Orofacial clefts in Brazil and surgical rehabilitation under the Brazilian National Health SystemAbstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of live births with orofacial clefts in Brazil from 2009 to 2013, according to Brazil’s federative units and regions, and correlate it with the number of corrective surgery procedures for cleft lip and palate performed through the Brazilian National Health System in the same period. The data were collected from the National Live Birth System (SINASC in Portuguese) and the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS in Portuguese). The results showed that the average prevalence of oral clefts in the period was 5.86 per 10,000 live births, with differences observed between the federative units and the regions. The correlation between the prevalence of orofacial clefts and the number of medical procedures associated with this anomaly was statistically significant (r=0.94; p <0.001). This result indicates that greater investments are being made in areas with a higher number of cases. The relationship between supply and demand for corrective surgeries suggests that only 18.91% of the live births with orofacial clefts in this period may have received this service under the Brazilian National Health System.
Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Epidemiology; Health Services
Introduction
Orofacial clefts (OFCs), including cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP), are the most common birth defects in the craniofacial region. They may be found isolated or as part of a syndrome.1 Their etiology is complex and involves several genetic and environmental factors.2 The prevalence of this malformation varies according to geographic region, ethnic and racial group, environmental exposure and socioeconomic status, and may range between 1:700 and 1:2500 live births.1,3
In addition to aesthetic deformation, orofacial cleft patients may experience significant functional changes, which include maxillofacial growth restriction, dental alterations, disturbances in speech, swallowing and feeding difficulties, recurrent ear infections and hearing loss.4,5,6,7These changes affect the health and quality of life of individuals with orofacial clefts and their families.8
The great clinical variety of OFCs, together with their many degrees of severity and possible association with other syndromes or birth defects, results in different treatment protocols. In general, rehabilitation is a long process that includes clinical and surgical care. The treatment begins with the surgical repair of the malformation, and often requires multiple surgeries.4,9
Healthcare costs for cleft rehabilitation are usually high. On the other hand, if these deficiencies are not adequately addressed, they may lead to emotional disorders, social exclusion and unemployment, which may impact the individual, their families and society, in addition to losses caused by the morbidity itself.3,9Moreover, complications related to feeding problems and ear infections in children affected by orofacial clefts may result in significantly greater morbidity and infant mortality rates in developing countries. However, these are countries where the barriers to obtaining rehabilitation treatment are more pronounced.3,10,11
In Brazil, the healthcare offered to people with craniofacial anomalies is predominantly publicfunded, and the geographic distribution of the health facilities for this type of procedure is poorly distributed, with greater concentration in the wealthiest region of Brazil, the Southeast. Thus, patients in many other locations require traveling long distances to gain access to treatment.12
Geography is a key element in the organization of public health systems.13 Knowing the prevalence of patients with orofacial clefts per region can help reduce the inequality in obtaining treatment. Rodrigues et al.13 and, more recently, Abreu et al.,15 used data from the National Live Birth System (SINASC) to estimate the prevalence of live births with orofacial clefts, considering Brazil’s different geographic regions as the units of analysis.
This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of live births with orofacial clefts in Brazil from 2009 to 2013, taking into account their distribution by geographic region and federative units (Brazilian states). It also aimed at analyzing the public expenditures and hospital authorization forms approved by the Brazilian National Health System for treatment of cleft lip and/or palate. The correlation of these data may indicate how the management of public funds for treating these patients is being carried out.
Methodology
An ecological study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of orofacial clefts in Brazil, and the relationship of this malformation with the number of hospital authorization forms approved for cleft lip and/or palate treatment under the Brazilian National Health System. The study was carried out between 2009 and 2013. The analysis units included Brazil’s regions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South and Center-West) and federative units (states). The data were collected from the National System of Live Births (SINASC in Portuguese) and the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) under the Ministry of Health.
The SINASC provided data on the number of live births versus live births with orofacial clefts, by the mother’s place of residence, between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013. The presence of orofacial cleft was identified in the database by codes Q35 (cleft palate), Q36 (cleft lip) and Q37 (cleft lip with cleft palate). These codes correspond to the description of congenital anomaly, according to the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10), and are available in the Declaration of Live Births, the main document of the SINASC. This is a standard document put out by the Ministry of Health, filled out by health professionals nationwide for children born in hospitals or at home, and required for their civil registration.16 The document includes a number of data on the mothers, prenatal information, childbirths and newborns.17
The number of hospital procedures for treating cleft lip and/or palate by location of residence in the same period (1/1/2009 – 12/31/2013) was obtained from the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS), based on the approved Authorization Forms for Hospital Admittance (AIH) for such procedures, according to region, federative unit and year.
