENTAL MATERIALS
Influence of activation modes on diametral tensile strength of dual-curing resin cements
Influência dos métodos de ativação na resistência à tração diametral de cimentos resinosos duais
Renata Garcia FonsecaI; Juliana Gomes dos SantosII; Gelson Luis AdaboIII
IPhD, Assistant Professor of Dental Materials Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University
IIPhD Student, Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília
IIIPhD, Associate Professor of Dental Materials Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University
ABSTRACT
In metallic restorations, the polymerization of dual-curing resin cements depends exclusively on chemical activation. The effect of the lack of photoactivation on the strength of these cements has been rarely studied. This study evaluated the influence of activation modes on the diametral tensile strength (DTS) of dual-curing resin cements. Base and catalyst pastes of Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X and Enforce were mixed and inserted into cylindrical metal moulds (4 x 2 mm). Cements were either: 1) not exposed to light (chemical activation = self-cured groups) or 2) photoactivated through mylar strips (chemical and photo-activation = dual-cured groups) (n = 10). After a 24 h storage in 37ºC distilled water, specimens were subjected to compressive load in a testing machine. A self-curing resin cement (Cement-It) and a zinc phosphate cement served as controls. Comparative analyses were performed: 1) between the activation modes for each dual-curing resin cement, using Students t test; 2) among the self-cured groups of the dual-curing resin cements and the control groups, using one-way ANOVA and Tukeys test (a = 0.05). The dual-cured groups of Scotchbond Resin Cement (53.3 MPa), Variolink II (48.4 MPa) and Rely X (51.6 MPa) showed higher DTS than that of self-cured groups (44.6, 40.4 and 44.5 MPa respectively) (p < 0.05). For Enforce (48.5 and 47.8 MPa) and Panavia F (44.0 and 43.3 MPa), no significant difference was found between the activation modes (p > 0.05). The self-cured groups of all the dual-curing resin cements presented statistically the same DTS as that of Cement-It (44.1 MPa) (p > 0.05), and higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate (4.2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X depended on photoactivation to achieve maximum DTS. In the absence of light, all the dual-curing resin cements presented higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate and statistically the same as that of Cement-It (p > 0.05).
Descriptors: Resin cements; Tensile strength; Dental materials.
RESUMO
Em restaurações metálicas, a polimerização dos cimentos resinosos duais depende exclusivamente da ativação química. Há poucas pesquisas sobre o efeito da supressão da fotoativação na resistência desses cimentos. Este estudo avaliou a influência de métodos de ativação na resistência à tração diametral (RTD) de cimentos resinosos duais. Pastas base e catalisadora do Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X e Enforce foram espatuladas e inseridas em matrizes metálicas cilíndricas (4 x 2 mm). Os cimentos foram: 1) não fotoativados (ativação química = grupos quimicamente ativados) ou 2) fotoativados através de tira de poliéster (ativação química e foto = grupos duais) (n = 10). Após armazenamento por 24 horas em água destilada a 37ºC, os espécimes foram submetidos a forças de compressão. Um cimento resinoso de ativação química (Cement-It) e um de fosfato de zinco serviram como grupos controle. Foram feitas as seguintes comparações: 1) entre os métodos de ativação (grupos quimicamente ativados e grupos duais), para cada cimento resinoso dual, por meio do testet de Student; 2) entre os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos resinosos duais e os grupos controle, empregando-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey (a = 0,05). Os grupos duais do Scotchbond Resin Cement (53,3 MPa), Variolink II (48,4 MPa) e Rely X (51,6 MPa) tiveram maior RTD do que os seus grupos quimicamente ativados (44,6; 40,4 e 44,5 MPa, respectivamente) (p < 0,05). Para o Enforce (48,5 e 47,8 MPa) e para o Panavia F (44,0 e 43,3 MPa), não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de ativação (p > 0,05). Os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos duais apresentaram RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (44,1 MPa) (p > 0,05), e maior que a do fosfato de zinco (4,2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II e Rely X dependeram da fotoativação para alcançar valores máximos de RTD. Na ausência de luz, todos os cimentos duais apresentaram maior RTD que a do fosfato de zinco, e RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (p > 0,05).
