Corporate Dependence in Brazil's 2010 Elections for Federal Deputy

Mancuso, Wagner Pralon; Figueiredo Filho, Dalson Britto; Speck, Bruno Wilhelm; Silva, Lucas Emanuel Oliveira; Rocha, Enivaldo Carvalho da

doi:10.1590/1981-38212016000300004

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ARTICLES • Bras. Political Sci. Rev. 10 (3) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-38212016000300004 copy

Corporate Dependence in Brazil's 2010 Elections for Federal Deputy ^* * We thank the editors for their careful work and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. Co-author Dalson Britto Figueiredo Filho is thankful to the Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS) and to the Project Teaching Integrity in Empirical Research (TIER - Haverford College). He also appreciates the financial support provided by the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE).

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

What is the profile of candidates whose electoral campaigns are the most dependent on corporate donations? Our main objective is to identify factors that help explaining the level of corporate dependence among them. We answer this question in relation to the 2010 elections for federal deputy in Brazil. We test five hypotheses: 01. right-wing party candidates are more dependent than their counterparts on the left; 02. government coalition candidates are more dependent than candidates from the opposition; 03. incumbents are more dependent on corporate donations than challengers; 04. businesspeople running as candidates receive more corporate donations than other candidates; and 05. male candidates are more dependent than female candidates. Methodologically, the research design combines both descriptive and multivariate statistics. We use OLS regression, cluster analysis and the Tobit model. The results show support for hypotheses 01, 03 and 04. There is no empirical support for hypothesis 05. Finally, hypothesis 02 was not only rejected, but we find evidence that candidates from the opposition receive more contributions from the corporate sector.

Corporate dependence; elections; campaign finance; federal deputies

Party	Did the candidate receive a corporate donation?				Total
Party	No	%	Yes	%	Total
PCO	7	100.0	0	0.0	7
PSTU	30	100.0	0	0.0	30
PCB	15	88.2	2	11.8	17
PSOL	179	84.8	32	15.2	211
PT do B	84	81.6	19	18.4	103
PTC	174	80.9	41	19.1	215
PMN	144	80.4	35	19.6	179
PRP	66	79.5	17	20.5	83
PHS	117	78.0	33	22.0	150
PTN	67	77.9	19	22.1	86
PSL	102	77.9	29	22.1	131
PRB	89	76.1	28	23.9	117
PRTB	74	74.7	25	25.3	99
PSDC	44	74.6	15	25.4	59
PSC	115	64.6	63	35.4	178
PV	179	58.5	127	41.5	306
PPS	74	57.8	54	42.2	128
PTB	148	57.1	111	42.9	259
PSB	150	56.2	117	43.8	267
PDT	137	55.7	109	44.3	246
PC do B	60	52.6	54	47.4	114
PMDB	148	45.0	181	55.0	329
PSDB	106	43.6	137	56.4	243
PP	75	39.9	113	60.1	188
PR	54	38.6	86	61.4	140
DEM	65	37.8	107	62.2	172
PT	107	34.3	205	65.7	312
TOTAL	2,61	59.7	1,759	40.3	4,369

Party	Ideology	Coalition	Incumbents (%)	Corporate Dependency (%)
DEM	Right	No	36.4	44.98
PCDOB	Left	Yes	18.5	32.08
PDT	Center	Yes	17.4	30.09
PMDB	Center	Yes	35.4	36.44
PP	Right	Yes	31.0	38.85
PPS	Center	No	16.7	39.78
PR	Right	Yes	40.7	35.23
PSB	Left	Yes	21.4	29.22
PSDB	Center	No	34.3	44.42
PSOL	Left	No	6.2	34.98
PT	Left	Yes	32.7	32.29
PTB	Right	Yes	15.3	32.67
PV	Center	No	7.1	41.83

Ideology (I) (J)	Diff. (I-J)	p-value	CI 95%
Ideology (I) (J)	Diff. (I-J)	p-value	Lower	Upper
Right Center	-0.00	0.958	-0.05	0.04
Left	0.06	0.001	0.02	0.11
Center Right	0.00	0.958	-0.04	0.05
Left	0.07	0.000	0.03	0.11

Variables	Coefficient
Right	0.045 * (0.019)
Center	0.030 (0.019)
Coalition	-0.089 *** (0.017)
Incumbent	0.089 *** (0.016)
Businessperson	0.044 * (0.021)
Gender	-0.033 (0.023)
Constant	0.371 *** (0.021)

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E-mail: bpsr@brazilianpoliticalsciencareview.org

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[1] *
We thank the editors for their careful work and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. Co-author Dalson Britto Figueiredo Filho is thankful to the Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS) and to the Project Teaching Integrity in Empirical Research (TIER - Haverford College). He also appreciates the financial support provided by the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE).

Population	Federal Deputy candidates in 2010
Variables	DV: Corporate dependence IVs: Ideology, coalition, incumbency, occupation and gender
Hypotheses	H1: candidates of right-wing parties are more dependent on corporate donations than candidates of the left. H2: government coalition candidates are more dependent on corporate donations than candidates from the opposition. H3: incumbents are more dependent on corporate contributions than challengers. H4: candidates that are businesspeople are more dependent on corporate donations than others. H5: male candidates are more dependent on corporate donations than female candidates.
Statistical techniques	Descriptive statistics, Pearson linear correlation, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), ordinary least squares linear regression (OLS), cluster analysis and the Tobit model.