1 |
Aguirre-Zorzano et al. 2015 37
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Spain |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: |
Patient level: 24.7% |
Patient level: 15.1% |
Stat. sign. association for plaque index, periodontitis and implant location with mucositis. |
Retrospective |
BOP, clinical signs of inflammation, no BL (< 1.5 mm) |
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239 patients/786 implants |
PI: BOP, clinical signs of inflammation, BL (≥ 1.5 mm) |
Implant level: 12.8% |
Implant level: 9.8% |
Stat. sign. association for plaque index and implant location with PI. |
university |
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6–17y (mean 5.3 y) functional loading |
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3 |
Cecchinato et al. 2014 31
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Italy |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP, BL≤0.5 mm |
Patient level: 65% |
Patient level: 12% (within 10 y) |
n.r. |
100 patients/ 291 implants analysed |
PI: PD≥4mm, BOP, BL>0.5mm from >1 year after loading |
Implant level: 69.8% |
Implant level: 5% (within 10 y) |
Private practice |
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≥ 8 y (mean 10.7 y) functional loading |
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4 |
Daubert et al. 2015 34
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USA |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP, gingival inflammation, no BL |
Patient level: 48% |
Patient level: 26% |
Association betw. PI and diabetes and younger age at implant insertion, periodontal status at follow-up. |
96 patients/ 225 implants |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL≥2mm after initial remodeling, PD≥4mm |
Implant level: 33% |
Implant level: 16% |
No association with smoking |
university |
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9–15 y (mean 10.9 y) |
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5 |
Derks et al. 2016 24
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Sweden |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP/SUP, no BL |
Patient level: 32% |
Patient level: 45% |
Stat. sign. higher OR for moderate/severe PI for history of periodontitis (4.1), ≥4 implants (15.1), in the mandibular region (2.0), distance between prosthetic restauration margin and initial crestal bone level ≤ 1.5mm (2.3), for general practitioners as provider for prosthetics (4.3), certain brands of implants: Astra Tech (3.6, mostly TIOblast surface), Nobel Biocare (3.8, mostly TiUnite surface), Straumann (1, all SLA surface), remaining implant brands (5.56). |
Retrospective |
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BL: |
588 patients/2277 implants |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL (> 0.5 mm) |
Implant level: 35.1% |
> 2 mm: 14.5% |
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> 3 mm: 10.1% |
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> 4 mm: 5.9% |
university, private practice |
Moderate/severe PI: BOP/SUP, >2mm BL |
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Implant level: 24.9% |
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9 years functional loading |
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BL: |
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> 2 mm: 8.0% |
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> 3 mm: 4.3% |
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> 4 mm: 2.3% |
6 |
Fransson et al. 2005, 2008 64,65
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Sweden |
cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP, BL≤0.6mm from 1 year after loading |
Patient level: n.r. |
Patient level: 27.8% |
Smokers had a higher number of affected implants than non-smokers. |
662 patients /3413 implants- |
PI: BOP, bone level ≥3 threads & BL≥0.6mm from 1 y after loading |
Implant level: > 90% |
Implant level: 12.4% |
A higher proportion of peri-implant clinical pathology (SUP& PD≥6mm) in smokers than in non-smokers. |
82 patients with clinical assessment /482 implants |
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university |
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Higher frequency of peri-implant clinical pathology (BOP, SUP, recession, PD≥6mm) at implants with progressive BL |
5–20 y (mean 9.4y) |
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7 |
Francetti et al. 2019 53
|
Italy |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: n.r. |
n.r. |
Patient level: 12.7 % (after 5y) |
No sign. Risk factors: smoking (p=0.755), periodontitis (p=0.399) |
77 patients/384 implants |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL>2mm |
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Private clinic |
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Implant level: 4.6% (after 5 y) |
14.6% (after 5 y)13.7y (mean 8y) |
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8 |
French et al. 2019 54
|
Canada |
Retrospective cohort study |
Mucositis: Implant mucosal Index (IMI) |
Implant level: 38.6% (relaxed criteria) |
Implant level: |
Risk factors with effect on BL: autoimmune |
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Strict criteria:≥2 |
14.2% (strict criteria)(6.7y) |
4.7% (relaxed criteria) |
disease, heavy smoking, bisphosphonate therapy, implant location, diameter and design, and BL |