After data collection, the prevalence of oral cleft rates was calculated for the entire country, the regions and the federative units, for each year and for the five-year period of the study. This rate was calculated by dividing the number of liveborn children with orofacial clefts according to the mother’s residence, by the total live births in the same year and location, and then multiplying by 10,000.
Verification of the proportion of patients with orofacial clefts who underwent treatment of the cleft lip and/or palate under the Brazilian National Health System in each of the regions and federative units of residence was done by obtaining a rate calculated by dividing the number of approved AIHs for treatment procedures of cleft lip and/or palate according to place of residence, by the number of live births with orofacial cleft, in the region and federative unit, and in the respective year, and then multiplying the value by 100.
The statistical analysis that evaluated the correlation between the number of live births with orofacial clefts and the number of surgical procedures for orofacial clefts in Brazil, by place of hospitalization, was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. All the analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel version 16 and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version 22.
Results
According to SINASC data from January 2009 to December 2013, 14,446,425 children were born alive in Brazil, among which 7,642 had some type of orofacial cleft. These data indicate an average prevalence of 5.86 per 10,000 births, or a new case of orofacial cleft every 1,893 births in Brazil during the study period.
Regarding the type of fissure, 2,378 had cleft lip, representing 31.1% of the total number affected, 2,931 had isolated cleft palate, representing 38.4% of this total, and 2,333 of the affected children had cleft lip and palate, representing 30.5% of the total number. Cleft palate was the most frequent fissure type in all geographical regions throughout the study period. The average prevalence by type of orofacial cleft of live births in Brazil, and by geographical region is shown in Figure 1.
Orofacial cleft prevalence per 10,000 live births, according to region and type of malformation, in Brazil from 2009 to 2013.
The South had the highest prevalence rates throughout the study period, whereas the Northeast had the lowest rates. The trend of livebirth prevalence rates with orofacial clefts in Brazil and its regions between 2009 and 2013 is depicted in Figure 2.
Orofacial cleft prevalence per 10,000 live births according region and years, in Brazil from 2009 to 2013.
The distribution of oral cleft prevalence rates among the federative units showed wide disparities, considering that the highest rate was recorded in Rio Grande do Sul (8.29 per 10,000), whereas the lowest rate was observed in Acre (2.1 per 10,000). The states of Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Maranhão and Piauí had rates below the national average. The geographical distribution of the overall prevalence rates by cleft type in the federative units is illustrated in Figure 3.
Spatial distribution of orofacial cleft prevalence per 10,000 live births in Brazil from 2009 to 2013.
Data obtained from the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) indicated a total of 1,445 approved Authorization Forms for Hospital Admittance (AIHs) for hospital procedures to treat cleft lip and/or palate between 2009 and 2013. The amount of public funds used in the surgical treatment of orofacial clefts in this period was BRL 2,315,893.34 (USD 670,738.29). There was an increase in the number of AIHs, as well as in the public health funds for these procedures, in all regions of Brazil over this period (Figure 4). Table 1 shows the geographic distribution of orofacial cleft cases, the total number of cleft lip and/or palate procedures, the costs and the coverage for these procedures over the five years of the study.
Number of Authorization Forms for Hospital Admittance and costs for surgical procedures for orofacial clefts in Brazil, between 2009 and 2013.
Distribution of cases of orofacial cleft, surgical procedures, costs and coverage of surgical procedures in Brazil, 2009-2013. Source: SINASC and SIH.
The distribution of the procedures among the federative units was very unequal. Whereas some states, like Acre, Amapá and Sergipe, approved only two AIHs over the five-year period, the state of São Paulo, the most populous state in Brazil, approved 418 hospital procedures for orofacial cleft treatment.
The relationship between the number of children born with orofacial clefts and the number of hospital procedures indicated that only 18.9% of the orofacial cleft cases had a corresponding AIH during the study period. The Southeast had the most favorable proportion (total of 22.6%), whereas the South had the worst relationship (14.49%).
The correlation between the number of live births with orofacial clefts and the number of hospital procedures for treating these malformations was very high (r=0.94) and statistically significant (p < 0.001). Figure 5 shows this relationship for the Brazilian federative units, according to region.
Relationship between the number of live births with orofacial clefts and the number of Authorization Forms for Hospital Admittance (AIHs) related to surgical procedures for orofacial clefts in Brazil from 2009 and 2013. Data displayed in logarithmic scale.