Descritores: Cimentos de resina; Resistência à tração; Materiais dentários.
INTRODUCTION
Dual-curing resin cements have been used for luting not only indirect esthetic restorations, but most recently for luting metal castings such as crowns and fixed partial dentures, as an alternative to zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements.
Some advantages of resin cements are low solubility24, adequate consistency and film thickness5,21, superior mechanical properties14,22, optimal bonding to dental structures and restoring materials by adhesive systems10 and reduced microleakage23.
Nevertheless, some studies have shown that dual-curing resin cements depend on photoactivation to achieve a high degree of conversion. This was investigated with four dual-curing resin cements using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), and none of the studied cements presented similar results comparing self-cured and dual-cured groups18. Another study using six dual-curing resin cements, also analysed by FTIR, showed that, in five cements, the degree of conversion of the self-cured groups was significantly lower than that of the groups photoactivated through mylar strips or porcelain spacers4.
This lower degree of conversion demonstrated by the dual-curing resin cements which receive reduced (or no) light intensity is reflected in the hardness of the cement9.
A reduced hardness of dual-curing resin cements has been related to the partial absorption of light by the restoring esthetic materials. A study showed that the hardness of two dual-curing resin cements under composite resin inlays was 76% and 62% of the hardness values attained after direct photoactivation for the same period11. Other authors tested three dual-curing resin cements and observed higher hardness values when the cements were directly photoactivated, as compared to the groups photoactivated through porcelain spacers, and that the thickness and opacity of the porcelain produced a significant decrease in hardness of all cements20.
These findings become more critical in the cementing of metallic restorations, since the polymerization of cements is exclusively dependent on chemical activation. If a resin cement cannot adequately polymerize, both its mechanical and biological properties may be adversely affected. The complete polymerization of resin cements is essential for strength, retention and longevity of the restorations15.
Despite studies that show the influence of the activation modes on the degree of conversion and on hardness of the dual-curing resin cements, little emphasis has been given to the influence of the activation modes on other mechanical properties.
Due to the importance of this research area and the scarcity of studies that evaluate the strength of dual-curing resin cements that are not photoactivated (when resin cements are used beneath a metal casting), the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of activation modes on the diametral tensile strength (DTS) of five dual-curing resin cements. The hypotheses tested were that dual activation results in a higher DTS than chemical activation and that the self-cured groups of dual-curing resin cements present statistically the same DTS as that of the self-curing resin cement, and higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate cement.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The DTS test was conducted with five dual-curing resin cements. An exclusively self-curing resin cement and a zinc phosphate cement were included in this study and served as controls. All the cements examined are listed in Table 1.
Cylindrical specimens with 4.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm in height were built using stainless steel moulds. For all resin cements, equal amounts (0.10 g) of the base and catalyst pastes were proportioned. In the case of the zinc phosphate cement, where the manufacturer supplies 1.4 g of powder per 0.4 ml of liquid, a conversion of liquid volume to mass was performed, resulting in a proportion of 1.4 g of powder to 1.54 g of liquid.
The mould was placed on a mylar strip (Polidental Indústria e Comércio Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil) over a glass slab. Zinc phosphate cement was mixed within 90 seconds with a spatula and following an incremental technique. The resin cements were mixed for 15 seconds according to manufacturers directions. The cements were inserted into moulds with a slight excess of material. Mylar strip, glass slab, a metallic support with an opening to allow photoactivation and a 0.5 kg weight were positioned on top of the resin cements to permit overflow of the excess material. For the dual-curing resin cements such procedures were made inside an X-ray developing chamber (Odontologic Indústria e Comércio Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil) to avoid the exposure of the specimens to daylight.