2060 patients/ 4591 implants |
Relaxed criteria≥1 |
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3.6% (strict criteria)(6.7y) |
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private practice |
PI: Mucositis + B L≥ 1 mm one y after installation |
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5 Mucositis+BL≥1 mm one y after installation10 y (mean 6.7y) |
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9 |
Katafuchi et al. 2018 55
|
USA |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: n.r. |
n.r. |
Implant level: 16.7% |
Emergence profile >30 degrees is a significant risk indicator for PI; convex profile additionally for bone-level implants. |
83 patients/168 implants |
PI: BOP/SUO, BL≥2mm after initial remodeling, PD≥4mm |
bone level implant: 22.8% |
mean 10.9 y |
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tissue level implants: 7.5% |
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Petient level: 25.3% |
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Bone level implants: 28.9% |
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Tissue level implants: 14.8% |
10 |
Koldsland et al. 2010 & 2011 32,66
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Norway |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: inflammation (bleeding, BOP, SUP), no BL |
Patient level: 39.4% |
Patient level: 47.1% |
n.r. |
103 patients/374 implants |
PI: inflammation (bleeding, BOP, SUP), BL (≥2mm, or ≥3mm) |
Implant level: 27.3% |
Implant level: 36.6% |
University |
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1-16 y (mean 8.4y) functional loading |
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11 |
Konstantinidis et al. 2015 35
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Germany |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP, no BL (BL<2mm) |
Patient level: 64.5% |
Patient level: 12.9% |
High plaque score (OR:1.36) was a risk indicator for mucositis, while soft- or hard-tissue augmentation had a protective effect. |
186 patients/ 597 implants |
PI: BOP, PD ≥ 5 mm, B L > 2 mm |
Implant level: 57.0% |
Implant level: 6.2% |
Loss of the last tooth in the dentition (OR:1.06) and location in the maxilla (OR:1.05) were risk factors for peri-implantitis. |
university |
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1-16.5 y (mean 5.5y) |
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12 |
Marrone et al. 2013 56
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Belgium |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: PD≤5mm, BOP, BL≤ 2mm |
Patient level: 31% |
Patient level: 37% |
Age over 65y (OR:1.39), active periodontitis (OR: 1.98), hepatitis (OR: 2.92) and edentulism (OR:5.56) were associated with peri-implantitis. |
103 patoents/266 implants |
PI: PD>5mm, BOP, BL>2mm |
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Sign. correlation between peri-implantitis and rough implant surfaces and overdentures. |
private practice & university |
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Implant level: 38% |
Implant level: 23% |
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5–18 y (mean 8.5y) |
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13 |
Meijer et al. 2014 25
|
Netherlands |
Prospective cohort study |
Mucositis: BOP/SUP, BL<2mm |
Incidence: |
Incidence: |
n.r. |
150 patients/ 275 implants (5 y), 240 implants (10 y) |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL≥ 2mm |
Patient level: |
Patient level: |
university |
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51.9% (5 y) |
16.9% (5 y) |
5 and 10 y functional loading |
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57.0% (10 y) |
29.7% (10 y) |
14 |
Mir-Mari et al. 2012 48
|
Spain |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP, BL< 2 implant threads |
Patient level: 38.8% |
Patient level: 16.3% |
n.r. |
245 patients/ 964 implants |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL≥2 implant threads |
Implant level: 21.6% |
Implant level: 9.1% |
private practice |
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1–18 y (mean 6.3 y) |
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15 |
Monje et al. 2017 67
|
Spain |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP/SUP, swelling, BL<2 mm |
n.r. |
Patient level: |
Stat. sign. association (p=0.04) betw. compliance to maintenance therapy and peri-implantitis. |
115 patients/ 206 implants |
PI: BOP/SUP, redness, BL> 2mm |
RC (regular compliers 3-6m recall): 4.5% |
Compliance was associated with 86% fewer conditions of peri-implantitis. |
Private practice |
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EC (erratic compliers: 7-12m recall): 26.3% |
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3–4.6 y (mean 3.9y) |
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NC (non-compliers, no recall): 14.3% |
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Implant level: |
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RC: 2.4% |
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EC: 19% |
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NC: 8.7% |
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16 |
Papaspyridakos et al. 2018 68
|
USA |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: |
Implant level: |
Implant level: |