Discussion
This study showed that the prevalence of live births with oral clefts in Brazil from 2009 to 2013 was 5.86 per 10,000 born alive, with differences between the federative units and the regions. Cleft palate is the most common type of orofacial cleft in all the Brazilian regions. The number of procedures and the amount of funds invested to treat this malformation were higher in areas of high orofacial cleft prevalence. Fewer than 20% of the children born with orofacial clefts in this period in Brazil underwent cleft lip and/or palate treatment under the Brazilian National Health System. The Southeast had the best coverage for this procedure.
The frequency and pattern of orofacial clefts vary considerably, according to the ethnic group and the geographical area. In general, populations of Asian or Native American origin have the highest prevalence, and Caucasian populations have intermediate prevalence, whereas populations of African origin have the lowest prevalence of orofacial clefts.18,16,20
In regard to geographic distribution, the deficiency in the recordkeeping and birth monitoring systems in developing countries results in many of these countries not knowing the frequency of clefts involving the lip and/or palate in their population.3 Moreover, the lack of methodological standardization of pertinent studies has limited the validity and comparability of prevalence rates among different countries.20 The available data indicate an overall frequency of orofacial clefts of 1:700 live births.3
A major survey conducted by IPDTOC (International Perinatal Database of Typical Orofacial Clefts) evaluated the records of 30 countries, from 2000 to 2005, and found an average prevalence of 9.9 per 10,000 births. The highest prevalence rate was found in Japan (20.0 per 10,000). Countries like Canada (11.5 per 10,000), United States (10.2 per 10,000) and Australia (9.7 per 10,000) also showed high prevalence rates for orofacial clefts.19
A few nationwide studies on the prevalence of orofacial clefts were conducted in Brazil. A study by Loffredo et al.21 found an overall prevalence of 1.9 per 10,000 for the period from 1975 to 1994. Another study carried out later with data between 1998 and 2002 found a prevalence rate of 3.6 per 10,000 live births.14
Recently, Abreu et al.15 reported an overall prevalence of 4.85 per 10,000 live births, up from 3.94 to 5.46 between 2000 and 2013. In this study, it was observed that this trend occurred mainly in the Northeast (4.7% per year), the North (3.3% per year) and the Center-West (2.9% per year). The authors mentioned that this temporal trend of increasing prevalence of orofacial clefts, limited to the poorest regions of the country, may be attributed to changes in risk factors, as well as to the improvement of the record-taking process for this malformation in the SINASC.15
Considering geographic regions individually, our study observed no consistency in the increase or decrease in the number of records between the years 2009 and 2013, except for the Southeast, which presented a steadily increasing trend. Taking into account the country as a whole, the authors of this study observed a slightly increasing trend in the period studied (Figure 2).
The distribution by cleft type was also assessed in this study. Although cleft palate has shown higher prevalence in all regions, variations in the epidemiological profile of orofacial cleft among the Brazilian federative units were observed. The literature reviewed suggests that there may be a six-fold variation worldwide in the prevalence of births with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and a threefold variation compared to births with cleft palate.19
Despite the unequal distribution of oral cleft prevalence rates by geographic region observed in this study, it is important to clarify that the historical patterns of Brazilian land occupation resulted in a higher concentration of blacks and browns in both the North and Northeast, and whites in the South and Southeast (IBGE).22 Therefore, the highest prevalence rates observed in the South (8.23 per 10,000) and Southeast (6.18 per 10,000), and the lowest rates in the Northeast (4.55 per 10,000) and North (5.2 per 10,000), may have been influenced by the distribution of these ethnic groups.
It could also be that the highest prevalence rates in orofacial clefts observed in the South and Southeast may reflect better coverage of the SINASC in these regions.23It is interesting to add that, when the authors of the present study analyzed the prevalence rates by federal unit, they noticed that among the five states with average rates below the national average, two were located in the North and three in the Northeast, regions where SINASC coverage is more deficient.
Surgical correction is the first step in the therapeutic approach of orofacial cleft treatment, and can reduce the aesthetic and functional sequelae. However, lack of funds puts this basic surgical treatment out of reach for many children in developing countries.3,4,11
Brazil has a National Health System (NHS, or SUS in Portuguese), created in 1988, whose legislation establishes universal and equal access to various health services.24The first initiative in caring for patients with craniofacial anomalies in the Brazilian NHS was taken in 1993 with the creation of mechanisms to pay for correcting lip and palate clefts and performing dental bone-integrated implants under the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS). Another important initiative to heighten the focus on the field of craniofacial anomalies was the creation of the Craniofacial Deformities Treatment Reference Network (RRTDCF) in 1998.12
After evaluating the healthcare provided to patients with craniofacial anomalies within and outside the RRTDCF, Monlleó et al.25 found that, despite the large number of facilities caring for patients with orofacial clefts in Brazil, there were regional disparities. This situation leads to many patients having to delay treatment or remaining untreated. Moreover, the lack of coordination among factors of care, geographical distance and travel costs may cause many families to give up on follow-up treatment.