The specimens were subjected to one of the following treatments:
1) not exposed to light: the specimens remained inside the X-ray developing chamber for 40 minutes and then were detached from the mould and stored in lightproof containers with distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours (self-cured groups).
2) photoactivated: the specimens were photoactivated on the upper and lower surfaces for 60 seconds, using a halogen light source photoactivation unit (Curing Light 2500, 3M Co., St. Paul, MN, USA) with 510 mW/cm²intensity and then detached from the mould. Following 38 minutes of final photoactivation, the specimens were stored in the same way as described above (dual-cured groups).
The cements of the control groups received the same treatment as the self-cured groups, i.e., the specimens were detached from the mould after a 40-minute interval and stored in the same way as described previously.
Ten specimens were prepared for each combination of activation mode and resin cement.
Specimens were subjected to compressive load in a testing machine (Material Test System 810, Eden Prairie, MN, USA), at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Maximum DTS values were recorded in MPa and means were determined for each group. Statistical analyses were performed with computer software (GMC 8.1 statistical package; University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, Brazil).
The following comparative analyses were performed:
1) between the activation modes (self-cured and dual-cured groups) separately for each dual-curing resin cement, using unpaired Students t test;
2) among the self-cured groups of the dual-curing resin cements and the control groups, using one-way analysis of variance and Tukeys test (a = 0.05).
RESULTS
Table 2 demonstrates the mean values of DTS of the self- and dual-cured groups of the examined dual-curing resin cements. The dual-cured groups of Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X cements showed significantly higher DTS (MPa) than those self-cured. For Enforce and Panavia F, no significant difference was found between the activation modes.
The strength means of the self-cured groups of the dual-curing resin cements, the means of the control groups and the statistical differences highlighted by Tukeys test are presented in Table 3. The self-cured groups of all the dual-curing resin cements presented similar strengths to each other and to that of Cement-It, and higher strengths than that of zinc phosphate.
DISCUSSION
The statistically significant difference observed between the self- and dual-cured groups of the Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X resin cements demonstrates that these materials depend on photoactivation to achieve maximum diametral tensile strength, in contrast to the Enforce and Panavia F cements.
In terms of percentage, the self-cured groups of Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X cements demonstrated 83.7%, 83.5% and 86.2% of the diametral tensile strength values of the respective dual-cured groups, while the self-cured groups of Enforce and Panavia F presented 98.5% and 98.4%, respectively.
Even though there are no studies reporting diametral tensile strength of dual-curing resin cements in relation to activation mode, other mechanical properties were investigated and conform well with the present findings. After 24 hours of storage, the Enforce cement had similar hardness and flexural strength if it had been self- or dual-cured, while Variolink II and Rely X depended upon photoactivation to achieve higher hardness and flexural strength values3. In another study, Variolink II cement also showed statistically significant difference between flexural strength values of self- and dual-cured groups12. Similar results were reported for the Rely X and Calibra cements2. For Scotchbond Resin Cement, the heat from the photopolymerization reaction is greater than that produced by chemical polymerization13.
This difference in behavior, in relation to activation modes, observed among the different brands of dual-curing resin cements has also been reported by other researchers and may be explained by the marked differences in materials formulation, such as quantity7,8,11 and efficacy16 of the photo and chemical components of the setting mechanisms, which together with the quantity and quality of the polymeric and inorganic phases, have a direct influence on the mechanical and biological properties of resin cements2,8,17. Some products are so dependent on photoactivation that they cannot be recommended in situations in which light transmission is not effective16. This is a fact of great clinical relevance, particularly in the cementing of metallic restorations, where the cement depends exclusively on chemical activation. In such cases, an adequate cement is one that, even under no light conditions, is capable of attaining, even in the initial moments after cementing, a sufficient strength to resist the masticatory efforts, thereby reducing the risk of dislodgment of restorations. Therefore, further investigation should be performed in order to analyze the same property in shorter periods of time.