High plaque index was associated stat. sign. with bone loss |
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n.r. |
31.5% (estim. 5 y) |
10% (estim. 5 y) |
52 patients/457 rough implants |
PI: |
63.0% (estim. 10y) |
20% (estim 10 y) |
university |
BL>2mm after 1st y of function/ >0.2mm per y, BOP/SUP |
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1–12y (mean 5.2y) |
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17 |
Renvert et al. 2014 58
|
Sweden |
Cross-sectional, retrospective |
Mucositis: BOP/SUP, edema, BL<2mm |
Patient level: |
Patient level: 63.7% (172 patients) |
OR of having peri-implantitis was stat. sign for history of cardio-vascular disease (8.7) and of periodontitis (4.5). No association betw. PI and smoking or gender. |
270 patients/n.r. |
PI: PD≥4mm, BOP/SUP, BL>2mm |
36.3% -Peri-implant health/mucositis |
University |
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Mean 10.1 y functional loading |
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18 |
Renvert et al. 2018 46
|
Sweden |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP/SUP, no BL |
Implant level: |
Implant level: |
Patients with ≥3 implants at 10 years had a higher risk for PI at 20 y. |
218 patients (9–14 y) |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL (3 imp. threads) |
82.6% (10y) |
4.8% (10y) |
No predictive value for PI at 20y for radiographic evidence of periodontitis, mucositis, smoking. |
86 patients (20–26y) |
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91.1% (20y) |
10.8% (20y) |
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university |
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19 |
Rinke et al. 2011 69
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Germany |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: PD ≥ 4 mm, BOP |
Patient level: 44.9% |
Patient level: 11.2% |
Significant association betw. mucositis and smoking (OR: 3.77). |
89 patients/n.r. |
PI: PD ≥ 5 mm, BOP/SUP, BL |
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Significant association betw. peri-implantitis and smoking (OR:31.58) and compliance (OR:0.09). |
private practice |
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2–11y (mean 5.7y) |
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20 |
Rokn et al. 2016 36
|
Iran |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP/SUP, BL ≤ 2 mm |
Patient level: 48.5% |
Patient level: 20% |
Smoking (OR: 2.57) and lack of keratinized mucosa (OR: 3.89) were associated with PI. |
134 patients/478 implants (55% tissue level) |
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university |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL> 2mm |
Implant level: |
Implant level: 8.8% |
1–11 y (mean 4.4 y) |
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21 |
Roos-Jansaker et al. 2006 45
|
Sweden |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: PD≥4 mm, BOP, BL<1 thread |
Patient level: 48% |
Patient level: 16% |
n.r. |
216 patients/ 999 implants analysed |
PI: BOP/SUP, BL≥1.8 mm from 1 y after loading |
Implant level: 16% |
Implant level: 6.6% |
university |
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9–14y (mean 11y) |
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22 |
Schwarz et al. 2017 47
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Germany |
Cross-sectional |
Mucositis: BOP, no changes at bone level compared to baseline |
Patient level: 41.6% |
Patient level: 13.9% |
Plaque (OR: 8.4) and male gender (OR: 2.0) were associated with mucositis. |
238 patients/ 512 implants |
PI: BOP/SUP, changes at bone |
Implant level: 35.6% |
Implant level: 7.6% |
Plaque (OR: 9.3) and smoking (OR: 2.7) were associated with peri-implantitis. |
university |
level compared to baseline |
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1–6.7y (mean 2.2 y) |
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23 |
Simonis et al. 2010 51
|
France |
Retrospective cohort study |
Mucositis: n.r. |
n.r. |
Patient level: |
History of periodontitis increases the risk for peri-implantitis (OR:5.1). |
55 patient/131 implants |
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With periodontitis: 37.93% |
university |
PI: PD≥5mm, BOP/SUP, BL≥2.5mm or BL≥3 threads for at least 10y |
Without periodontitis: 10.53% |
10-16y |
|
Implant level: 16.94% |
24 |
Tenenbaum et al. 2017 70
|
France |
Prospective cohort study |
Mucositis: BOP, no BL |
Patient level: 73.1% |
Patient level: 15.4% |
Some bacteria were associated with worsened clinical situation. |
52 patients/108 implants |
PI: PD≥5mm, BOP, BL (Progressive BL: 4.5mm) |
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university |
|
Implant level: 60.2% |
Implant level: 12% |
10.8y |
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25 |
Zetterqvist et al. 2010 28
|
Multicenter (Europe: Sweden, Italy, USA) |
RCT |
Mucositis: n.r. |
n.r. |
Patient level: 1% |
After 5 y no increased risk of peri-implantitis for fully etched implants compared to hybrid-designed implants. |
112 patients/ 304 implants |
PI: PD > 5 mm, BOP, SUP, BL > 5 mm from loading |
Implant level: 0.4% |
after 5 y: 96 patients |
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university |
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5 y |
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