The largest volume of funds used on corrective surgery lip and/or palate treatment in the Southeast can be explained by the higher concentration of services that treat craniofacial deformities in this region, especially in the state of São Paulo.12,23 Monlleó et al.12(2006) mention that the lack of comprehensive data on craniofacial anomalies in the population makes it difficult to assess the number of services required to meet the demand in the different regions of Brazil. On the other hand, the authors report that, when population concentration is considered as a parameter, there may actually not be an excessive number of services in the Southeast.
Although a higher concentration of health facilities performing reconstructive cleft lip and/or palate surgeries is located in the Southeast, the results for the coverage of this treatment in this region indicated that fewer than 23% of the children born with orofacial clefts in this region benefited from this treatment under the NHS in the study period (2009-2013). On the other hand, the insufficient number of services in other regions, mainly the North, Northeast and Center-West, can lead to a significant number of patients looking for care in institutions very far from of their place of residence.12
Rice and Smith13emphasize the importance of equality in the geographical allocation of healthcare funding, especially concerning public funds. Important regional differences were observed in relation to the approved number of AIHs and amount of funds invested in healthcare during the period under study. However, despite these differences, the study found that the largest investments are being made in areas of higher prevalence. On the other hand, the fact that national coverage was below 20%, and that orofacial cleft requires several reconstructive surgeries, makes it clear that the basic surgical needs for treating orofacial clefts in the NHS are not being met.
The authors of the present study did not identify any study in the scientific literature disclosing the average cost of rehabilitation treatment for a child with orofacial cleft in Brazil. Pavri and Forrest 26 mention that the wide variation in care standards and the long treatment period make it difficult to assess the cost of rehabilitation of patients with orofacial clefts accurately. The authors also reported that international studies cannot be extrapolated, due to differences in the health systems.
The difficulties in gaining access to reconstructive surgery in developing countries may imply that the rare charitable missions by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) could represent the only chance of treatment for many patients with orofacial cleft.12 This is an undesirable situation, because children that do not undergo reconstructive surgery will survive, but are likely to face facial deformity, difficulty eating, speaking and listening, and even psychological problems such as low self-esteem and depression. In addition to all these problems, unrehabilitated individuals are also more susceptible to stigmatization, social exclusion and unemployment.3
Regarding the number of AIHs approved for hospital procedures to treat cleft lip and/or palate, it should be considered that this study used data from the SIH/SUS information system that has a coverage of about 80%, and that covers only procedures performed in hospitals under the Brazilian NHS (SUS), excluding procedures directly funded or covered by health insurance.27,28 Another point to be considered is that SIH-SUS used the number of hospitalizations and not patients as the measurement unit.28 This limitation may hamper the treatment analysis, especially regarding orofacial clefts, in which case the same person may have to undergo multiple surgeries.
In regard to data from the Declaration of Live Births and SINASC, the literature indicates problems related to diagnostic errors, omissions, poor recording and poor reporting, as well as typing errors and coding of data that can limit the reliability, completeness and coverage of information from this system. With this in mind, the results for the number of cases of orofacial clefts found in this study could have been underestimated.29,30,31 Another limitation of the study concerns its ecological fallacy, since the statistics calculated using the geographical area averages may differ substantially from those that are individual-based32.
Despite the abovementioned limitations, this study can help address the lack of official statistics on the frequency and distribution of orofacial clefts, and on the surgical treatments offered in different Brazilian regions, to guide health service management and planning, and ultimately help reduce inequalities in gaining access to health services. However, knowledge of the true magnitude of orofacial cleft prevalence in Brazil, obtained from secondary data, requires measures that must include the improvement of birth records and the integration of the health information system databases available in the country.
In a country as expansive and diverse as Brazil, with many inequalities, several factors may be influencing both the prevalence rates and the access barriers for surgical treatment of orofacial clefts. Therefore, future research should be conducted to better elucidate these issues.
Conclusions
The prevalence of oral clefts among live births in Brazil from 2009 to 2013 was 5.86 per 10,000 births, with wide variation between its regions and federative units. Major investments are being made in higher prevalence areas. The low coverage observed for surgical procedures to treat orofacial clefts indicates that better management and planning of health services is required at a tertiary level (hospital), to meet the needs of patients with orofacial clefts in the Brazilian National Health System.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
2017
History
-
Received
4 May 2016 -
Reviewed
13 Feb 2017 -
Accepted
24 Feb 2017
Source: SIH.