As to the comparative analyses of the self-cured groups of the dual-curing cements and the control groups, the low diametral tensile strength exhibited by the zinc phosphate cement was also reported in other studies14,19,22 and can be explained by the properties of this material, which makes it brittle and consequently less resistant to tensile stresses.
In addition, it should be observed that even though the Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X cements presented statistical differences between the activation modes, these materials, when activated by chemical means alone, attained statistically similar strength values to those exhibited by Panavia F and Enforce, when subjected to the same treatment, and to that of the self-curing resin cement, Cement-It (p > 0.05).
The degree of conversion is not the sole factor responsible for the mechanical properties of composites. Filler type and content6 and monomer type1 were found to be determinant factors of diametral tensile strength. As reported in some studies3,4,12, Variolink II does not present a substantial curing potential in the absence of light. However, this cement presented a statistically similar strength to that of the Enforce cement, which depends little on photoactivation. Besides the high filler content compared to that of Enforce, another possible explanation for the behaviour of Variolink II would be the presence of UEDMA in its composition. The replacement of Bis-GMA or TEGDMA by UEDMA results in an increase in diametral tensile strength1. The monomer UEDMA is more flexible than Bis-GMA because of the urethane linkages, and it presents lower viscosity, which facilitates the migration of free radicals, increasing the degree of crosslinking.
Despite the fact that the resin cements presented higher diametral tensile strength values than zinc phosphate cement, additional studies which evaluate microleakage, susceptibility to degradation and other mechanical properties should be carried out to obtain better parameters for the utilization of these materials in the cementing of metallic restorations.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of this in vitro study, it may be concluded that Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X resin cements demonstrated significant decreases in diametral tensile strength in the absence of photoactivation, while Enforce and Panavia F presented similar diametral tensile strengths in the two activation modes.
All dual-curing resin cements, when chemically activated, had higher diametral tensile strength values than zinc phosphate cement and showed similar diametral tensile strengths between them, which were similar to that of the self-curing resin cement, Cement-It.
Received for publication on Apr 06, 2005
Sent for alterations on Jun 03, 2005
Accepted for publication on Sep 21, 2005
1. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A. Influence of UEDMA, BisGMA and TEGDMA on selected mechanical properties of experimental resin composites. Dent Mater 1998;14(1):51-6.
Influence of UEDMA, BisGMA and TEGDMA on selected mechanical properties of experimental resin composites
Dent Mater
1998
51
6
1
14
Asmussen
E
Peutzfeldt
A
2. Attar N, Tam LE, McComb D. Mechanical and physical properties of contemporary dental luting agents. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89(2):127-34.
Mechanical and physical properties of contemporary dental luting agents
J Prosthet Dent
2003
127
34
2
89
Attar
N
Tam
LE
McComb
D
3. Braga RR, Cesar PF, Gonzaga CC, Bianchi J. Mechanical properties of resin cements with different activation modes. J Oral Rehabil 2002;29(3):257-62.
Mechanical properties of resin cements with different activation modes
J Oral Rehabil
2002
257
62
3
29
Braga
RR
Cesar
PF
Gonzaga
CC
Bianchi
J
4. Caughman WF, Chan DCN, Rueggeberg FA. Curing potential of dual-polymerizable resin cements in simulated clinical situations. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(5):479-84.
Curing potential of dual-polymerizable resin cements in simulated clinical situations
J Prosthet Dent
2001
479
84
5
85
Caughman
WF
Chan
DCN
Rueggeberg
FA
5. Christensen GJ. Seating nonmetal crowns or fixed partial dentures with resin cement. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129(2):239-41.
Seating nonmetal crowns or fixed partial dentures with resin cement
J Am Dent Assoc
1998
239
41
2
129
Christensen
GJ
6. Chung KH, Greener EH. Correlation between degree of conversion, filler concentration and mechanical properties of posterior composite resins. J Oral Rehabil 1990;17(5):487-94.
