Development, validation and application of a Brazilian knowledge scale about sports doping in dentistry

JURAL, Lucas Alves; SOARES, Thais Rodrigues Campos; COQUEIRO, Raildo da Silva; RABELLO, Tiago Braga; PITHON, Matheus Melo; MAIA, Lucianne Cople

doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0110

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Original Research, Social/Community Dentistry • Braz. oral. res. 35 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0110 linkcopy

Development, validation and application of a Brazilian knowledge scale about sports doping in dentistry

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

To evaluate the knowledge of Brazilian dentists of sports doping through the development, validation and application of the Brazilian Knowledge Scale about Sports Doping in Dentistry (B-KSSDD). A scale with 12 items was developed to assess a dentist’s ability to determine whether the use of a medication characterised sports doping according to the World Anti-Doping Agency. A preliminary study to validate the B-KSSDD was carried out with 135 dentists, allowing the evaluation of ceiling and floor effects, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the instrument. A sample size calculation using the results of the preliminary study and the B-KSSDD was completed online using SurveyMonkey® by 270 participants from all regions of the country. The B-KSSDD showed evidence of convergent and discriminant validity, good temporal stability (ICC = 0.75) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.89). In the main study, the participants obtained an average score of 4.19/12 points on the B-KSSDD, suggesting that these professionals have insufficient knowledge about sports doping. The age of participants showed a negative association with knowledge about doping, while frequency of treating athletes and frequency of performing surgeries showed positive associations with knowledge about doping. The dentists had insufficient knowledge of the subject. Age of participants and frequency with which they attend to athletes are associated with knowledge about sports doping. Professional updating and education policies on doping are necessary for dentists, as athlete patients are at risk for severe sporting and financial penalties.

Pharmaceutical Preparations; Dentists; Educational Measurement; Sports Medicine; Doping in Sports

Leia as sentenças a seguir e informe sua concordância, discordância ou ausência de conhecimento sobre a afirmação apresentada:	Concordo	Discordo	Não sei
1. A utilização de nimesulida via oral (por exemplo, Nisulid®, Arflex®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
2. A utilização de dexametasona via oral (por exemplo, Decadron), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	1	0	0
3. A utilização de dipirona via oral (por exemplo, Novalgina®, Dorflex®, Magnopirol®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
4. A utilização de triancinolona por via tópica (por exemplo, Omcilon®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
5. A utilização de anestésico local com adrenalina ou epinefrina (por exemplo, Aplhacaine) administrado por um cirurgião-dentista em um atleta que está em período de competição caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
6. A utilização de associação de dipirona com mucato de isometepteno via oral (por exemplo, na Neosaldina®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	1	0	0
7. A utilização de prednisolona via oral (por exemplo, Predsim®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	1	0	0
8. A utilização de amoxicilina via oral (por exemplo, no Amoxil®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
9. A utilização de paracetamol via oral (por exemplo, Tylenol®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
10. A utilização de associação de codeína com paracetamol via oral (por exemplo, Tylex®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
11. A utilização de ibuprofeno via oral (por exemplo, Alivium®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	0	1	0
12. A utilização de betametasona via oral (por exemplo, Celestone®), prescrita por um cirurgião-dentista a um atleta que está em período de competição, caracteriza doping esportivo.	1	0	0
Escore total da B-KSSDD:	(0 a 12 pontos)

Country region	n	%
North	19,091	6
Northeast	56,112	17
Midwest	29,792	9
South	54,538	16
Southeast	173,63	52
Total	333,163	100

Variable	n	%
Gender
Female	166	61.5
Male	104	38.5
Service region
North/Northeast/Midwest	84	31.1
South/Southeast	186	68.9
Geographic region within the State
Capital	124	46.0
Inland	146	54.0
Time since graduation (years)
< 1	8	2.2
1–5	63	23.3
6–10	39	14.4
11–15	26	9.6
16–25	57	21.1
> 25	79	29.3
Graduation institution
Private	101	37.4
Public	169	62.6
Specialist
No	52	19.3
Yes	218	80.7
Frequency of surgery
Never	78	28.9
Rarely	57	21.1
Sometimes	54	20.0
Often	54	20.0
Always	27	10.0
Frequency of treating athletes
Never	42	15.6
Rarely	138	51.1
Sometimes	74	27.4
Often	12	4.4
Always	4	1.5

Independent variable	B-KSSDD score

	β_crude (P-value)	*β_adjusted (P-value)
Age (years)	-0.032 (0.034)	-0.032 (0.034)
Frequency of surgery (ordinal)	0.400 (0.005)	0.298 (0.036)
Frequency of treating athletes (ordinal)	0.843 (< 0.001)	0.828 (< 0.001)

Read the following sentences and inform your agreement, disagreement or lack of knowledge about the statement presented:	Agree	Disagree	Don’t know
1. The use of oral nimesulide (for example, Nisulid®, Arflex®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
2. The use of oral dexamethasone (for example, Decadron), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	1	0	0
3. The use of oral dipyrone (for example, Novalgina®, Dorflex®, Magnopirol®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
4. The use of topical triamcinolone (for example, Omcilon®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
5. The use of a local anesthetic with adrenaline or epinephrine (for example, Aplhacaine) administered by a dental surgeon in an athlete who is in a competition period characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
6. The use of a combination of dipyrone with oral isometheptene (for example, in Neosaldina®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	1	0	0
7. The use of oral prednisolone (for example, Predsim®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	1	0	0
8. The use of oral amoxicillin (for example, in Amoxil®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
9. The use of oral acetaminophen (for example, Tylenol®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
10. The use of an oral combination of codeine with acetaminophen (for example, Tylex®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
11. The use of oral ibuprofen (for example, Alivium®), prescribed by a dentist to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	0	1	0
12. The use of oral betamethasone (for example, Celestone®), prescribed by a dental surgeon to an athlete who is in competition, characterises sports doping.	1	0	0
Total score	0-12 points

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[TFN1] Respostas corretas são representadas por 1, enquanto as incorretas ou “não sei” são representadas por 0 pontos no escore final da B-KSSDD.