Correlation between degree of conversion, filler concentration and mechanical properties of posterior composite resins
J Oral Rehabil
1990
487
94
5
17
Chung
KH
Greener
EH
7. El-Badrawy WA, El-Mowafy OM. Chemical versus dual curing of resin inlay cements. J Prosthet Dent 1995;73(6):515-24.
Chemical versus dual curing of resin inlay cements
J Prosthet Dent
1995
515
24
6
73
El-Badrawy
WA
El-Mowafy
OM
8. El-Mowafy OM, Rubo MH, El-Badrawy WA. Hardening of new resin cements cured through a ceramic inlay. Oper Dent 1999;24(1):38-44.
Hardening of new resin cements cured through a ceramic inlay
Oper Dent
1999
38
44
1
24
Mowafy
OM
Rubo
MH
El-Badrawy
WA
9. Ferracane JL. Correlation between hardness and degree of conversion during the setting reaction of unfilled dental restorative resins. Dent Mater 1985;1(1):11-4.
Correlation between hardness and degree of conversion during the setting reaction of unfilled dental restorative resins
Dent Mater
1985
11
4
1
1
Ferracane
JL
10. Gorodovsky S, Zidan O. Retentive strength, disintegration, and marginal quality of luting cements. J Prosthet Dent 1992;68(2):269-74.
Retentive strength, disintegration, and marginal quality of luting cements
J Prosthet Dent
1992
269
74
2
68
Gorodovsky
S
Zidan
O
11. Hasegawa EA, Boyer DB, Chan DCN. Hardening of dual-cured cements under composite resin inlays. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66(2):187-92.
Hardening of dual-cured cements under composite resin inlays
J Prosthet Dent
1991
187
92
2
66
Hasegawa
EA
Boyer
DB
Chan
DCN
12. Hofmann N, Papsthart G, Hugo B, Klaiber B. Comparison of photo-activation versus chemical or dual-curing of resin-based luting cements regarding flexural strength, modulus and surface hardness. J Oral Rehabil 2001;28(2):1022-8.
Comparison of photo-activation versus chemical or dual-curing of resin-based luting cements regarding flexural strength, modulus and surface hardness
J Oral Rehabil
2001
1022
8
2
28
Hofmann
N
Papsthart
G
Hugo
B
Klaiber
B
13. Lee IB, Um CM. Thermal analysis on the cure speed of dual cured resin cements under porcelain inlays. J Oral Rehabil 2001;28(2):186-97.
Thermal analysis on the cure speed of dual cured resin cements under porcelain inlays
J Oral Rehabil
2001
186
97
2
28
Lee
IB
Um
CM
14. Li ZC, White SN. Mechanical properties of dental luting cements. J Prosthet Dent 1999;81(5):597-609.
Mechanical properties of dental luting cements
J Prosthet Dent
1999
597
609
5
81
Li
ZC
White
SN
15. McComb D. Adhesive luting cements Classes, criteria and usage. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1996;17(8):759-73.
Adhesive luting cements: Classes, criteria and usage
Compend Contin Educ Dent
1996
759
73
8
17
McComb
D
16. Peutzfeldt A. Dual-cure resin cements: in vitro wear and effect of quantity of remaining double bonds, filler volume, and light curing. Acta Odontol Scand 1995;53(1):29-34.
Dual-cure resin cements: in vitro wear and effect of quantity of remaining double bonds, filler volume, and light curing
Acta Odontol Scand
1995
29
34
1
53
Peutzfeldt
A
17. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Crispin BJ. Dental luting agents: A review of the current literature. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(3):280-301.
Dental luting agents: A review of the current literature
J Prosthet Dent
1998
280
301
3
80
Rosenstiel
SF
Land
MF
Crispin
BJ
18. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF. The influence of light exposure on polymerization of dual-cure resin cements. Oper Dent 1993;18(2):48-55.
The influence of light exposure on polymerization of dual-cure resin cements
Oper Dent
1993
48
55
2
18
Rueggeberg
FA
Caughman
WF
19. Smith DC. Dental cements. Current status and future prospects. Dent Clin North Am 1983;6(4):763-92.
Dental cements: Current status and future prospects
Dent Clin North Am
1983
763
92
4
6
Smith
DC
20. Uctasli S, Hasanreisoglu U, Wilson HJ. The attenuation of radiation by porcelain and its effect on polymerization of resin cements. J Oral Rehabil 1994;21(6):565-75.
The attenuation of radiation by porcelain and its effect on polymerization of resin cements
J Oral Rehabil
1994
565
75
6
21
Uctasli
S
Hasanreisoglu
U
Wilson
HJ
21. Van Meerbeek B, Inokoshi S, Davidson CL, De Gee AL, Lambrechts P, Braem M, et al. Dual curing luting composites. Part II: clinically related properties. J Oral Rehabil 1994;21(1):57-66.
Dual curing luting composites: Part II: clinically related properties
J Oral Rehabil
1994
57
66
1
21
Van Meerbeek
B
Inokoshi
S
Davidson
CL
De Gee
AL
Lambrechts
P
Braem
M
22. White SN, Yu Z. Compressive and diametral tensile strengths of current adhesive luting agents. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69(6):568-72.
Compressive and diametral tensile strengths of current adhesive luting agents
J Prosthet Dent
1993
568
72
6
69
White
SN
Yu
Z
23. White SN, Yu Z, Tom JFMD, Sangsurasak S. In vivo microleakage of luting cements for cast crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1994;71(4):333-8.
In vivo microleakage of luting cements for cast crowns
J Prosthet Dent
1994
333
8
4
71
White
SN
Yu
Z
Tom
JFMD
Sangsurasak
S
24. Yoshida K, Tanagawa M, Atsuta M. In vitro solubility of three types of resin and conventional luting cements. J Oral Rehabil 1998;25(4):285-91.
In vitro solubility of three types of resin and conventional luting cements
J Oral Rehabil
1998
285
91
4
25
Yoshida
K
Tanagawa
M
Atsuta
M
Autoria
Renata Garcia Fonseca
Universidade Estadual Paulista, School of Dentistry of Araraquara , Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilSão Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista, School of Dentistry of Araraquara , Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo, Brazil
Juliana Gomes dos Santos
Universidade de Brasília, School of Health Sciences , Department of Dentistry, Distrito Federal, BrazilUniversidade de BrasíliaBrazilDistrito Federal, BrazilUniversidade de Brasília, School of Health Sciences , Department of Dentistry, Distrito Federal, Brazil
Gelson Luis Adabo
Universidade Estadual Paulista, School of Dentistry of Araraquara , Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilSão Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista, School of Dentistry of Araraquara , Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo, Brazil
SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS
Universidade Estadual Paulista, School of Dentistry of Araraquara , Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilSão Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista, School of Dentistry of Araraquara , Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo, Brazil
Universidade de Brasília, School of Health Sciences , Department of Dentistry, Distrito Federal, BrazilUniversidade de BrasíliaBrazilDistrito Federal, BrazilUniversidade de Brasília, School of Health Sciences , Department of Dentistry, Distrito Federal, Brazil
Fonseca, Renata Garcia, Santos, Juliana Gomes dos e Adabo, Gelson Luis. Influência dos métodos de ativação na resistência à tração diametral de cimentos resinosos duais. Brazilian Oral Research [online]. 2005, v. 19, n. 4 [Acessado 4 Abril 2025], pp. 267-271. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242005000400006>. Epub 14 Fev 2006. ISSN 1807-3107. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242005000400006.
Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica - SBPqOAv. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, 05508-000 São Paulo SP - Brazil, Tel. (55 11) 3044-2393/(55 11) 9-7557-1244 -
São Paulo -
SP -
Brazil E-mail: office.bor@ingroup.srv.br
rss_feed
Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.